~The ~autical LLRC P Institute M __ C_

INTEGRATING SHIP BRIDGE SYSTEMS

A PRACTICAL GUIDE VOLUME 1

RADAR AND AIS by

Dr Andy Norris

133309

Fourth 1I1IIIIII

in the series of MaritiIne .t!!> Futures

Cover illustration; courtesy Kelvin Hughes Ltd

2

CONTENTS

page

Foreword to the sel;es ............................................. ................... ... iii

Preface ...... ... ...... .......................................... .... ..... ... ....... ............. VI

Ackn owleclgemellls ..................... ....... .. ........ ....... .... .................. Vlll

Chapter page

1 Radar basics ...... .. ...... ... .... .. ..... .. ................................ 1

2 AlS basics .................................................................. Cl 7

:I Use of radar and AlS .............................................. 55

4 Practical considerations of using AlS

with radar ...................................................... " ....... ... 9:;

Appendices page

A The radar equation ................ .............. ................ 113

B International function tllessages ............ .. ........ 115

C AlS vessel types and cargoes .............................. 1 1 7

D IMO display sytllbols ........................................... 1 19

E Parallel indexing - an essential tool ............... 135

F Fatlliliarization training fratllework ....... .. ....... 139

Index ...................... ...... ......... .. ................................................. 141

INTEGRATING BRIDGE SYSTEMS ix

INDEX

A

activat~d targets .. ........... ...... Y9

AFC .......... .... ... ........ ........... ... ..... .......... 21

MS I ....... .

2 ....... .

............ ...... .43, 4.1, 84

.. 38

.. 38

<lid'i-to-navigalion (ATS AtoNs) ... .. :n, 81

SAKI .................... . .. . . ........ BI

stalions .

[argd limi ts

ves.<;d (ypes

alarms

:liens ".

an<l ]oguc

allc hor watcll ..... .. .

. .... 37

........ 67

........ 117

.. 72. 107

. ... 107

............. 7

..... '6 ante llll a .. . .................. :1

gam .............. ......... ..... 9, 10

antenna gain ......... ................ . . . ..... 113

ARCS ~Adminllty Rastcr Chart

Serv ice) ..... .

ARI'!\ ;Au lom atic Ra<lar I']oning

Aid) .................. .... 64, 70, 71

association .. ............... .... 74 , 103, 101

ATAs ....

(Auwmauc Trat'king Aids;

aUTo matic

B

association.

cllltter controls .... ............ ..... .

rr~(lut'nf"'Y control CAFe) ...

Radar Plouing Aids (ARPA,,!

backup

. ..... 64

.. ....... 25

. .... 104

...... '21

.... 2 1, 53

........... 20

..... 107 hf';'Iring scale.... . ....... 1)9, 106

LJillal)' messages. ... . .. ...... .. .. .49, (H

bridge procedures ........ ........ ..... 56, 76, 139

built-in inLt'Krity tcst~ (BlIT). . ..... .43

c ( ;( ~RP (Consi sl(~ 1l1 ( ~omrnon

Rt'iercncc Poim) ... .................. . :3,') , ~q, 60

chart. radar ................ 35, Vd, 110

Class FL. ........ . . ....... :-)0, S I: 76, 77 , 99

de,H'i IIg bea rinbrs ... . ............... 1 ~15

dutte-I .. l~ , 19, 28, 58,7:1

coaxial cable ..... ........... .............. . 3

coht'rem raclar .... ........... ..... 2H , 29, 33

co llisioll avoidance ....... .47, 5,'), '57, 70, 39,

.............................. 97. 100, 101

eOtREes (Collisioll

Regulations) ....... 70,7:1, 7B, 05, 104, III

compass. . ....... ho, 103 .. 135

GPS

g)TO

magnetic

. ... 24

........ 24. :11 , !12, 101

..... ........ ........ . 2·1, 'l4, 102

transmitting ...... . ............... ..... :B, 102

compressioll ;Slg1WD .... ...... .............. 7, 17

Coordinale,1 ' .1 n ive rsa l TjUH~

(UTC) .. .

correlation

( .~{)ursc-Up ..

.. . ......... 39, 1:1, 47,52,89

........ ...... 2:1, 28,31, 58

................... :.:! :~, 24, 99

CPA ~ ( ; Iosest Poin l of

Appn'ach) ..... . .. 27 , 64, G7. 72

alarm .......... ......... .............. 10H

ePA/TePA ...... ............ .... 72, 108

CSTD1vLA.. (Can-ie1' Sense TD!vJi\; . ... 50

(:Il r r en t ... ·c('tors ..

cursor

D

dala

errol'S ..

dMa errors.

. ..... ............... 97

.......... 60, 63, 9Y, 1:l6

.. 92

.... 76,77

dt>cibels .............. ....... ................ . . . ... s dtLt'ction range ............ ............. ............. 12

Diff control .... 20

dilTeremial (~ I\SS.... . ........ 34t 38. '17

INTEGRATING BRIDGE SYSTEMS 141

, •

,.

~ I

display rree~e ........................ ...... .. ....... . 110

Doppler ............ . .............................. 29

log.. . ......................... ... ........... 34

Doppler log ...................................... 2.>. 72

DSC ... . ............. ..41 , 42, 92, 97

dYllamic data ......... .45, 4 7, 48, 76, 77, 103

E

ECllIS

ECS ....

electronic

.7,38,52,63,96,98,100,

........ 107, 138

. ................. 96, 99,100

bearing line (EBL) ............................... (iO

chart ...................... . .23,24, :l3, G2, 99

Display :'tnd Information System (ECDIS) ........................................... 7

syslt'm. . ............................... 96, 98

positioll IIxillg dt'vic(' {EPFO).

range/hearil lg lilll'" (ERBl.)

.. .... .+7

.61

eLm'all . . ........................................ 112

L.'lCs ............... .. .. ....... ()3

ETA. .. ............. 37, 85, 86, 92

F

/ii ilul'c

of course ftnd speed over ground illfiJnnauoll ................ ....................... 1 OB

of heading information ..................... lOH

of position input information ........... 108

of speed through the water

information

['lllback

false targC:l

................ 108

........................... 107

G

gam

control ..... .. .................... 17, 18,58

rain, sea :m d tuning controls ............... 16

gain (amplification).... .................. . .. 7

Gigaheru (GH 'I.)... ......................... . .... 2

Global :VCariliJnc: Disln~ss and Safety

System (G;>"fDSS) .................... ........... SO

G lobal Navigation S;udlile

System (G!\SS), ........... 24,38

( ; lon<lss... .. ....................... , ......... 38

G;>"IDSS. .. ............... 83

GNSS .24, :~4, 3B, 42, 43, 47, 52

....... 7:l, n, H2, B1, 11'>, 10 1, 102, 103, 135

antenna .......... .. ............................ +7

CPS [Global Positioning

System) ...... ..38,77, 102,105

(:()mpass ., .. ............ 24

gyro compass. ......... :;2,101

gyrocompass. .. ........... 2+, 34, 57, 92,103

H

hazardous cargo Lype ............ ...... 'lH, H.1, Hti

h(:Rding

errors ......................... ........... 7G, 92,103

indic(ltOI·....... .. ..................... 34, 52

lil~... . .................. 59

H ead-Up ......... .. ............... 11. 2:l, 24. 9')

High Speed Craft. .. ........................ 3, I r 7

I

V\LA ................................ 79,8 1

AIS ................................. 7(j, 10;) I HS ..... .. ............ 33, 42, 52, 90, 11 0

radar .............. . .. ..... 13, 11, 33, lOt

familiarisation training ..

fast time constant {FrG~ .. ..... 5:;, 103, 139

.......... 20

butry installations... .. ..................... 77.90

frequency .............. ...... :2, 1.1, :2H, :2~, :19, -'12

142 THE NAUTICAL INSTITUTE

H':C 6 11 62 digital interface .............. 52.53 IMO

M{Jdd Courst's ............................ 95, 139

number...... .. ........... Hi, 8'1, ~2

I:">IS .................... 34, 3.\,43, ,\2 , 53, 88, 110

int~gn'ted

bridgt' sysrem ..................... ................. 33

navigaLiOll sysl ~1II (INS;' .. .. .. 34, 8[1

intcrf.1cc

digital ,. .................. .42, 43,47, 49,53

user ..... . ........................ 1,7

i)l(crterenn~

re:i~('Tt'r ......... ..... .. . . .............. 22,23,28

inh:rHn:llct: rejecter ...

ll lLt:rnauonat

............... ~)B

Association of Marine Aids to ::"J'avigation and Lighthouse

Authorities (TAT ,A) ............................ 79

Function :Vl t::o;sag~ ...... -17, 49, 50, 88, 115

SaJ~!)'

Guidt: for O il Tankers and

Ttl'Illinals (1SGOTT) .................. 56

Management Code [1S:\1) ........ ~)5, 1 ~)B

Telecommunications l :nio n (I' I'L ) ...... 15

intcrswitch uni r. ........... ... .................. . 34, 56

inverst' S<l llar~ law

J jamming

joys lick

L

lalt:llcy

........................ 8, 9

.. 78

.60

..... 1:Fi

long' range identification and

trackin,e; (T ,J( r J ') .. ..37

lost

rel~rt:Tln' targel

targ~!

M

....... 109

............. ... .... 27, 109

n mgnetron ........................... .. ... 1

Mandato ry Ship Reporting ... ..... ............ 88

:\1aritimc

~1obilc Servic~ Id~nlijy ~~lt\ISI) ... 46, 5 1

:VI m .............. . .......... 7

lllicrowaves ..... . .......... 2

~1iniml.tm Keyboard and J)isplay

(MKD)....... . ................................. 42

~1KIl ............. .... ·11 , "1, 83, ~O, 9G, 97, 98,

.. , .. , .. , ................................ 99, 101 , 1()~)

MMSI ................... . 1-1>, 77,33. 105

Mode

Assigned...... . ............................. ' I 0, 77

Autonomous anl l Corlljnuous . ..tO, 4-1 , 46

PI)II~d ..... .

f\ lorsc: code:

.. ...... 4 1, 45

... 80

1I1olinn modes.. . ... 24

lIlulLirunction d isplay (IVIFD). . .. .. 35

Illultipath .. . ................ 1>1

N

. .......... .. 20. '27 , titi, (i7

navigation

filter ..

lines ........................ .............. . 62

slatu:o; . ........................ 57, 88, 89

lIew

target ..................................... lOB

tcchnology radar (K t') ... 2, 2B, 30, 31,:n

non-coherent ....... 2B. 2Y

North-Up ............ H. 23, 24, 98, 99

o ohS(t'IIt' Jang uagr: . .............. 83

orit:rtlaLinll modes ............. 23, 24,101.136

overl.ty ...... ... 62,106,108

p

pamllcl

indexing (PI) .. . ................. J:t")

index lint":{ ......... ...... ...... ... . .61, 101

........ 7 1 past positions

persuns onboard

PLo .... ..48, 49, 86, 88, 11 6

... 135, 136, 137, 13B

pilot.

plug

p l<ln posirion indinltor

plol eXLraclion

polar display ... .

polarisation .. .

poor installation

. ...... 96

.............. 12 ,90

................. 3

.......... 26

.. ................. 07, 0B

. ........................... ~) ................... 77. 102

INTEGRATING BRIDGE SYSTEMS 143

PPl: (Portable Pilot Cnit) ....... ........... :1 , B

precipitation .......... 6, H, 10, 15 , 19, ;JR, 115

PRf jiltcr ................... . ... ... .. 22

propagation

a nom:llous ............................... _. ·14·, 4:")

pulse

comprt'ssit )JI ............ ................ .. 3 1, 32

rt:'pt'lilinTl r1"~qutncy. . ........... 2, 22, 58

fO puist' cond.uio n.. . ... 22, 23

R

racon ..... " . .......... .33, 7(J, go. B 1, B2

radar........ . .. 1, :'L 9

cross section (ReS.!. ..................... 11, 12

equation ................. ..... H, 10, 12 , 19, 113

maps ..................... G2, 70, 108, 136, 138

Idkctio llS .. ..... 1, 6, 8, 10, 13, 14, 15, 17

slabilisalion ........... 23, 25, 28, 34, 71, 97,

.................... . .............. 101 , lOll

trat.-:kcr. .. 25, 26. 27, 211, JOfi, 108

trails... . . ....................... . 24 , 70 , 7 1

rranspondt'r .......... 79,80

rai u ("ol1ll"ol . 19, 21, :)8

ranK"t-'

cell .............. ..

sCillcs and range rings ......................... ()()

sidcJobes ...... .. ............................. 32, 33

rate of TIl rn (ROT; .

rect'iver

AIS .....

GNSS G PS ....

. ..... 52. 139

. ...... 42,43

.. .47, 48, 77

............................. 102

raclar....... .. .... I, 11, ~ I , ~9, 59, 8 1, 114

Receiver I\ tlton f HTlIlUS Inlt:grit)'

\4on irorinK" (RAJ M) ..... .48, 52, 78

rt'la li v~

JIlolion .................... 24, 70, 73, ~)B, 10 1

s safety and see.urity rt>latt>d nlt'ssagcs

..... ... ........ 4<1, '1.\ '19, 8~, 34, 90, 9G, 98, 99,

144 THE NAUTICAL INSTITUTE

SAR .. SART, S·bancl .....

...................... 139, 140

.. .. 77

... 5,21,33,79,8 1

. .................... 2

sca nnel ..................................................... 3

SC31Ho-scan correlat.ion .

SC:l

.. ........ '2'2, '2:{

clutter ................... . ~ , IG, .08

con trol ........... .. . ....................... 19,53

st';..m:h ,lilt!. rescue I:SAR). .. ...40, 77

aircraft. .............. .................... 37, 3a, 40

security ......... ..

Selective. Availability ::Si\).. .. ............. 7X

self-organising time divisinn

multiple iH'("t-'SS (S(), J 'f) lvlA,i ................. 38

st"nsi livily l ill a: cOlllrol (STC~ . . .. .... l 8, J9

sr. II.<;or r.., i1ures .. 107

ship

dimensions ........ 56, H , 77, B5, Uti

na nlC ................. . .37, 4~) , 46, It:"), 99

typ e ......... 46, 4·B, ·1!). 7'1, 8-1-, 8.'), HH, 117

sidt"lobt's ........ ................ ........... 5, 10

silu'llioual awa reness ..... ..... 24. 37, 39, ~)1.

..... ........................... .... ...... 73,90, 100, 102

sleeping targst~ ..... ...... 134, 67, 63,103, lOB

SOLAS ... .,.. . ........... II:l, 'lIi, Ill)

S()TIl~A ........ . ................... 39,50,31

spt't'd logs................. . .................... 101

Swudanls, Training, Certification and

Walchkt:e pi ng- Code (51'C\\'; ........ .. .... 55

st<l tic dat3 ....... 37, 41 ,4\ 46, 77,H4,

.. ..... .......................................... 8:") , 89, 104

STe ... . ............................ 13,19

Stt' fll Hl i.lrb :r . ................................ 59

syslt"" nl sl,ulul ,y .... .. ......... 56

T

target

assessment ..... .. ............. ............... 27, 72

association ......... ...... 11, H, 7:1.100,102,

..... ....... 103.104.105,140

idcllliJier .......... . ........... 26

1

I j

I ! I

,.

•

overload .. . .............. ..... ........ 109

swap . . .... 2H, 7:'l , 74 ,1 05

{racking .. . .......... 25, 63, 67

vectors .................. 2'1·. til, 69_ 70, 74-, 98.

............... IOU. 10 I. 106

ta rgets

corrdal~d . . .. ...................... 7-1·

fused ....... . .................. 71

Ihresholdiug ......... ....................... 17,18,2 1

Time Division l'vlulliple Access

(TIlMA) .......... ................................... 30

lime to closest point of approach

(T ePA)... . .. 64.66,67,7'2 . 108

lI"ar k Imll.......... . ......................... 60

u uillll:rlay

1:~ / J.( )CODE

.. 28,35, '>7, 1;2, 7U, 106

....................... 87

......... 3, 4-, IO,!)I, 77 UpU<.tk rale

liTe .... . ......... 39, 43, 47,52,89

v vari ablt': r<lllgt' m<lrkcr (VRj\f;, ................ oD

vector di.!.plays .. . ............................ ti9

VHF .................. . 37, 3CJ, 11, 7:1, 84, 96, 97

channels .... . .. .

dara li nk (VDL) ...

DSC .. ....

..................... 3B, 39, 41

......................... 50

....... 11 ,42,92,97

lnu:king accuracy

Iransmissio tl erTl}rs

...... 66, 102, 109 voyage rdat.('.d data. ..37, '11 , ' ~4 , 4~) ,

......... 91; ... ..48, "7, 11:;' 116, 87, 88, 96, 99, JU:l , J:l'J

u ansmiI ter VTS.... .. ~:l , :17, 38, 41 , 78, 79, 85, 9~.

AlS ................................................ 42, 40 .................................... 96,99. l lfi

radar. ......................... 1, 2, 11, 28, 29, 30

lrial manoeuvre ............ ....... .. . ... 71 w rrue "varships. . ........................ 7G, 7Y

heading ... .. , .. . ..................... ~l8 wavcguide.... . ... ....................... 3 Inolitll1 ...... . .. .. ....... 24, G9, 71l, 1:l6 ' vavclcngth ................ .. 2, \ 10, 14,44,1 13

l.11II t' b (l l" ..... . ...................... ~)B WGS84,., ........ 52, 77, 102.105 l.lming ("ontl"Ol ......................................... 21

tuming gear ..... . .. ........... I. :l x type approvaL .... . .65,97,101, lOG, IIlJ

X~band ..................... ......................... 2, 12

INTEGRATING BRIDGE SYSTEMS 145