Integrating Concepts in BiologyPowerPoint Slides for Chapter 25:

Homeostasis of Ecological Systems

Section 25.1: Is nutrient cycling a mechanism of homeostasis for ecological systems?

25.2 How does energy flow through food webs?25.3 Do ecological systems filter wastes like

individual organisms do? 25.4 How does increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide

disrupt ecological systems? by

A. Malcolm Campbell, Laurie J. Heyer, and Chris Paradise

Aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems are connected through nutrient cycles and energy flows

Figure UN25.1

Biomass of minnows in two experiments on Tuesday Lake

Table 25.1

  year 1 wet mass year 2 wet mass

no fish 0 0

low fish 32.5 (2) 46.7 (3)

medium fish 66.2 (4) --

high fish 113.9 (7) 97.7 (6)

Total phosphorus in the water column for Tuesday Lake, total particulate P in year 1, particulate P in seston and particulate P as zooplankton

Figure 25.1

Movement of phosphorus relative to the water column for enclosure experiment

Figure 25.2

Simplified schematic of the phosphorus cycle

Figure 25.3

Discharge, runoff, and concentrations and watershed losses for total nitrogen and phosphorus from a tropical forested watershed

Figure 25.4

Annual particulate matter output of organic and inorganic materials from watersheds after clearcut

Figure 25.5

Mean annual export of various elements in organic and inorganic particulate matter, and net dissolved concentration in undisturbed and clearcut watersheds

Figure 25.6

Extent of the Mississippi River basin and Gulf of Mexico dead zone

Figure ELSI 25.1

Energy flow in a partial food web of a rocky intertidal zone

Figure 25.7

Energy flow in a food web of a rocky intertidal zone off the northern Gulf of California coast

Figure 25.8

Percentages of prey consumed and calories in diet by predators in a rocky intertidal zone

Table 25.2

a. Prey Heliaster Muricanthus A. tuberculata

Hexaplex

Muricanthus <0.01 / 4      Acanthina tuberculata <0.01 / 1 1 / 6    

Hexaplex <0.01 / 4      Morula 1 / 2 <0.01 / 2   2 / 2

Cantharus   3 / 9    Acanthina angelica   1 / 6 57 / 74  

Columbellidae 3 / 6 3 / 4   6 / 7bivalves 31 / 35 36 / 21 14 / 4 77 / 53

herbivorous snails 8 / 30 24 / 48 28 / 22 16 / 37barnacles 51 / 9 31 / 3    chitons 1 / 3      

brachiopod 5 / 4      b. Prey Morula Cantharus A. angelica

barnacles 100 / 100 100 / 100 100 / 100

Species present in presence or absence of Pisaster

Table 25.3

species present in plots (# possible)

 Pisaster present

 Pisaster excluded

notes on exclusion plot

bivalve (1) 1 1 dominant species

acorn barnacles (3) 3 3 barnacles being crowded out

limpets (2) 2 0  

Mitella (1) 1 1 exist in scattered clumps

chitons (2) 2 0  algae (4) 4 1  

anemone (1) 1 1 much reduced in density

sponge (1) 1 1 much reduced in density

Frequency distribution of predator-prey interaction strengths from a marine food web

Figure 25.9

Examples of two-link food chains

Figure 25.10

Percentages of metals in soils from New Caledonia rich in nickel and from plant latex

Table 25.4

metal % in soil % dry mass in plant latex

iron 45 0.06

chromium 3 0.004

magnesium 2 0.052

nickel 0.85 25.74

cobalt 0.1 0.007

calcium 0.06 0.52

potassium 0.02 0.15

Nickel concentrations in Sebertia acuminata compared with values for other plant species

Table 25.5

species tissue conc. of nickel localitySebertia acuminata latex

leavesbarkfruits

25.741.172.450.30

New Caledonia

Hybanthus floribundus leaves bark fruits flowers

0.710.170.130.48

Western Australia

Alyssum bertolonii leaves 0.80 Italy3 Homalium species leaves 0.69 - 1.45 New Caledonia2 other Hybanthus species leaves 0.60 - 1.38 New CaledoniaPsychotria douarrei leaves

barkfruitsflowers

3.405.242.302.40

New Caledonia

Arsenic in brake fern

Figure 25.11

The FACE experimental site at the Duke University Forest

Figure 25.12

Characteristics of the four FACE experiments

Table 25.6

Characteristic NC FACE WI FACE TN FACE IT FACE

mean annual precipitation (mm) 1140 810 1390 818

mean annual temperature (oC) 15.5 4.9 14.2 14.1

growing season (days) 200 150 190 247

dominant vegetation

loblolly pine

aspen, maple, birch Sweetgum poplar

Responses of NPP and APAR to elevated [CO2] in FACE experiments

Figure 25.13

Fraction of the gain in NPP caused by a gain in APAR plotted against peak seasonal LAI

Figure 25.14

Mean annual temperature anomaly from 2000-’06 compared to the 1951-’80 average

Figure 25.15

Changes in forest cover over 25-30 years in boreal Canadian forests

Figure 25.16

Mean NDVI and ΔNDVI profiles, where all transects for each region have been pooled

Figure 25.17

Results of regression analysis of changes in phenological events over a 60 year time span

Table 25.7

Response # of events range of slopes

statistically significant decrease 18 -0.476 to -0.128

statistically significant increase 1 0.231

decrease that was close to statistical significance 14 -0.299 to -0.074

increase that was close to statistical significance 2 0.136 to 0.244

no significant increase or decrease 20 -0.081 to 0.142

Regressions of occurrence of springtime biological events vs. year

Figure 25.18

Regressions of the ordinal day of year of ice melt against year and mean March temperature

Figure 25.19

Results of experiment to test effect of transplantation on epiphyte mats

Figure 25.20

Effects of transplantation of epiphyte mats from high to mid and low elevation sites

Figure 25.21

Moisture input to and moisture content of epiphyte mats

Figure 25.22

Results of greenhouse experiment on seed banks in epiphyte mats

Table 25.8

variable pruned unpruned

seedling abundance/mat* 127.6 27.1

total number of species* 37 25

% terrestrial species* 90.4 0.9

Anomalies for mean summer temperatures for Charlotte, NC

Figure ELSI 25.2