Integrating Quotations, Plagiarism

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Assignment 3 – Preliminary Bibliography and Research Proposal 1. Prepare a preliminary bibliography or list of references which includes sources you will possibly use in your research paper (Essay 2). You must include at least FIVE SOURCES. TWO of these sources must be academic books and TWO of these sources must be academic journal articles. Decide if you will use APA or CMS format and follow this format EXACTLY. The bibliography must be typed in proper format; if not, it will not be accepted. 2. Prepare a research proposal for your research paper (Essay 2).

Transcript of Integrating Quotations, Plagiarism

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Assignment 3 – Preliminary Bibliography

and Research Proposal1. Prepare a preliminary bibliography or list of references

which includes sources you will possibly use in your research paper (Essay 2).You must include at least FIVE SOURCES. TWO of these sources must be academic books and TWO of these sources must be academic journal articles. Decide if you will use APA or CMS format and follow this format EXACTLY. The bibliography must be typed in proper format; if not, it will not be accepted.

2. Prepare a research proposal for your research paper (Essay 2).

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Plagiarism

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Source: Wayne State University, Library & Information Science

Plagiarism Quiz: True or False?1. Handing in significant parts or the whole of a paper or

article from an author other than myself, granted that I acknowledge that this is from an author other than myself, is not plagiarism.

2. Common knowledge (composed of facts that can be found in a variety sources and which many people know) does not need to be cited.

3. If I change a few words within a section of source text and then use that in my paper, then I am paraphrasing and not plagiarizing.

4. It is best to simply reproduce the text of an authoritative source on a topic if the instructor wants me to give an authoritative view.

5. I didn't plagiarize; my paper has quotes all throughout the paper, almost sentence for sentence!

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Source: Wayne State University, Library & Information Science

Plagiarism Quiz: True or False?6. Plagiarism is punishable by failing the assignment.7. If I use, verbatim, a sentence from a source, then I need

only to cite it in order to avoid the charge of plagiarism.8. It is okay to simply copy and paste sections from

Internet sources into my paper.9. It wasn't plagiarism; I just didn't understand what you

wanted/what the material was about, and I ran out of time, so that is why all this appears to be plagiarized!

10. My husband/wife/child/parent/friend--or other--helped me with the paper. S/he wrote or rewrote part or all of it in order to make it more interesting, more authoritative or 'smarter.' This wasn't plagiarism--I simply got some help.

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Plagiarism quiz: Answers

1. Handing in significant parts or the whole of a paper or article from an author other than myself, granted that I acknowledge that this is from an author other than myself, is not plagiarism.

FALSE. Work turned in as your own must be original; that is, it must be composed by you and contain your understanding of your textual or empirical materials.

2. Common knowledge (composed of facts that can be found in a variety sources and which many people know) does not need to be cited.

TRUE. What are examples of "common knowledge"? The earth is round, John F. Kennedy was a president of the United States, it becomes warm as spring progresses in the northern hemisphere of the earth, the earth is the third planet from the sun, the French word for the English word "dog" is "chien," etc.

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Plagiarism quiz: Answers

3. If I change a few words within a section of source text and then use that in my paper, then I am paraphrasing and not plagiarizing.

FALSE. You also need to cite the original that you are using. Further, even if you cite it, changing a few insignificant words or changing the word or sentence order can still be plagiarism. If you want to use a passage verbatim (that is, word for word) in order to express each idea in it, then use it verbatim, quote it and cite it.

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Plagiarism quiz: Answers

4. It is best to simply reproduce the text of an authoritative source on a topic if the instructor wants me to give an authoritative view.

FALSE. What you are being asked for in a written, academic, paper is the product of your research on a topic. If that research is empirical, your paper involves the results of your empirical research. If that research is more conceptual in nature, it involves your thoughts and interpretations of concepts, including others' thoughts and interpretations. In either case, what you are being asked for is your work and your ideas, not the work and ideas of someone else.

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Plagiarism quiz: Answers

5. I didn't plagiarize; my paper has quotes all throughout the paper, almost sentence for sentence!

TRUE. You didn't plagiarize, but you demonstrated by your paper that your rhetorical style and your method of argument are immature and/or that you haven't spent the time and effort in thinking through the materials that were your sources. Your grade will reflect this. The paper must be your argument, and you must, indeed, make an argument.

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Plagiarism quiz: Answers

6. Plagiarism is punishable by failing the assignment.

FALSE. From the EBC Calendar: When proven, cheating and plagiarism will receive penalties levied in relation to the seriousness of the infraction and they may include re-doing an assignment, failure of the assignment, failure of the course, suspension from the college for a term or longer, or expulsion.

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Plagiarism quiz: Answers

7. If I use, verbatim, a sentence from a source, then I need only to cite it in order to avoid the charge of plagiarism.

FALSE. Besides being cited, the sentence needs to have quotation marks around it if it is used verbatim.

8. It is okay to simply copy and paste sections from Internet sources into my paper.

FALSE. Those sources need to be cited, and if verbatim, quoted and cited. Further, simply copying and pasting source materials rarely makes for an argument, much less for a good argument. Internet sources can be unreliable, as well.

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Plagiarism quiz: Answers

9. It wasn't plagiarism; I just didn't understand what you wanted/what the material was about, and I ran out of time, so that is why all this appears to be plagiarized!

FALSE. It is your responsibility to budget your time and to write a paper worthy of your name. Plagiarism is plagiarism; sloppy work is sloppy work. Your name is on that paper. The paper represents you and your integrity.

10. My husband/wife/child/parent/friend--or other--helped me with the paper. S/he wrote or rewrote part or all of it in order to make it more interesting, more authoritative or “smarter.” This wasn't plagiarism-I simply got some help.

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FALSE. If the work was dual --or more--authored, then you need to have all the names down as to whom the authors are, and since it is likely that only one of you is taking the class, the question comes down to how to reward that effort. Here, plagiarism coincides with academic dishonesty. It is the same as if someone else took a test for you or helped you take a test or did the whole or part of one of your class projects for you. It is plagiarism because you are representing someone else's ideas and efforts as your own. (continued)

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However, light copyediting is not authoring and talking things over with someone is not authoring, unless using that person is misrepresenting your writing ability in the given language or that person is giving you enough original ideas or interpretations so that such make up the thesis and major contents of your paper.

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If someone does provide key suggestions upon your own, original, argument, then you should have the courtesy to acknowledge him or her in your paper.

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The key idea is that your paper should be your argument, your writing, your empirical work and/or conceptual reading of source materials. When doing empirical research, you must work through the experiments, when doing conceptual research, you must think through the source texts. In either case, the writing, thesis, and argument of the paper must be yours. You must be the author.

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How to Include Materialfrom other Sources in your Paper

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Quoting vs. Paraphrasing/Summarizing

• Avoid over-using quotations in your essay. Only use a direct quotation if another author’s words, phrases or sentences will contribute substantially to your essay because they are interesting, unique or particularly apt. Instead of using quotations, you may paraphrase or summarize.

• Whether you quote, paraphrase or summarize, you must always reference the source of ideas, facts or words which are not your own.

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• Let your own words dominate at all times. Use quotations only for special effect. Create your own wording for your thesis statement and topic sentences.

• Comment on the ideas you borrow from others.

Introducing Source Material

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Whether you use a summary, a paraphrase or a quotation to support one of the points in your paper, do not drop it in as if it came from nowhere!

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Introducing Source Material

Prepare your reader by mentioning the author’s name in an introductory phrase:

X has pointed out that…

X has made it clear that…

X explains that…

According to X…

In 1999, X, the vice president of ABC Company, declared…

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Introducing Source Material

• You can also include the source material in your own sentence:

Ontario colleges make an undeniably positive impact because “[c]olleges are in the business or serving their students and their communities” (Johnson, 2006, p. 34).

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It’s your turn to talk…

• Look at your assigned section of the APA paper on pp. 265-269 and find examples of how the author introduced source material. For each example, determine if the author used an introductory phrase or integrated the source into his own sentence.

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Citation Enables Certain Actions

• Listening to the statements of others• Identifying the position from which the statement

comes• Evaluating knowledge and paying attention to the

possibility that it might be incomplete, contradictory or wrong

• Watching for opportunities to improve the state of knowledge

• Occasionally, supporting the opinion of the writer

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Look at the quotations and paraphrases

you just found. What purposes do they serve?• Listening to the statements of others

• Identifying the position from which the statement comes

• Evaluating knowledge and paying attention to the possibility that it might be incomplete, contradictory or wrong

• Watching for opportunities to improve the state of knowledge

• Supporting the opinion of the writer

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SUMMARIZING

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What is Summarizing?

Process: • Find the main ideas in an article, essay, report, or

other document and rephrase them. • Shorten (condense) the most important idea or

ideas in the source material and express your understanding of them in your own words.

Purpose: • Give the reader an overview of the article, report

or chapter.

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APA References and Summaries

• See exercise on the back page of the booklet used at the beginning of class.

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APA References and Summaries

Historian Gordon Wood (1993) points out that Jefferson, who was once one of the most revered American founders and early presidents, is now looked upon as a racist and as someone who was ruthless, self-righteous and unconcerned for basic civil liberties.

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PARAPHRASING

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What is Paraphrasing?

Process: State both the main and key supporting ideas of your source. Usually, your source is a passage such as a paragraph from a longer text.

Purpose: Express someone else’s ideas more clearly and more simply—to translate what may be complex in the original into easily understandable prose.

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How to write Paraphrases

• Make sure that you understand the source passage.• Substitute your own words for those of the source

passage; look for synonyms that carry the same meaning as the original words.

• Rearrange your own sentences so that they read smoothly. Sentence structure, even sentence order, in the paraphrase need not be based on that of the original. A good paraphrase, like a good summary, should stand by itself.

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When can paraphrasing become plagiarism?Original

The most common assumption that is made by persons who are communicating with one another is…that the other perceives, judges, thinks, and reasons the way he does. Identical twins communicate with ease. Persons from the same culture but with a different education, age, background, and experience often find communication difficult. North American managers communicating with managers from other cultures experience greater difficulties in communication than with managers from their own cultures.

Unacceptable Paraphrase that constitutes plagiarism (underlined words are taken directly from the quoted source)When we communicate, we assume that the person to whom we are speaking perceives, judges, thinks, and reasons the way we do. This is not always the case. Although identical twins communicate with ease, persons from the same culture but with a different education, age, background, and experience often encounter communication problems. Communications problems are common among North American managers as they attempt to communicate with managers from other cultures. They experience greater communication problems than when they communicate with managers from their own culture.

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OriginalThe most common assumption that is made by persons who are communicating with one another is…that the other perceives, judges, thinks, and reasons the way he does. Identical twins communicate with ease. Persons from the same culture but with a different education, age, background, and experience often find communication difficult. North American managers communicating with managers from other cultures experience greater difficulties in communication than with managers from their own cultures.

Acceptable ParaphraseMany people fall into the trap of believing that everyone sees the world exactly as they do and that all people communicate based on the same assumptions. This belief is difficult to support even within our own culture as Blacks, Polish-Canadians, Asian-Canadians, and others often attempt unsuccessfully to find common ground. When intercultural differences are thrown into the mix, such as when North American managers working abroad attempt to communicate with managers from other cultures, clear communication becomes even harder.

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QUOTATIONS

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Integrating Quotations

• Do not merely drop a quotation into your work. Integrate the quotation smoothly into your essay.

• Note: It is extremely important to reproduce your original source exactly in a quotation. Any changes to spelling, capitalization or interior punctuation must be indicated using brackets or parentheses.

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1. Wherever possible, incorporate a few words from the outside source in quotation marks into a sentence you yourself have written.

Example:

Nanda speaks “suddenly, in a high, musical voice that did not sound as if it belonged to her,” telling Raka that the Buddha sitting on the tabletop came all the way from Tibet (Desai 82).

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2. Make sure that the quotation makes sense grammatically with your “surrounding” sentence.

When Francisco questions Marcellus and Horatio about their identity, Marcellus replies, “And liegemen to the Dane” (Hamlet 1.1.16).

When Francisco questions Marcellus and Horatio about their identity, Marcellus replies that they are “liegemen to the Dane” (Hamlet 1.1.16). 

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3. If you believe that a longer quotation is absolutely necessary, introduce it with a statement that puts it in context. A colon follows a formal statement orindependent clause. Any quotation that is longer than three typed lines is indented one inch from the left margin and typed single-spaced, without adding quotation marks.

The following passage demonstrates how Desai imbues the physical setting of

her novels with psychological significance:

An eagle swept over it, far below her, a thousand feet below, its wings outspread, gliding on currents of air without once moving its great muscular wings which remained in repose, in control. She had wished, it occurred to her, to imitate that eagle-gliding, with eyes closed.

Then a cuckoo called, quite close, here in her garden, very softly, very musically, but definitely calling--she recognized its domestic tone.

She gave that ironic bow again, very, very slightly, and went to the kitchen to see what Ram Lal had for her lunch and tell him about the great-grandchild’s visit.23

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Block/Set-Off/Long Quotations: Clarification and/or Confusion

• Cite it Right states that a block quotation is 3 or more typed lines long. It needs to be single-spaced and indented 1 inch from the left margin. No quotation marks are used with a block quotation (p. 33).

• The “EBC Supplement for Cite it Right” does not supply a length for block quotations, but does state that they are to be single-spaced.

• The Handbook for Writers states that if you are using APA, a block quotation is 40 words or more. It needs to be double-spaced and indented ½ inch from the left margin. As with CIR, no quotations marks are to be used (p. 261).

For your research papers,• if you are using Chicago (CMS) follow the EBC/Cite it Right

method• if you are using APA, you have a choice: follow the EBC/Cite it

Right method or the Handbook for Writers

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Placement of Parenthetical Citations

• NOTE: If you are using APA or MLA, put the parenthetical citation AFTER the long quotation’s end punctuation mark (p. 591). Remember that with a “regular” quotation or paraphrase, the parenthetical citation comes BEFORE the end punctuation mark.

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4. You can use the ellipsis to make a quotation fit grammatically with the rest of your sentence.

The ellipsis (three periods with a space before and after each) indicates that words have been removed from the original quotation.

In addition, the ellipsis can be employed to remove parts ofquotations that have no relevance to your argument.

You must ensure that you have retained enough of thequotation so that it still makes sense in your essay and its meaninghas not been distorted.

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Original: God’s choice of the younger (or weaker, or most unlikely) to bear the righteous seed is a third subplot that begins in Genesis. Here it takes two forms in particular that are then repeated throughout the biblical story. First, God regularly bypasses the firstborn son in carrying out his purposes (a considerable breach of the cultural rules on the part of God): not Cain but Seth, not Ishmael but Isaac, not Esau but Jacob, not Reuben but Judah. Second, the godly seed is frequently born of an otherwise barren woman (Sarah, 18:11-12; Rebekah, 25:21; Rachel, 29:31).

Fee and Stuart point out that in Genesis God “regularly bypasses the

firstborn son in carrying out his purposes … : not Cain but Seth, not

Ishmael but Isaac, not Esau but Jacob, not Reuben but Judah” (26).

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5. You can also use square brackets to make a quotation fit grammatically with the rest of your sentence. Use square brackets to enclose material that you add to or change within a quotation.

Example:Original: “O cursed spite,/That ever I was born to

set it right” (Hamlet 1.5.196-197).

In misery and anger, Hamlet decides to bring

justice to his father’s death but curses the fact

“that ever [he] was born to set it right” (Hamlet

1.5.197).

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6. If you note an error of grammar or spelling in the original, follow it with the word [sic] in square brackets.

Example:

Smith realizes his folly when he says, "I cant [sic] believe I just said that!"

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7. A clarification of an unclear pronoun or a short comment or explanation can be added in square brackets within a quotation.

Example:

Hamlet remembers, “Why she [Gertrude] would hang on him [Hamlet’s father]/As if increase of appetite had grown/By what it fed on. . .” (Hamlet 1.2.143-5).

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8. Enclose in parentheses a comment or an explanation that immediately follows a quotation.

Example:

Hamlet says, “There’s a divinity that shapes our ends” (emphasis added) (Hamlet 5.2.10).

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APA References & Quotations

• Complete exercise 1 on the back page of the booklet used at the beginning of class.

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APA References & Quotations

It is surely possible to become a “Simpson'-style couch potato, imprisoned by the endless wash of images, immobilized, imbecilic, impotent” (McConnell, 1989, p.56). According to author John McConnell (1989), "It is surely possible to become a 'Simpson'-style couch potato, imprisoned by the endless wash of images, immobilized, imbecilic, impotent" (p. 56).

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INTRODUCING ANDINTEGRATING SOURCE MATERIAL

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Using the author’s name and/or source title

• See pages 185 and 186 of the text for ideas about using the author’s name and/or source title to integrate quotations. These ideas can also be used to introduce paraphrases and summaries.

• NOTE: After using the author’s full name in the first reference, you can decide to use only the author’s last name in a subsequent reference but DO NOT use only the author’s FIRST name in a subsequent reference

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Rules for titles used in the body of the essay

Basic rules to remember for titles are:• Use quotation marks for anything which is brief or comes

from a full-length work. This includes short stories, short poems, essays, chapters of books, songs, individual episodes of television programs or magazine/journal articles:“Sonnet XXIX,” “A Field of Wheat”

• Use italics or underlining for longer works. This includes newspapers, magazines, books, plays, long (book-length) poems, television programs, films, paintings, sculptures and musical compositions (other than single songs), such as operas and ballets:The Globe and Mail, Maclean’s, Peace Child, Beowulf, Death of a Salesman, Jurassic Park

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E-mail your answers to [email protected]• Groups 1: Exercise 9-1, #1 & 2 on page 186

• Group 2: Exercise 9-1, #3, 4 & 5 on page 186.• Groups 3 &4: Exercise 9-2, #1 on page 187.

• Groups 5 & 6: Exercise 9-3 on page 189. (Ignore: “Point out each example of plagiarism.”)

• Groups 7 & 8: Exercise 9-4 #1, on page 190.• Groups 9 & 10: Exercise 9-5 on page 192. (Ignore: “Point out each

example of plagiarism.”)