INTEGRATION OF FUNDAMENTAL POLYMER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY-3

The proceedings of the international meeting on polymer science and technology. Rolduc Polymer Meeting-3 held at Rolduc Abbey. Limburg. The Netherlands. 24-28 April 1988

INTEGRATION OF FUNDAMENTAL

POLYMER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY-3

Edited by

P. 1. LEMSTRA

Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands

and

L. A. KLEINTJENS

DSM-Research, Geleen, The Netherlands

ELSEVIER APPLIED SCIENCE LONDON and NEW YORK

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WITH 39 TABLES AND 252 ILLUSTRA nONS

(C 1989 ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHERS LTD Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1989

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Integration of fundamental polymer science and technology~3 I. Polymer science I. Lemstra, P. 1. II. Kleintjens, L. A. 547.7

ISBN-13: 978-94-010-6993-9 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-1115-4 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-1115-4

Library of Congress CIP Data applied for

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FOREWORD

The Rolduc Polymer Meetings, of which the contents of this volume represent the third, are already on their way to occupying a unique place in the crowded calendar of symposia on every aspect of polymer science and engineering. They combine manageable meeting size with a theme, 'Integration of Fundamental Polymer Science and Technology', which is often discussed but seldom realized in practice.

The technological, or applied, areas of polymers have perhaps received more emphasis historically than those of other allied disciplines. Indeed, various plastic and rubber materials were successful items of commerce long before the macromolecular concept itself was firmly established. The more fundamental aspects of the field were also largely developed in industrial laboratories. The early work of Mark and Meyer at IG Farben, and that of Carrothers and Flory at Du Pont, are good examples of this. The present situation, in which polymers are being applied to more and more demanding end uses, from high performance materials on the one hand to the biomedical and electronics fields on the other, caIls for an ever greater understanding of the basic scientific principles governing their behavior. It is evident, therefore, that interactions between those engaged in the 'pure' and 'applied' parts of the field must be promoted effectively. The Rolduc Polymer Meetings contribute significantly to such interactions, not only by interweaving technological and scientific presentations, but also by providing a forum for the participants to discuss problems of mutual interest in all their complexity.

The interdisciplinary nature of polymer science and engineering makes it necessary for successful practitioners to be broadly aware of aspects of many fields, from chemistry and physics to materials science to engineering. No one individual can hope to master all these disciplines in depth. It is necessary to possess the ability to recognize what is required to address the problem at hand and to have sufficient acquaintance with the relevant areas to communicate effectively with the appropriate specialists. The contents of

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this volume represent contributions from experts in a wide variety of fields and exemplify the opportunities the conference represents for the participants to expand their technical horizons. A glance at the table of contents reveals that 'Rolduc 3' dealt with most of the current areas of interest in polymeric materials, from liquid crystalline polymers through engineering thermoplastics to the science and technology of high performance composites. There was also emphasis on polymers in the electronics field, novel polymer chemistry, and polymer blends. In all cases, basic science and technology were judiciously balanced.

It may be that a 'well-behaved' analytical integration of science and technology is not possible in the polymer field, but approximate numerical integration methods are essential to progress, and the Rolduc Meeting represents the development of a rather successful example of one such method. The organizers, Piet Lemstra and Ludo Kleintjens, are to be congratulated for their efforts and it is to be confidently expected that future meetings will lead to increasingly better approximations to the value of the integral.

WILLIAM 1. MAcKNIGHT

Polymer Science and Engineering University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts 01003 USA

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PREFACE

The polymer industry is doing better than ever. Well-known bulk polymers, optimized to customers' demands, are taking an ever increasing part of the materials market. New polymeric materials, including polymer alloys, high modulus fibres, molecular composites, high temperature resistant thermoplastics, liquid crystalline polymers and electrically conductive polymers, are being studied worldwide and some of these products are finding their first successful applications. Fascinating aspects are announced, at least by the manufacturers of these materials.

Although the turnover of such high-tech polymers is still a small percentage of the total polymer market, the automotive, aeronautical, printing and electronics industries seem keen to use the possibilities of these polymer materials. It is well accepted nowadays that successful develop­ment and application of new polymer materials can only be obtained using an integrated approach. Polymer chemists, processing engineers, mechan­ical engineers and designers have to work together and understand each others' possibilities (and impossibilities). Major projects even call for a multinational approach, and joint ventures and projects in which competitors are working together are daily practice (Carmat, Brite, etc.). The aim of the Rolduc Polymer Meetings was and still is to serve this goal, to stimulate multidisciplinary discussions between academic and industrial polymer scientists and engineers. Rolduc Polymer Meeting-3 brought together producers, processing researchers and end-users of new polymer materials. The prospects for such materials, and examples of successes and failures, were presented and discussed. All active participants were requested to submit a manuscript for this book. Contrary to the usual meeting proceedings, a substantial part of this book contains industrial contributions which sometimes give controversial opinions. We hope the reader will enjoy this up-to-date report on the broad field of polymer materials.

The reader may look for an integrated presentation of all material

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presented at Rolduc Polymer Meeting-3. Unfortunately, this is an impossible task in such proceedings. We are sure, however, that the 250 participants of RPM-3 have experienced the integrating atmosphere during the meeting and the many lively discussions in Rolduc Abbey.

The editors wish to thank all contributors to this volume.

PJ.L.

L.A.K.

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CONTENTS

Foreword

Preface

Part 1: Plenary Papers

Integration of Polymer Science and Technology? L. C. E. Struik

Polymers for Electronics and Photonics E. W. Meijer, S. Nijhuis and E. E. Havinga

Engineering Plastics J. Bussink

Part 2: Thermodynamics/Blends

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3

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43

Thermodynamic Stability of Copolymer Blends . 55 W. J. MacKnight, H. S. Kang, F. E. Karasz and R. Koningsveld

Influence of Molar Mass Distribution on Thermodynamics of Polymer Systems . 69

E. Nies and A. Stroeks

Application of Critical Conditions in the Mean-Field Lattice Gas Model . 75

R. Van der Haegen

State Diagrams of Systems with Water Sensitive Polymers and Water . 86

W. Borchard, E. Dobnik, B. Luft and P. Reutner

x

Purification of Polymers by Supercritical Fluid Extraction in Processing Machines 91

L. A. Kleintjens

Determination of the Thermodynamic Properties of the System Polyethylene Oxide(Water 100

A. Michalczyk and W. Borchard

Thermodynamics of Polymer Mixtures: Factors Affecting Misci-bility in Polymer Blends 105

C. G. Panayiotou

Extra High Temperature Acrylics and Their Alloying Potential 111 L. C. Sederel

Subinclusion Morphology in Compatibilised Polymer Blends 117 L. L. Ban, M. 1. Doyle, M. M. Disko, G. Braun and G. R. Smith

The Modification of EPDM-Rubber with Maleic Anhydride by Reaction Blending 123

A.l. Oostenbrink, R.I. M. Borggreve and R.I. Gaymans

Irradiation of Isotactic Polypropylene and Polypropylene/ Ethylene-Propylene-(diene-monomer) Blends 128

1. G. M. van Gisbergen, 1. I. Meijerink and N. Overbergh

Tough Interpenetrating Polymer Networks 136 R. P. Burford and Yiu- Wing M ai

Dispersive Mixing on a Two-Roll Mill 143 C. van der Reijden-Stolk, 1. van Dam and H. Boerstoel

Continuous Emulsion ABS Production in a 2-stage Reactor Cascade: Operating Conditions and Polymer Properties 149

R. Arenas, P. Centrich, L. Puigjaner and F. Recasens

Part 3: Fibres/Composites

Viscoelasticity of Aramid Fibres . 157 M. G. Northolt, 1. H. Kampschreur and S. van der Zwaag

Xl

Maximum Properties Achieved by Uniaxial Drawing of High Molecular Weight Polyolefins 168

T. Kanamoto and R. S. Porter

Advances in Gel-Spinning Technology and Dyneema Fiber Applications 178

R. Kirschbaum and J. L. J. van Dingenen

Kinkband Formation in Aramid Filaments 199 S. van der Zwaag, S. J. Picken and C. P. van Sluijs

Mechanics of Fiber Assemblies 204 J. W. S. Hearle

Impact Performance of Dyneema PE/Epoxy Composites III

Comparison with Other Commercial Fibres 212 K. F. M. G. J. Scholle

Hybrid Composites Based on Polyethylene/Carbon Fibres 218 A. A. J. M. Peijs and P. J. Lemstra

Testing of Fibre-Matrix Adhesion 228 F. Elkink and J. H. M. Quaijtaal

Matrix Effects on Interlaminar Fatigue Crack Growth III

Composites . 235 V. Altstiidt and R. W. Lang

Fibre Deformation and Residual Thermal Stresses in Carbon Fibre Reinforced PEEK 240

R. J. Young, R. J. Day, M. Zakikhani and l. M. Robinson

Mechanical Breakdown of Single Fibres and Microcomposites 250 H. D. Wagner and L. W. Steenbakkers

Composites without Chemistry 257 W. H. M. van Dreumel

Curing of Epoxy Matrices 265 K. Dusek

XlI

A Novel Approach to Reaction Injection Moulding Technology 274 A. Noordam, H. R. de Groot and J. E. Stamhuis

Novel Homogeneous X-Ray Contrast Polymer Salt Composites 279 Y. Delaviz, Zhao Xi Zhang, I. Cabasso and J. Smid

Part 4: Morphology fStructure

Molecular Structure, Crystallization and Morphology of Very Low Density Polyethylene (VLDPE) 287

v. B. F. Mathot, R. A. C. Deblieck and M. F. J. Pijpers

A Case for Liquid-Liquid Phase Segregation in Polyethylene Melts 291

P. J. Barham, M. J. Hill, A. Keller and C. C. A. Rosney

Investigation of the Morphology of Spherulitic Crystallized and Solvent Treated Polycarbonate with Electron Microscopy 296

H. Schorn, R. Kosfeld and M. Hess

Influence of Different Fillers on the Isothermal Crystallization and Glass Transition Temperature of Polypropylene . 303

J. L. Acosta, E. Morales, M. C. Ojeda and A. Linares

Conformational Disorder in Polydiethylsiloxane (PDES) 308 G. Kogler, K. Loufakis, R. Bohnert and M. Moller

The Effect of Gamma Irradiation on the Morphology ofIsothermal Crystallized iPP 313

D. KOSloski, Z. Stojanovie and Z. Kacarevie-Popovie

Shrinkage of Polymer Materials and Memory Effect 318 o. Gal, D. Babic and M. Petrie

Optical and Viscoelastic Properties of Gelatin-Water During Gelation 323

B. Burg and W. Borchard

On the Structure of Hard Elastic Polypropylene Fibre Tongyin Yu, Qianguo Du and Jiagong Hu

328

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Part 5: Speciality Polymers

Polymers for Optical Recording Media 335 R. G. Gossink, G. H. Werumeus Buning and R. Wimberger-Friedl

New Model and Starting Compounds for Liquid Crystalline Polymers 345

G. Lattermann, G. Staufer and G. Renner

A Novel High Temperature Thermoplastic 351 D. J. Sikkema

Study on the Synthesis and Properties of a New Polyimide End-Capped with Maleic Anhydride . 354

Wang Xueqiu, Bian Jinhua and Li Shijin

Synthesis of Polymers with Long Side-Chain of N-Alkyl Esters and Their Effects on Pour-Point Depression of Oil 359

Li Zhuomei, Zhang Weibang and Zeng Huiyang

Part 6: Techniques

Deformation Induced Emission of Electrons and Positive Ions 367 J. Fuhrmann, L. Nick and G. H. Scherer

Measurement of Volume Changes during Torsion of Un plasticized PVC by Means of a Torsional Dilatometer: Physical Ageing Behaviour 381

R. Pixa, V. Le DCt and C. Wippler

13C Solid State NMR Study of Ethylene-Vinyl Alcohol Copolymers . 386

H. Ketels, J. de Haan, A. Aerdts and G. van der Velden

Index of Contributors 393

Subject Index 395