Integration Renewable Energy

7/30/2019 Integration Renewable Energy

1/21

NTEGRATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

SYSTEMS

By Rajashekar P. MandiEnergy Conservation & Development Division

Central Power Research Institute, Bangalore

SERIES HYBRID SYSTEM

DG setBattery

charger

Battery

BankInverter

AC load

AC BUSDC BUS

Wind

Solar

PV

Micro

HydelRenewableEnergyS

ources


2/21

SWITCHED HYBRID SYSTEM

DG set

Battery

Bank

Inverter

AC load

AC BUS

DC BUS

Wind

Solar PV

Micro Hydel

Renewable Energy Sources

Battery

charger

PARALLEL HYBRID SYSTEM

DG set

Battery

Bank

Inverter

AC load

AC BUS

DC BUS

Wind

Solar PV

Micro Hydel

Renewable Energy Sources

Battery

charger Synchronized

control

OPTIMIZATION CRITERIA

) Cost of the system

) Reliability of the system

) Availability of the energy throughout the year

) Site specific

) Operation and Maintenance of the system

) Ease of control and protection

) Grid connected or stand alone system

) Type of load

Sl.

No.

Energy systems Capital cost,

Rs. (lakhs)/kW

01 Wind Generators 5 kW to

225 kW (single units)

0.70 1.16

02 Solar Photo voltaic with

inverter 20 W to 300 W

(single units)

2.97 4.45

03 Micro-hydel 0.32 0.47

04 Bio-gas 0.85 1.30

CAPITAL COST

)1(........../.Pr

kWhyearRsyearperoductionEnergy

CostCapitalInstalledSCC =

)1(........../.

Pr

kWhyearRs

yearperoductionEnergy



3/21

Sl.

No.

Energy systems Running cost,

Rs. /kWh

01 Wind Generators 5 kW to

225 kW (single units)

0.45 1.35

02 Solar Photo voltaic with

inverter 20 W to 300 W

(single units)

0.35 1.15

03 Micro-hydel 0.35 1.05

04 Bio-gas 1.05 1.30

RUNNING COST

)1(........../.Pr



.../.Pr

)()()&()*(kWhRs

yearperoductionEnergy

LRCMCMOFCRICCenergyofCost

+++=

COST OF ENERGY

)1(........../.Pr



Where ICC Installed capital cost (Rs.),

FCR annual fixed charge rate (%),

O&M operation & maintenance cost including

overhaul, replacement of parts, etc. (Rs./year),

MC man power cost (Rs./year) and

LRC levelized replacement cost (Rs./year)

COST FOR WIND ENERGY

SYSTEM

Running

cost,

Rs. 1.28

per kWh

Project

cost,

Rs. 3.23

per kWh

O&M

charges

10 %

Interest on

debt

18 %

Civil

construction

2 %

Transforme

rs &

controls

7 %

Machine

63 %

TOTAL COST : Rs. 4.52 per kWh

)3(........../..int.

kWhNosyearainGeneratedEnergy

yearpererruptionsofNoTotalAESII=

RELIABILITY INDICES

)4(../)(int.

kWhhyearainGeneratedEnergy

yearperhoursinerruptionsofNototalofSumAESIDI=

)5(.........

.

hoursofNoTotal

yearperavailablesystemenergyofhoursofNoTotalAAI =

)6(...............yearperenergyestimatedTotal

yearpergeneratedEnergyTotalALFI =

d) Average Load Factor Index (ALFI)

c) Average Availability Index (AAI)

b) Average Energy System Interruption Duration Index (AESIDI)

a) Average Energy System Interruption Index (AESII)


4/21

RELIABILITY INDICES

0.650.518.61 x 10-31.06 x 10-3WIND (50 kW)

0.950.468.91 x 10-31.78 x 10-3SOLAR (10 kW)

ALFIAAIAESIDIAESIIRenewable

energy

Figure 3: Variation of Machine down time of 225 kW wind

generator.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Jan Feb March April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

Machinedowntime,

%

AVERAGE DOWNTIME : 6.33 %

FAILURE ANALYSIS OF SPV SYSTEM

Inverter-ACD-open

0.46 %

Inverter-ACBCB-

open

0.46 %

Inverter sizing

0.93 %

Inverter - DCBCB-

open

0.93

Inverter fuse

failure

4.17 %Inverter internal

2.78 %Inverter DC Circuit

breaker

1.39 %

Inverter others

19.91 %

DC disconnect

1.39 % PV array

0.46 %

Data acquisition

2.78 %

AC disconnect

0.93 %

Inverter tracking

32.87 %

Electrical system

31.02 %

INVERTER FAILURE RATE : 64.35 %

TOTAL NO. OF INTERRUPTIONS : 54/yearFAILURE ANALYSIS OF WIND SYSTEM

Electrical

system, 14.5 %

Shaft &

bearing, 2.2 %

Blade, 4.5 %

Brake, 4.5 %

Generator, 1.7

%

Yaw system,

13.4 %

Blade tips,

1.9 % Pitch

Mechanism, 3.4Gear Box, 2.4 %

Control, 14.4 %

Others, 10.4 %

Instrumentation

, 26.7 %


5/21

Figure 7: Variation of Solar Insolation with time.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Time, h

SolarInsolation,

W/m2

Aug.

March

Nov.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18Time, h

Monthlymeanpowerfedtoload,k

WJan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

July

MarchRATING OF SPV : 72 kW

15

19

23

27

31

35

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Time, h

Ambienttemperature,oC

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun

Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Dec

April

22

24

26

28

30

32

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Time, month

Monthlydailyaveragetemperature,

oC Ambient temp.

Cell temp.


6/21

12.4

12.6

12.8

13.0

13.2

23 25 27 29 31

Cell temperature, oC

Cellefficiency,%

0.980

0.985

0.990

0.995

1.000

1.005

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Tilt angle, o

Poweroutputfraction Latitude : 25

o

TILT ANGLE

Figure 7: Variation of Solar energy density at a typical site.

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

Jan

Feb

March

April

May

June Ju

lyAu

g.

Sept

.Oc

t.No

v.De

c.

Energydensity,

kWh/m2-month Annual energy = 2056.2 kWh/m2 - year

Figure 4: Variation of Wind velocity with time.

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

0 4 8 12 16 20 24Time, h

MeanWindvelocity,

m/s

MARCH

NOV

AUG


7/21

Figure 2: Variation of Wind energy density at a typical site.

20

22

24

26

28

30

32

34

Jan

Feb

March

April

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

Energydensity,kWh/m

2-month

Annual Energy = 318 kWh/m2 - year

Figure 5: Variation of energy density of wind

energy systems.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140


Energydensity,

kWh/m2

250 kW

225 kW

Figure 6 : Variation of specific energy generation

(SEG) of wind energy systems.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov DecSpecificenergygen

eration,kWh/kW

250 kW

225 kW

0

200

400

600

800

1000

0 4 8 12 16 20 24

Time, h

SolarInsolation,W/m2

2.5

5.0

7.5

10.0

12.5

WindVelocity,m/

wind

Solar

0.0

WIND SOLAR INTEGRATION


8/21

SITE SPECIFIC

Sl.No. Name of thestation Wind speed,km/h Sl. No. Name of thestation Wind speed,km/h

I TAMIL NADU V GUJARAT

1 Alagiyapandiyapuram

20.88 1 Bamanbore -2

20.72

2 Andipatti 18.96 2 Bhandariya # 20.18

3 Arasampalayam 20.18 3 Dhank - 1 24.53

4 Ayikudy 21.35 4 Dhank - 2 25.32

5 Edayarpalayam 22.43 5 Harshad 20.02

6 Ennore # 19.18 6 Jamanvada # 20.20

7 Gangalikondan 18.15 7 Kalyanpur 22.21

8 Kannankulam ^ 21.57 8 Kukma 19.19

9 Kattadimalai 23.66 9 Lamba # 19.47

10 Kayattar 20.29 10 Limbara # 20.02

11 Kethanur 21.91 11 Mundra 19.54

12 Kumarapuram ^ 24.61 12 Navadra # 21.33

13 Muppandai 25.48 13 Navi Bander 19.46

14 Nettur ^ 20.89 14 Okha 19.43

15 Onamkulam ^ 20.40 15 Okhamadhi 19.05

16 Ottapidaram # 18.22 16 surajbari 19.53

SITE SPECIFIC

Sl.

No.

Name of the

station

Wind speed,

km/h

Sl. No. Name of the

station

Wind speed,

km/h

I TAMIL NADU VI MAHARASTRA

17 Pongalur 19.43

18 Poolavadi 21.16 1 Chalkewadi 20.17

19 Poosaripatti ^ 20.39 2 Gude

Panchagani

20.01

20 Puliyamkulam 18.93 3 Kotholi # 19.69

21 Ramaswaram 23.91 4 Panchgani 18.39

22 Sankaneri ^ 22.06 5 Vijayadurg 19.61

23 Sembgaramanpu

dur

21.69 6 Koregaon ^ 20.80

24 Sultanpet 18.96 7 Khokade ^ 18.07

25 Talayathu 20.51 8 Thosigragh # 21.62

Sl.

No.

Name of the

station

Wind speed,

km/h

Sl. No. Name of the

station

Wind speed,

km/h

II ANDHRAPRADESH VII KARANATAKA

1 Badhrampalli

Kottal

21.46 1 B. B. Hill 20.78

2 Bhimunipatnamq 19.11 2 Bommanahalli

18.06

3 Jamalamadugu -

2 ^

18.81 3 Chikodi ^ 24.00

4 Kadavakallu ^ 23.08 4 Gokak 18.93

5 Kakula Konda 23.08 5 Hanamsagar 20.23

6 Kottur ^ * 19.13 6 Haumanhatti 20.08

7 M. P. R. Dam 19.85 7 Haradenahalli

#

18.16

8 Mustikovala # 20.16 8 Horti ^ 21.05

9 Narasimha

Konda

20.08 9 Jogimatti 29.85

10 Nazeerabad ^ 20.98 10 Khanderayan

ahalli

20.48

11 Nallakonda ^ 22.38 11 Khamkarkatti

^

21.47

12 Pampanoor

Thanda ^

19.56 12 Malgatti 19.32

13 Payalakuntla 20.09 13 Sangundi 18.56

14 Ramagiri - 1 19.52 14 Godekere ^ 19.80

Sl.No.

Name of thestation

Wind speed,km/h

Sl. No. Name of thestation

Wind speed,km/h

II ANDHRAPRADESH

15 Ramagiri - III # 18.36 VIII KERALA

16 Singanamala # 23.40 1 Kanjicode 22.32

17 Tallimadugulu 22.13 2 Kotamala 18.41

18 Tirumala 20.43 3 Kottathara 19.40

III RAJASTAN 4 Kuttikanam # 18.14

1 Jaswanthgrah # 18.51 5 Panchalimedu

#

20.61

2 Damotar # 18.28 6 Ponmudi 18.10IV LAKSHADWEEP 7 Pamakalmedu 30.02

1 Agathi 18.22 IX MADHYA PRADESH

2 Minicoy 18.29 1 Jamgodrani 18.44

^ 25 m Mast Height # Relocated Stations * State Owned Project


9/21

SITE SPECIFIC

)Solar power available varies at different

site based on lattitude

)Mini/Micro hydel potential available at

hilly areas or very remote places

OPERATION & MAINTENANCE

4 Check gear box & hydraulic system

4 Inspection of oil leakages

4 Inspection of the cables running down the tower

4 Unusual Vibration

4 Checking the alignment of gear box, blades, etc

4 Checking of brake adjustment, pad wear

4 Bearing greasing

4 Pitch calibration checks

4 Checking performance of yaw drive & brake

4 Blade cleaning

0.75

0.80

0.85

0.90

0.95

1.00

1.05

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Dust accumulation, %

Powero

utputfraction

OPERATION & MAINTENANCE

CONTROLS & PROTECTION

@Yaw control & Pitch control in wind

@Control of reactive power in case of inductiongenerator

@Protection against very high wind velocity

@Control & protection of battery charging@Inverter control

@Protection against leakage current in PVsystem

@Protection against lightning


10/21

GRID CONNECTED OR STAND ALONE

SYSTEMS

Grid connected are preferred where the grid

is within 3 km

For large wind farms grid will be preferred

Solar rooftop systems are installed with grid

TYPE OF LOAD & TECHNOLOGY

Load AC or DC

Continuous,

Intermittent,

Peak load sharing

Varying loads

DC GENERATOR

WIND TURBINE TECHNOLOGIES

WIND TURBINE

AC BUSCOMPOUND WOUND DC

GENERATOR

INVERTER

GEAR

BOX

DC BUS


CAPACITOR EXCITED INDUCTION GENERATOR

AC BUSWIND TURBINE

GEAR BOX

SQUIRREL CAGE

INDUCTION GENERATOR

CAPACITOR

BANKS


11/21


INDUCTION GENERATOR DIRECTLY COUPLED TO GRID

AC

GRID

WIND TURBINE

GEAR BOX

SQUIRREL CAGE

INDUCTION GENERATOR

DOUBLY FED INDUCTION GENERATOR

AC

GRID

WIND TURBINE

GEAR BOX

DOUBLY FED WOUND ROTOR

INDUCTION GENERATOR

CONVERTOR


DIRECT DRIVE SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

AC

GRID

WIND TURBINE

DIRECT DRIVE SYNCHRONOUS

GENERATOR

CONVERTOR

WIND TURBINE TECHNOLOGIES DIFFERENT PHOTO VOLTAIC CELLS

0.46

0.24

0.11

0.40

0.40

Temp.

Coefficient

17.7 %Copper indium

Diselenide (CIS)

5

7 %Cadmium Telluride

(CdTe)

4

5 9 %Amorphous Silicon(a-Si)

3

10 14 %Polycrystalline Silicon

(Poly-Si)

2

15 20 %Single Crystal silicon

(Mon-Si)

1

Cell efficiencyTypeSl.

No.


12/21

INVERTERS

Inverters

Low efficiency : 75 80 %, power quality issues

Average efficiency : 80 88 %, reduced power

quality problems, cost 1.4 1.5 times

High efficiency : 87 96 %, cost 1.6 to 1.8 times

Rotary converters

TYPES OF MINI/MICRO HYDEL PLANTS

PARTICULAR Head, m Output, kW

Pelton 100 550 50 6000

Micro pelton 39 70 5 15

Turgo 30 200 15 3000

Micro turgo 10 75 3 45

Francis 15 250 15 7000

Kaplan 3 30 500 7500

Semi Kaplan 3 25 10 6000

Propeller 3 25 10 6000

Bulb 2 12 100 2600

DIFFERENT COMBINATIONS

LessModerately

high

Good2.85 5.55Solar Wind

Hydel DG set

5

LessMediumGood4.15 7.75Solar Wind DG

set

4

LessModerately

High

Poor1.94 2.95Hydel DG set3

MoreHighPoor3.38 7.50Wind DG set2

LessLessGood5.69 8.54Solar DG set1

Man power

requirement

O & MReliabilityLife cycle

cost,

Rs./kWh

Integration systemSl.

No.

INTEGRATION OF SOLAR PV - DIESEL

DieselGenerator

PV

DC PowerConditioning

module

Battery Bank

Inverter/Converter

Figure 1: Schematic of Integration of Solar PV with DG set.

Chargecontroller

Load Bus


13/21

Yes

Controller

DG set (PDG)

PSPV > 0

Batt. (PB)SPV Energy System

(PSPV)Load (PL)

PL>PB

PCH > PB

Chargebattery

PCH = dumpload

PL< .40PB

PSPV supplypower to

load

PCH = PSPV - PL

PB supplypower to

load

PDG supplypower to

load

PCH = 0.85 PDGR- PL

PL> PSPV + PB

PSPV & PDGsupply

power toload

PCH = (0.85 PDGR+PSPV)- PL

Yes

YesYes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

No

Figure 2: Flow diagram of integrated energy system

INTEGRATION OF SOLAR PV - DIESEL

Table 2 : Variation of rating and energy supplied by energy sources.

50.4343.2535.75Energy supplied by Battery bank to load,

(kWh/day)

10

81.73112.81144.00Total energy supplied by DG set, (kWh/day)09

10.3625.7033.25Energy supplied by DG set for battery

charging, (kWh/day)

08

71.3687.11110.75Energy supplied by DG set to load,

(kWh/day)

07

124.3593.2762.08Total energy supplied by SPV, (kWh/day)06

40.0717.552.50Energy supplied by SPV for battery

charging, (kWh/day)

05

84.2975.7259.58Energy supplied by SPV to load, (kWh/day)04

7.0/516.0/444.5/36Battery bank capacity, Peak power, (kW)/

Energy, (kWh/day)

03

10.012.515.0Rating of DG set, (kVA)02

16.012.08.0Peak Power Rating of SPV, (kW)01

Config. CConfig. BConfig. AParticulars

Sl.No.

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24Time, (h)

Power,(kW)

Load variation Load variation


14/21

Battery-Inverter

Solar PV-

Inverter

DG set

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Time, h

Power,(kW)

S P V = 5 9 . 5 8 k W h / d D G s e t = 110 . 7 5 k W h / d B a t t e r y = 3 5 . 7 5 k W h / d

T O T A L E n e r g y = 2 0 6 . 0 8 k W h / d

Configuration A

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0


Energygeneration,

(MWh/month)

Solar Power DG Power Share of SPV

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

ShareofSPV,

(%ofload

30.0

Configuration A

Configuration A

Table 3: Life cycle cost analysis for Configuration A.

Levelizedcost of energy : Rs. 9.62 per kWh

7.10093.82750.44650.37132.455631.3971Total

0.086500.04370.00880.03400.4368Inverter

0.030200.00590.01720.00710.0903Battery

4.08833.82750.17890.06430.01760.2268DG set

2.895900.21800.28102.396930.6432Solar PV

Total Annu-

alized cost

(Rs. in lakhs

/y)

Annual fuel

cost, (Rs. in

lakhs /y)

Annual

O&M cost,

(Rs. in

lakhs /y)

Annualized

replacement

cost, (Rs. in

lakhs /y)

Annualize

d capital

cost, (Rs in

lakhs./y)

Intial

cost,

(Rs in

lakhs)

Component

Configuration B

Battery-Inverter

Solar PV-Inverter

DG set

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Time, (h)

Pow

er,(kW)

(

SPV = 75.72 kWh/day DG set = 87.11 kWh/day Battery = 43.25 kWh/day

TOTAL Energy = 206.08 kWh/day


15/21

Configuration B

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

Jan Feb Mar A pr May Jun Ju l A ug Sep Oc t Nov D ec

Energygeneration,(MWh/month

Solar Power DG Power Share of SPV

0.0

8.0

16.0

24.0

32.0

40.0

48.0

ShareofSPV,(%o

fload

Configuration B

Table 3: Life cycle cost analysis for Configuration A.Table 4: Life cycle cost analysis for Configuration B.

Levelized cost of energy : Rs. 10.04 per kWh

7.4184

3.40960.48680.43423.087839.1314Total

0.1087

00.05460.01130.04280.5460Inverter

0.0571

00.00670.01640.03400.0924Battery

3.6322

3.40960.15250.05540.01470.1890DG set

3.6204

00.27300.35112.996338.3040Solar PV

Total Annu-

alized cost

(Rs. in lakhs

/y)

Annual

fuel cost,

(Rs. in

lakhs /y)

Annual

O&M cost,

(Rs. in lakhs

/y)

Annualized

replacement

cost, (Rs. in

lakhs /y)

Annualize

d capital

cost, (Rs in

lakhs./y)

Intialcost,

(Rs in

lakhs)

Component

Configuration C

Battery-Inverter

Solar PV-

Inverter

DG set

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2 1 22 23 24Time, (h)

Pow

er,(kW

(

SP V = 84.29 kWh/day DG s et = 71.36 kWh/day

Batte ry = 50.43 kWh/day TOTAL Energy = 206.08 kWh/day

Configuration C

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0


Energygeneration,(MWh/month)

Solar Power DG Power Share

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

ShareofSPV,(%o

fload)


16/21

Configuration C

Table 3: Life cycle cost analysis for Configuration A.Table 4: Life cycle cost analysis for Configuration B.Table 5: Life cycle cost analysis for Configuration C.

Levelizedcost of energy : Rs. 11.93 per kWh

8.8096

2.63340.65110.64184.883462.4217Total

0.1739

00.08740.01810.06850.8736Inverter

0.0349

00.00760.01930.00800.1008Battery

2.8077

2.63340.11930.04240.01260.1609DG set

5.7931

00.43680.56204.794361.2864Solar PV

Total Annu-alized cost

(Rs. in lakhs

/y)

Annualfuel cost,

(Rs. in

lakhs /y)

AnnualO&M cost,

(Rs. in lakhs

/y)

Annualizedreplacement

cost, (Rs. in

lakhs /y)

Annualized capital

cost, (Rs

in

lakhs./y)

Intial cost,(Rs in lakhs)Component

Capital cost & Annualized cost with

SPV share

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 10 20 30 40 50Sare of SPV, % of load

Intialcost,Rs.

Inlakh

Initial cost Annualized cost

Annualizedcapitalcost,Rs.inlakhs/year

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

Cost of energy with SPV share

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

0 10 20 30 40 50

Sare of SPV, % of load

Levelizedco

stofenergy,

Rs./

kWh

Figure 7 : Variation of load and power supplied by Wind generator, DG set & Battery with low wind

penetration.

Battery-Inv.

Wind-Gen.

DG set

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Time, h

Power,kW

Wind = 60.58 kWh/day (29.75 %) DG set = 120.40 kWh/day (59.13 %) Battery = 22.65 kWh/day (11.12 %) TOTAL Energy =

203.63 kWh/day


17/21

Figure 9 : Variation of DG set e nergy for charging of battery and load supplied by battery.

Battery to loadBattery charging

0

2

4

6

8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Time, h

Power,

kW

DG set energy for Battery charging = 31.36 kWh/day (20.66 % of total DG power) Energy from

Battery to load = 22.66 kWh/day (11.12 % of total load)

100

75

50

25

0

Battery

charge

state,

Batt. Char e state

Figure 8 : Variation of total energy generated by Wind and DG set with low penetration.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Time, h

Pow

er

,kW

Wind = 60.59 kWh/dayDG = 121.98 kWh/day

Figure 7 : Variation of load and power supplied by Wind generator, DG set & Battery with high wind

penetration.

Battery-Inv.

Wind-Gen.

DG set

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Time, h

Power

,kW

Wind = 131.64 kWh/d ay (64.65 %) DG set = 55.85 kWh/day (27.43 %) Batte ry = 16.14 kWh/d ay (7.92 %)TOTAL Ener gy =

203.63 kWh/day

Figure 9 : Variation of DG set and w ind energy us ed for battery charging.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Time, h

Power,

kW

DG to Battery charging = 8.61 kWh/day (13.36 % of total DG power)

Wind to Battery charging = 13.73 kWh/day (9.44 % of total Wind gen.)

Battery to load = 16.14 kWh/day (7.92 % of total load)

100

80

60

40

20

0

120

140

Battery

charge

state,%

Batt .Char e state


18/21

Figure 8 : Variation of total energy generated by Wind and DG set w ith high penetration.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Time, h

Pow

er,

kW

Wind = 145.37 kWh/day

DG = 64.46 kWh/day

Figure 7 : Variation of load and power supplied by Wind gener aotr and Battery with high wind pene tration.

Battery-Inverter

Wind Generatorr

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Time, h

Power,

kW

Wind generator = 158.82 kWh/day Battery = 44.81 kWh/day TOTAL Energ y = 203.63 kWh/day

Figure 9 : Variation of wind energy for charging of battery and load supplied by battery.

Battery to load

Battery charging

0

2

4

6

8

10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Time, h

Power,

kW

Wind energy for Battery charging = 62.01 kWh/day (28.12 % of total wind gen.)

Energy from Battery to load = 44.80 kWh/day (22.01 % of total load)

100

80

60

40

20

0

Batterychargestate,

Batt. Charge state

Figure 8 : Variation of total energy gener ated by Wind with high penetr ation.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Time, h

Pow

er,

kW

Wind = 220.53 kWh/day


19/21

Figure : Variation of energy generation by wind, load met, unmet load and excess energy w ith

wind generator capacity

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

Wind generator capacity, kW

Energy,

MWh/y

Load met

Wind gen.

Unmet load

Excess energy

Figure : Variation of levellized cost of energy with wind generator capacity

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60


Levellizedcostofenergy,

Rs./

kWh

Figure : Variation of initial investment with wind generator capacity

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60


InitialInvestm

ent,

Rs.

In

lakh

Figure : Variation of relative investment for battery, controller and wind generator with wind

generator capacity

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60


Investment,%

oftotalcost

Battery

Wind gen.

Controller


20/21

Figure : Variation of capacity shortage, unmet load and excess generation with wind generator

capacity

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60


Capacityshortage,unmetload&

Excessgen,

%

unmet load

Excess gen.Capacity shortage

Figure : Variation of energy generation by wind, DG set, load met, unmet load and excess energy with wind

generator capacity

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26


Ener

,M

W

h/

Load met

Wind gen.

DG gen.

Unmet loadExcess energy

Figure : Variation of levelized cost of energy with wind generator capcity

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26


Levelized

co

stofener

,Rs./

kW

h

Diesel price Rs.30/litre







CONCLUSIONS

Integration of individual renewable system

with DG and battery storage is not

economically attractive, reliability &

availability also not encouraging

Integration of two or more renewable energysystem with DG is economical and improved

availability & reliability factors.


21/21

Thank you

Email:[email protected] &

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Integration Renewable Energy

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