Integrating Sustainability and Spatial Planning
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Integrating Sustainability and Spatial Planning from an International Perspective Challenge the future Sp atialPlanning &Strategy Prepared by Roberto Rocco Chair of Spatial Planning and Strategy TU Delft Image source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/quidtum/3582643470
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This is a lecture on the necessary integration of notions of sustainability and spatial planning. In this lecture I argue that overall sustainability is only possible with social justice and redistribution. Environmental sustainability cannot exist where there is poverty and inequality. Informal urbanization, the urbanization of the very poor, is not environmentally, socially and economically sustainable.
Transcript of Integrating Sustainability and Spatial Planning
Integrating Sustainability and Spatial Planning from an International Perspective
Challenge the future
SpatialPlanning&Strategy
Prepared by Roberto RoccoChair of Spatial Planning and StrategyTU Delft
Image source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/quidtum/3582643470
Design
HumanSciences
PhysicalSciences
AR2U090 Methodology for Urbanism*Logics of EnquiryIn this exercise, you will need to ‘locate’ yourself inthe hypothetical triangle that composes URBANISM at TU Delft. According to your previous education and aspirations for the future, where would you be? Mark a cross inside the triangle and write your name and country of origin near that cross. Would you add another element to this geometrical form? Is it a polygon? A square? What other categories would you add, if any? Urbanism?
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R & D Studio
R & D Studio
R & D Studio
Analysis & Design of Urban Form(design practice the urban scale)
Social spatial processes in the city(design practice and research
the neighbourhood scale)
Spatial strategies for theGlobal Metropolis
(design practice and research metropolitan/regional scale)
History and Theory of Urbanism
(theoretical)
Sustainable Urban Engineering of the
Territory(theoretical + instrumental)
Practice of Urbanism(theoretical expositive)
Research and design methodology for urbanism
(instrumental expositive)
Free choice(varied)
Gra
du
atio
n o
rien
tati
on Theory of
Urbanism
(instrumental expositive)
Methodol-ogy (Thesis
Plan)
(instrumental expositive)
Graduation LabUrbanism
(design practice + varying degrees of theoretical
and instrumental courses)
Graduation LabUrbanism
(almost exclusively design practice)
TU Delft Urbanism Graduation Track (2012)
Why do we plan?
For whom do we design?
What do we want to achieve?
Consolidation of objectives of Spatial
Planning around the notion of
sustainabilityImage source: Sarah Cass at sarahcass.blogspot.com
‘Enhanced’ Sustainability
“For sustainability to occur, it must occur simultaneously in each of its three dimensions” (economic, social and environmental) Larsen, 2012
sustainabilitysocial economic
environmental
• the elaboration of visions and directions for sustainable and fair futuresthe elaboration of visions and directions for sustainable and fair futures
Burnham Place at Union Station Master Plan; Washington, D.C. (Image: Akridge & SBA)
Increased public goods
Aerial view of the winning design for the European Spallation Source (ESS) by Henning Larsen Architects, COBE and SLA (Image: Henning Larsen Architects)
Redistribution of gains
http://roarmag.org/2011/11/what-the-99-want-all-power-to-the-peoples-assemblies/
Increased life chances and prosperity
results in...
This has been guided by ideas like ‘The right to the city’ (Lefebvre, 1998,
Harvey, 2008), ‘Spatial justice’ (Harvey,
2009) the ‘Just city’ (Fainstein, 2000) and ‘Spatial justice (Soja, 2010).
Social sustainability
But why?
An understanding that without social sustainability, overall sustainability
is difficult to achieve, specially in view of high rates of deprivation,
informality and inequality around the world.
UN Millennium Development Report (2012)
Photo: Valéria Gonçalvez/Estadão
Social sustainability sustains the governance
necessary to achieve overall sustainability
An environmentally sustainable world cannot exist without spatial justice and redistribution.
It is crucial to escape the simplistic view that slums and other forms of informal urbanization (people) are polluting our water resources’.
` C a n a n e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y sustainable world exist without spatial justice and redistribution?
Robust sustainabilityThe World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) emphasizes “(…) concerted attention to social, ecological and economic conditions” (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987).
The expression ‘sustainable and fair futures’ refers to s o c i a l , e c o n o m i c a n d environmental sustainability of living environments (United Nations, 1993).
Sustainability studies
Image source: Sarah Cass at sarahcass.blogspot.com
Public goods refer to intangible public assets produced by collective undertaking and whose costs are not imposed on any particular individual when making use of the good (Olson, 2009). Accessibility, clean air, security are examples of public goods created by collective undertaking or public regulation and action.
Public goods
Image source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/bearseye/8719343763/sizes/k/in/photostream/
While avoiding externalities
http://www.flickr.com/photos/iulianionescu/2436448880/sizes/z/in/photostream/
Refers to the social function of property and production: ownership of property must reflect the fact that land and other assets owe a large part of their value to the existence of public goods, infrastructure and positive externalities that benefit those assets.
Redistribution of gains
Image source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/blacktulip06
Redistribution of gains ought to happen when private property realizes gains that can be traced to the existence of public goods produced by collective undertaking and that can be taxed by public authorities (as in the case of municipal taxes).
Redistribution of gains
My plot!
DinoVabecNYC to LA
My plot!
I am not exaggerating!
Life chances refer to the understanding that households are spatially bound and life chances are not equally present everywhere. Therefore i t i s ne cessary to promote redistribution of gains and increase public goods where such life chances are not present (van Kempen, 1994).
Life chances
0 20kmN
Anhanguera
Perus
Jaragua
S.
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Freguesia
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Limao
Cachoei-
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Trememb e
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Vila
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Vila Maria
Vila
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Cangaiba
Penha
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Carrao
Belem
Mooca
Agua Rasa
Vila Matilde
Vila
Formosa
Ermelino
Matarazzo
Itaquera
Ponte Rasa
Artur
Alvim
Cidade Lider
Parque do
Carmo
Jose
Bonifacio
Cidade
Tiradentes
Guaianases
Lajeado
Vila Curuca
Itaim Paulista
Jardim
Helena
Sao
M iguel
Vila Jacui
Iguatemi
Sao Rafael
Sao MateusSapopopembaemba
Aricanduva
Sao LucasVila
Pruden teIpiranga
Sacoma
Cursino
Jabaquara
Cidade
Ademar
Pedreira
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Grajau
Socorro
Camp o
Grande
Santo Amaro
Parelheiros
Marsilac
Jardim A ngela
Jardim
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Redondo
Camp o Limpo
Vila Andrade
Vila Sonia
MorumbiRaposo Tavares
Rio Pequeno Butanta
Jaguare
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LapaJaragua
Alto de
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BibiMoema
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Perdizes
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Norway
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Iceland
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Australia
Australia
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SWEDEN
Netherlands
Japan
Denmark
Finland
FRance
Austria
Austria
New Zealand
germany
spain
spain
Hong kong
Hong kong
singapore
singapore
slovenia
s.Korea
kyrgyztan
Dominican Rep.S. Korea
S.KOrea
Cyprus
cyprus
cyprus
cyprus
cyprus
cyprus
cyprus
Czech
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Malta
MALTA
MALTA
Argentina
Argentina
Argentina
Argentina
Argentina
poland
poland
chile
chile
estonia
slovakia
qatar
bahrain
bahrain
croatia
cyprusuruguay
latvia
st kitts
bahamas
bahamas
bahamas
seychelles
seychelles
cuba
cuba
cuba
mexico
bulgaria
Panama
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lybia
lybia
lybia
Malaysia
Malaysia
Russia
mauritius
bosnia
oman
Albania
thailand
venezuela
saudi arabia
ukraine
ukraine
ukraine
ukraine
perukazakhstan
Dominican
republic
China
sri lanka
sri lanka
turkey
bulgaria
Sky high: SWEDEN
Very high: Spain
high: Czech republic
moderately high: mexico
Medium: thailand
Medium to low: kyrgystan
HDI Human development index (2007(
city of sao paulo districts compareddata source: PMSP and IBGE/PNUD 2007
there are no districts that score less than 0.7, therefore no district with low HDI
the lowest HDI index belongs to marsilac (0.701
Unequal life chances
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Life chances are i n t r i n s i c a l l y related to the concept of spatial justice.
Prosperity refers to societal advancements, as opposed to individual gains (profit).
Finally: Prosperity!
This is a reference to the three Ps in sustainability studies (planet, people and profit), in which the term profit has been replaced by ‘prosperity’ in order to reflect the public nature of social advancement (Hammond, 2006).
ProfitPeople Prosperity
Planet
Challenges and failuresThe challenges and failures in development over the past decades have demonstrated that “for sustainability to occur, it must occur simultaneously in each of the three dimensions” (economic, soc ial and environmental) (Larsen, 2012).
Integration of sustainability and spatial planning
The integration of these sustainability dimensions into spatial planning requires a thorough understanding of policy-making and policy-implementation processes concerning the management of territories in general and of natural resources in particular.
Understanding territorial governance
It is necessary to understand governance structures and arrangements in relevant territorial units in relation to the objectives described above (i.e. redistribution of gains and increase of life chances) and to the management of natural resources.
Effectiveness + democracy building
This is necessary because understanding governance structures is crucial in order to achieve effectiveness of policymaking and implementation, while strengthening civil society.
Crucially, this approach addresses the issue of democracy-building, which we see as a condition sine qua non for social sustainability.
Governance is at the centre
... of spatial planning processes.
Governance
Governance (normative)Private Sector
Civil Society
Public Sector
Positive tension: checks and balances
Governance (descriptive)
Private Sector
Civil Society
Public Sector
Civil
Public Sector
Coalitions between sectors and within sectors
Urban planners&
Designers
Governance entails
an understanding of how policy making and implementation happens in complex societies
Changes in governing (& planning)
Emergence of a particular style of governing where there must be sustained co-ordination and coherence among a wide variety of actors with different purposes and objectives from all sectors of society.
Papadopoulos, 2007
Multilevel governance‘Involves a large number of decision-making arenas, differentiated along both functional and territorial lines and interlinked in a non-hierarchical way’
Eberlein and Kerwer, 2004
Network governancePolicy-making and implementation is ‘shared’ by
politicians, technocrats, experts, dedicated agencies, authorities, semi private and private companies, the public, NGOs, etc
which constitute NETWORKS of policy and decision making across levels, territories, mandates
The rise of the city region as a relevant unit
for planning
Randstad
Sources: http://vervoersplanoloog.blogspot.nl/ and http://www.randarchief.blogspot.nl
BosWash
Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Boswash.png
Pearl River Delta
Rhur Valley
These new kinds of cities present new challenges
for spatial planners
Planning happens in much more complex socio
political arenas
Our case: Sao PauloOur case: Sao Paulo
Sao Paulo in South America
Pacific
A m a z o n
B a s i n
An
de
s
Mo
un
ta
in
s
Mato Grosso
Plateau
An
de
sM
ou
nt
a
i ns
Atacam
aD
ese
rt
Pa
m
pa
s
Macapa
Antofagasta
Ar ica
Concepcion
Iquique
Valparaiso
Cucuta
Mitu
Puno
Talara
BahiaBlanca
Mendoza
Resistencia
Salta
San MiguelDe Tucuman
SanRafael
San SalvadorDe Jujuy
Tar i ja
Aracaju
Boa Vista
CampoGrande
Cuiaba
Imperatr iz
Porto VelhoRioBranco
Santarem
Tarauaca
Teres ina
Pasto
Apoter i
B luef ie lds
Concepcion
C. Oviedo
Arequipa
Ayacucho
Cerro De PascoCocama
Cuzco
Huanuco
Ica
Iquitos
Orel lana
Sul lana
Tacna
Durazno
Paysandu
Tacuarembo
Ciudad Bol ivar
Matur in
PuertoAyacucho
San Cr istobal
Foz Do Iguacu
PuertoCabezas
Barquisimeto
Brazil
Argentina
Uruguay
Paraguay
Bolivia
Peru
Chile
Ecuador
Colombia
VenezuelaGuiana
SurinameFrench Guiana
> than 10 million inh. (megalopolis)
> than 5 million inh. (continental metropolis)
> than 3 million inh. (metropolis)
> than 1 million inh. (big city)
São Paulo > than 18 million inh.
Bogota
Medellin
Lima
Cali
Maracaibo
Caracas
Belem
Sao Luis Fortaleza
Recife
Salvador
Goiania
Belo Horizonte
Rio de Janeiro
São PauloCuritiba
Buenos Aires Montevideo
Florianopolis
Porto Alegre
Manaus
Brasilia
Vitoria
Santos
Campinas
Natal
Maceio
Joinville
Cordoba
Rosario
Santiago
La Paz
Santa Cruz
Asuncion
Barranquilla
Quito
Guayaquil
Valencia
Callao
Please, click for movie
Sao Paulo is a divided global city in a fast growing developing country
What is Sao Paulo?
Issues of spatial justice, redistribution and equal
life chances are are urgent
Sao Paulo is this
But also this...
Human Development Compared
0 20kmN
Anhanguera
Perus
Jaragua
S.
D omingos
Pirituba
Freguesia
do O
Brasilandia
Limao
Cachoei-
rinha
Mandaqui
Casa
Verde Santana
Trememb e
Tucuruvi
Jacana
Vila
Medeiros
Vila Maria
Vila
Guilherme
Cangaiba
Penha
Tatuape
Carrao
Belem
Mooca
Agua Rasa
Vila Matilde
Vila
Formosa
Ermelino
Matarazzo
Itaquera
Ponte Rasa
Artur
Alvim
Cidade Lider
Parque do
Carmo
Jose
Bonifacio
Cidade
Tiradentes
Guaianases
Lajeado
Vila Curuca
Itaim Paulista
Jardim
Helena
Sao
M iguel
Vila Jacui
Iguatemi
Sao Rafael
Sao MateusSapopopembaemba
Aricanduva
Sao LucasVila
Pruden teIpiranga
Sacoma
Cursino
Jabaquara
Cidade
Ademar
Pedreira
Cidade D utra
Grajau
Socorro
Camp o
Grande
Santo Amaro
Parelheiros
Marsilac
Jardim A ngela
Jardim
Sao LuisCapao
Redondo
Camp o Limpo
Vila Andrade
Vila Sonia
MorumbiRaposo Tavares
Rio Pequeno Butanta
Jaguare
Vila
Leopoldina
LapaJaragua
Alto de
Pinheiros
Itaim
BibiMoema
Camp o
Belo
Saude
Vila
Mariana
Jardim
PaulistaPinheiros
Perdizes
Barra Funda
Consolacao
Santa
Cecilia
Bela
VistaLib erdade
Cambuci
Bras
PariBom
Retiro
Serepublica
Norway
Norway
Iceland
Iceland
Australia
Australia
SWEDEN
SWEDEN
Netherlands
Japan
Denmark
Finland
FRance
Austria
Austria
New Zealand
germany
spain
spain
Hong kong
Hong kong
singapore
singapore
slovenia
s.Korea
kyrgyztan
Dominican Rep.S. Korea
S.KOrea
Cyprus
cyprus
cyprus
cyprus
cyprus
cyprus
cyprus
Czech
Rep.
Malta
MALTA
MALTA
Argentina
Argentina
Argentina
Argentina
Argentina
poland
poland
chile
chile
estonia
slovakia
qatar
bahrain
bahrain
croatia
cyprusuruguay
latvia
st kitts
bahamas
bahamas
bahamas
seychelles
seychelles
cuba
cuba
cuba
mexico
bulgaria
Panama
Panama
lybia
lybia
lybia
Malaysia
Malaysia
Russia
mauritius
bosnia
oman
Albania
thailand
venezuela
saudi arabia
ukraine
ukraine
ukraine
ukraine
perukazakhstan
Dominican
republic
China
sri lanka
sri lanka
turkey
bulgaria
Sky high: SWEDEN
Very high: Spain
high: Czech republic
moderately high: mexico
Medium: thailand
Medium to low: kyrgystan
HDI Human development index (2007(
city of sao paulo districts compareddata source: PMSP and IBGE/PNUD 2007
there are no districts that score less than 0.7, therefore no district with low HDI
the lowest HDI index belongs to marsilac (0.701
0 20kmN
Anhanguera
Perus
Jaragua
S.
D omingos
Pirituba
Freguesia
do O
Brasilandia
Limao
Cachoei-
rinha
Mandaqui
Casa
Verde Santana
Trememb e
Tucuruvi
Jacana
Vila
Medeiros
Vila Maria
Vila
Guilherme
Cangaiba
Penha
Tatuape
Carrao
Belem
Mooca
Agua Rasa
Vila Matilde
Vila
Formosa
Ermelino
Matarazzo
Itaquera
Ponte Rasa
Artur
Alvim
Cidade Lider
Parque do
Carmo
Jose
Bonifacio
Cidade
Tiradentes
Guaianases
Lajeado
Vila Curuca
Itaim Paulista
Jardim
Helena
Sao
M iguel
Vila Jacui
Iguatemi
Sao Rafael
Sao MateusSapopopembaemba
Aricanduva
Sao LucasVila
Pruden teIpiranga
Sacoma
Cursino
Jabaquara
Cidade
Ademar
Pedreira
Cidade D utra
Grajau
Socorro
Camp o
Grande
Santo Amaro
Parelheiros
Marsilac
Jardim A ngela
Jardim
Sao LuisCapao
Redondo
Camp o Limpo
Vila Andrade
Vila Sonia
MorumbiRaposo Tavares
Rio Pequeno Butanta
Jaguare
Vila
Leopoldina
LapaJaragua
Alto de
Pinheiros
Itaim
BibiMoema
Camp o
Belo
Saude
Vila
Mariana
Jardim
PaulistaPinheiros
Perdizes
Barra Funda
Consolacao
Santa
Cecilia
Bela
VistaLib erdade
Cambuci
Bras
PariBom
Retiro
Serepublica
Norway
Norway
Iceland
Iceland
Australia
Australia
SWEDEN
SWEDEN
Netherlands
Japan
Denmark
Finland
FRance
Austria
Austria
New Zealand
germany
spain
spain
Hong kong
Hong kong
singapore
singapore
slovenia
s.Korea
kyrgyztan
Dominican Rep.S. Korea
S.KOrea
Cyprus
cyprus
cyprus
cyprus
cyprus
cyprus
cyprus
Czech
Rep.
Malta
MALTA
MALTA
Argentina
Argentina
Argentina
Argentina
Argentina
poland
poland
chile
chile
estonia
slovakia
qatar
bahrain
bahrain
croatia
cyprusuruguay
latvia
st kitts
bahamas
bahamas
bahamas
seychelles
seychelles
cuba
cuba
cuba
mexico
bulgaria
Panama
Panama
lybia
lybia
lybia
Malaysia
Malaysia
Russia
mauritius
bosnia
oman
Albania
thailand
venezuela
saudi arabia
ukraine
ukraine
ukraine
ukraine
perukazakhstan
Dominican
republic
China
sri lanka
sri lanka
turkey
bulgaria
Sky high: SWEDEN
Very high: Spain
high: Czech republic
moderately high: mexico
Medium: thailand
Medium to low: kyrgystan
HDI Human development index (2007(
city of sao paulo districts compareddata source: PMSP and IBGE/PNUD 2007
there are no districts that score less than 0.7, therefore no district with low HDI
the lowest HDI index belongs to marsilac (0.701
Avenida Paulista: one of 5 main business districts
Marginal Pinheiros: The newest and biggest CBD
An extended metropolitan complex with 5 contiguous metropolitan areas
27.6 million
The metropolitan area
19.8 million
The metropolitan areaThe municipality
11.2 million
Main municipalities in the Expanded Metropolitan Complex
Other municipalities in the Expanded Metropolitan Complex
Other municipalities in the State of Sao Paulo
Main highway
Regional highway
Viracopos Airport
Sorocaba AirportCongonhas Airport
Campo de Marte Airport
Sao Paulo International Airport
Ernesto Stumpf Airpot
Port of Santos
11. Alto Paraiba
5. Paraiba Macro- Axis
13. Mantiqueira10. Bocaina
14. Litoral Norte
3. Santos
1. Core 2. MASP
4. Campinas
6. Sorocaba
7. Jundiai
8. Bragantina
9. Sao Roque
12. Water Sources Circuit
Santos
Sao Roque
Jundiai
Campinas
Sorocaba
Sao Jose dos Campos
Multilevel governance in emerging city-regions
Multilevel governance in emerging city-regions
0 15 30 45 km
1: 1 500 0001 CM = 15 KM
11. Alto Paraiba
5. Paraiba Macro- Axis
13. Mantiqueira10. Bocaina
14. Litoral Norte
3. Santos
1. Core 2. MASP
4. Campinas
6. Sorocaba
7. Jundiai
8. Bragantina
9. Sao Roque
12. Water Sources Circuit
Santos
Sao Roque
Jundiai
Campinas
Sorocaba
Sao Jose dos Campos
1. Core Municipality
2. Greater Sao Paulo (MASP)
3. Metropolitan Santos
4. Metropolitan Campinas
5. Paraiba Macro Axis Proto Metropolis
6. Sorocaba Proto Metropolis
7. Jundiai Peri-Metropolitan Regional Unit
8. Bragantina Peri-Metro Regional Unit
9. Sao Roque Peri-Metro Regional Unit
10. Bocaina Peri-Metro Regional Unit
12. The 'Water Circuit' Homogeneous Outer Metro Unit
13. Mantiqueira Homogeneous Outer Metro Unit
14. Litoral Norte Homogeneous Outer Metro Unit
11. Alto Paraiba Peri-Metro Regional Unit
Main unit urban node
Other important urban node
Airport
Core: 11.3 million (31 sub-municipalities)Metro: 19.9 million (39 municipalities)Macro-metro: 27.6 million (95 municipalities)
175 km
Photo
by S
ão P
aulo,
Braz
il, at
Nigh
t -
NASA
Earth
Obs
ervato
ry
Example of a city-region in a middle-income
country
Areas where multi-level networked governance is
required
+ 928 local bus lines on core municipality
Metropolitan mobilitySa
o Pau
lo Co
mpnh
ia M
etropo
litan
a de T
ranspo
rtes
Water and waste management
Source: Google Earth
Informal development around one of Sao Paulo’s water reservoirs
Large Regional Infrastructure
Source: Google Earth
Congonhas: the busiest airport in South America and its integration in the city
Large Regional Infrastructure
Source: http://upgradesemanal.blogspot.nl/2011/04/trem-bala-no-brasil.html
The route of the proposed speed train between Rio de Janeiro and the city of Campinas
Environmental protection and management
Source: Google Earth
The new external ring road of Sao Paulo crossing the water reservoirs of the city and large parts of the
Atlantic Forest
Who plans the region?The State of Sao Paulo
Secretary of Metropolitan Development
State System of Metropolitan Development
Chamber of Metropolitan Development
Ministry of Cities: The Statute of Cities +Ministry of Planning and Development
Secretary of Metropolitan Development (+EMPLASA)
95 municipalities of Macro-metropolis + 5 metropolitan councils+ sectorial enterprises
Main partner
EMPLASA: Paulista Enterprise for Metropolitan Planning
http://www.emplasa.sp.gov.br/
Main tasksInstitutional organisationCoordination and feasibilityPlanning foundationsTerritorial PlanningCoordination of Regional Projects
Integrated water resources management
Perhaps the most urgent regional governance challenge is the management of
water resources
Water management :organisecd in river basin
committees
Source: Google Earth
Governance (normative)Private Sector
Civil Society
Public Sector
Positive tension: checks and balances
Alto Tiete River Basin Committee
River Basin Committee Plenary
Executive Board
Technical Committees
Area Subcommittees
State
Cities
CivilSociety
CivilSociety
Composition of the River Water basin Committee Plenary
16 municipalities representatives
16 State agencies or departments
16 Civil Society representatives
Civil Society?Slum Federation of the State of Sao Paulo >
Industry Federation of the State of Sao Paulo
FeaturesA literal translation of the governance model, with integral participation of stakeholders (including the private initiative) in the decision making process, but...
lack of integration with active spatial planning
Metropolitan mobility and connectivity
Main problems in regional planning and design
1. GOVERNANCE
a. excessive sectorialization: lack of integration of policies
b. lack of transparence and accountability
c. too many levels of decision making + too many administrative units: bureaucratic nightmares
Main problems in regional planning and design
2. LACK OF REGIONAL STRATEGIC VISION
Reactive planning rather than active planning
The regions develops faster than planners can plan it
Policy formulation and implementationNetworks involving:
• public actors (politicians and administrators) in different decision levels
• technocrats
• economic agents
• interest representatives (civil + corporate)
• other stakeholders
• experts (e.g. planners)
New forms of steering complex governance networks
Deliberation
Bargaining
Compromise-seeking
Thanks for listening!
Questions?
This presentation is available at www.issuu.com/robertorocco
Prepared by Roberto RoccoChair of Spatial Planning and Strategy, TU Delftfor information, please contact [email protected]
