Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM)

Mukesh Yadav (073MSIM09) (GL)

Deepak Acharya(073MSIM02)

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INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT(IWRM)What is IWRM?

“Integrated water resources management is based on the perception of water as an integral part of the ecosystem, a natural resource and a social and economic good, whose quantity and quality determine the nature of its utilization.”

Definition of IWRM

“IWRM is a process which promotes the co-ordinateddevelopment and management of water, land and related resources, in order to maximize the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems.”

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The overall Problem

• Resources under pressure

• Populations under water stress

• The impact of pollution

• Water governance crisis

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IWRM as a Process

•IWRM should be viewed as a process rather a one-shot approach; one that is long-term and forward-moving but iterative rather than linear in nature.

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The Dublin Principles as a Guide to the Implementation of IWRM

I. Fresh water is a finite and vulnerable resource, essential to sustain life, development and the environment.

II. Water development and management should be based on a participatory approach, involving users, planners and policymakers at all levels

III. Women play a central part in the provision, management and safeguarding of water.

IV. Water has an economic value in all its competing uses and should be recognized as an economic good

• (GWP 2008:13)

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Integrating the three E’sThe IWRM framework

• Economic efficiency in water use: water must be used with maximum possible efficiency;

•(Social) Equity: The basic right for all people to have access to water (Quality and Quantity)

•Environmental and ecological sustainability: The present use of the resource should be managed for future too.

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IWRM (NEPAL OVERVIEW)

KARNALI CATCHMENT AREA - 43,679 KM2

94% WITHIN NEPAL

AVG. DISCHARGE - 1,397 M3/S

MAHAKALI CATCHMENT AREA-15,260 KM2

34 % WITHIN NEPAL

AVG. DISCHARGE - 573 M3/S

• NEPAL CONTRIBUTES ABOUT 70 % OF THE GANGES FLOW IN

DRY SEASONS

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CONT…

• TOTAL DRAINAGE AREA - 1,94,471 SQ. KM

DRAINAGE AREA WITHIN NEPAL – ABOUT 76 %

33 RIVERS HAVE DRAINAGE AREA MORE THAN 1,000 SQ.

KM.

• AVG. ANNUAL PRECIPITATION - 1530 MM

• TOTAL SURFACE WATER - 220 BILLION M3

• NEPAL POSSESSES ABOUT 2.27 % OF WORLD FRESH WATER

• RECHARGEABLE GROUND WATER - 5.8 TO 11.5 BILLION M3

• 64 % OF RAINFALL IS CONVERTED TO SURFACE RUNOFF

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CONT…

• OUT OF REMAINING 36 % OF RAINFALL, SOME RETAINED IN THE

FORM OF SNOW AND ICE AND SOME INFILTRATE TO GROUND

WATER RESERVOIR

• 80 % OF RAINFALL IN SUMMER (SOUTH-WESTERLY MONSOON

JUNE - SEPTEMBER )

• 20 % OF RAINFALL IN WINTER ( OCTOBER - MAY )

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WATER RESOURCES UTILIZATION• IRRIGATION

• DRINKING WATER SUPPLY

• HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT

• RECREATION

• WATERSHED MANAGEMENT (PRESERVATION)

– PROTECTION OF AQUATIC AND NATURAL HABITAT

• TRADITIONAL AND COMMERCIAL FISHING

• NAVIGATION

• CULTURAL AND RELIGIOUS PURPOSES7/6/2017 11

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IRRIGATION• CULTIVATED AREA : 26,42,000 HA (18 % OF LAND AREA)

POTENTIAL IRRIGABLE AREA : 66 % OF CULTIVATED AREA

PRESENT STATUS

42 % OF CULTIVATED AREA HAS SOME SORT OF IRRIGATION

17 % CULTIVATED AREA HAS YEAR - ROUND IRRIGATION

• IN TERAI IRRIGATED AREA: 8,89,000 HA

82 % BY SURFACE IRRIGATION

18 % BY GROUND WATER (TUBE WELLS)

• EXISTING IRRIGATION SYSTEM CONTRIBUTE 33 % OF COUNTRY’S CURRENT AGRICULTURE

PRODUCTION

• BY 2027, IRRIGATION WATER DEMAND WILL GROW BY 185 % AS OF TODAY (FROM 13 MILL

M3 TO 37 MILL M3)

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DRINKING WATER

• BY 1970

6 % OF THE POPULATION IN RURAL AREA HAD ACCESS TO A

PROTECTED

WATER SOURCE

AT PRESENT

66 % OF THE POPULATION HAS ACCESS TO DRINKING WATER SYSTEMS

BY THE YEAR 2027

• DOMESTIC WATER CONSUMPTION WOULD GROW FROM ABOUT 800 TO

1800 MILL M3 PER YEAR (125 %)7/6/2017 14

HYDROPOWER

• HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL (THEORETICAL)

: 83,000MW

• TECHNO-ECONOMICALLY VIABLE :

43,000MW

– STORAGE POTENTIAL 49 %

– R-O-R POTENTIAL 51 %7/6/2017 15

TOOLS OF IWRM

IWRM

WRA

SIA

EIA

PA

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WATER RESOURCE ASSESSMENT (WRA)

IT SERVES AS A TOOL FOR ACCESSING QUALITY

AND QUANTITY INFORMATION OF WATER

RESOURCE, EXTENT, DEPENDABILITY OF WATER

FOR THEIR UTILIZATION AND CONTROL

IT IS DONE BY COLLECTING HYDROLOGICAL

DATA, PHYSIOGRAPHIC DATA AND REFERRING

RELATED ACTS, LAWS, REGULATIONS AND

GUIDELINES.

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SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (SIA)

SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT INCLUDES THE

PROCESSES OF ANALYZING, MONITORING AND

MANAGING THE INTENDED AND UNINTENDED

SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES, BOTH POSITIVE AND

NEGATIVE

PURPOSE IS TO BRING ABOUT A MORE

SUSTAINABLE AND EQUITABLE BIOPHYSICAL AND

HUMAN ENVIRONMENT

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)

MANAGEMENT TOOL WHICH IS COMBINATION OF ART AND SCIENCE

IDENTIFYING AND PREDICTING THE INTERACTION BETWEEN

ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES AND HUMAN ACTIVITIES IN NATURE

HELPS IN DECISION MAKING WITH RESPECT TO PREVENTION

MITIGATION AND REDUCTION OF POLLUTION AND CONSERVATION OF

THE NATURAL RESOURCES

HELPS TO GET ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION DURING PLANNING BY

PREDICTING AND IDENTIFYING THE IMPACTS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE

ALONG WITH REFERRING RELATED ACTS, LAWS, REGULATIONS AND

GUIDELINES.7/6/2017 19

PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT(PA)

• PROCESS THAT INVOLVES AN ASSESSMENT OR

AN ANALYSIS OF WHAT HAS BEEN ACHIEVED AND

FORMS A BASIS FOR PROJECT/INFRASTRUCTURE

PLANNING, POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT,

PERFORMANCE AGREEMENTS AND

DEVELOPMENT PLANS

• NEEDS BASELINE INFORMATION,

IMPLEMENTATION INFORMATION AND

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IWRM IN NEPALESE CONTEXT

• NATIONAL WATER PLAN (NWP), A KEY POLICY HAS THE OBJECTIVE TO

OPERATIONALIZE THE OUTPUTS OF GOVERNMENT ENDORSED WATER

RESOURCE STRATEGY (WRS).

• IWRM HAS BEEN IMPOSED IN PLACES WHERE IT MAY NOT YET BE RIPE FOR

IMPLEMENTATION

• IN PARTICULAR, IT LOOKS AT HOW THE IWRM CONCEPT WAS INTRODUCED AS

AN IDEAL SET OF CONCEPTS INTO NATIONAL POLICY DOCUMENTS WITHOUT

REFLECTING ON ITS RELEVANCE, APPLICABILITY, OR DESIRABILITY

• THIS REQUIRES FIRST A COMMON VISION AND SHARED UNDERSTANDING OF

WATER MANAGEMENT ISSUES AMONG MAJOR STAKEHOLDERS IN NEPAL7/6/2017 21

CONT…

• KEY POLICY DOCUMENTS

– WATER RESOURCES STRATEGY (WRS) APPROVED

IN 2002

– NATIONAL WATER PLAN

OBJECTIVE:

– MANAGEMENT OF WATER RESOURCES OF THE

COUNTRY IN AN INTEGRATED MANNER7/6/2017 22

VEHICLE TO IWRM

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CONT….

• INTEGRATION

– FORMATION OF WATER USERS GROUP IN EACH SUB-RIVER BASIN

– FORMATION OF SUB-BASIN COMMITTEE - REPRESENTATIVE FROM

WATER USER GROUP (AS EXECUTIVE BODY)

– EXISTING DISTRICT WATER RESOURCES COMMITTEE (DWRC) -

RESTRUCTURED TO CARRY OUT RESPONSIBILITY OF IWRM

– CONSTITUTE RIVER BASIN TO IMPROVE IWRM POLICIES,

GUIDELINES, PROVIDE ADVICE AND SUPPORT TO RIVER BASIN

ENTITIES

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CONT…..

COORDINATION

• INTEGRATED NATIONAL WATER PLANNING, POLICY

ANALYSIS AND DEVELOPMENT, DEVELOPMENT OF LEGISLATION AND

MECHANISMS

• DWRC AT DISTRICT LEVEL, RESPONSIBLE TO COORDINATE

ACTIVITIES AND PROGRAMS

PUBLIC PARTICIPATION

• PARTICIPATION OF STAKEHOLDERS FOR OPTIMAL USE OF WATER

RESOURCES THROUGH WATER USER GROUPS AND SUB-BASIN

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CONT…

EQUITY

• EQUITY, WOMEN PARTICIPATION, AND SOCIAL INCLUSION

POLICIES ARE COUNTRY’S COMMITMENT TO SHARED GROWTH.

ADEQUATE POLICIES TO BE DEVELOPED FOR INSPIRING

STAKEHOLDERS ENTHUSIASM AND POPULAR PARTICIPATION IN

DECISION MAKING PROCESS TO ENSURE IWRM.

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EXISTING POLICY TOWARDS IWRM

• CONCEPT OF IWRM HAS YET TO BE LEGALLY ADOPTED

• HMGN HAS COMMITTED DEVELOPMENT OF WATER RESOURCES THROUGH

IWRM CONCEPT

PROVISION IN HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT POLICY, 2001

• CONSIDER WHOLE RIVER BASIN AS BASIS OF WATER RESOURCE

UTILIZATION

• ADOPT A BROADER PERSPECTIVE IN DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT

OF WATER RESOURCES IN AN INTEGRATED MANNER

WATER RESOURCES STRATEGY, 2002

• REALIZED THE NEED OF ADOPTING AN INTEGRATED NATIONAL WATER

RESOURCES POLICY

• IRRIGATION POLICY, 2003

o PROJECT FORMULATION SHALL BE GUIDED BY THE PRINCIPLES OF IWRM

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EXISTING INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

• INSTITUTIONS INVOLVED IN POLICY, PLANNING AND DECISION MAKING PROCESS

NATIONAL WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL (APEX BODY); NATIONAL ,PLANNING

COMMISSION; WATER AND ENERGY COMMISSION; WATER AND ENERGY COMMISSION SECRETARIAT

ADMINISTRATION, MANAGEMENT AND EXECUTION LEVEL MINISTRIES

MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES; MINISTRY OF PHYSICAL PLANNING AND WORKS

o DEPARTMENT LEVEL INSTITUTIONS

DEPARTMENT OF IRRIGATION; DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICITY DEVELOPMENT; DEPARTMENT OF

WATER INDUCED DISASTER PREVENTION; DEPARTMENT OF WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION; AND

NEPAL ELECTRICITY AUTHORITY

• VARIOUS COMMUNITY BASED USER GROUPS AND PRIVATE SECTOR ARE PARTICIPATING IN

WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT

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CONCLUSION

• THERE IS NO UNIFORM SET OF STANDARD IWRM FRAMEWORK, WHICH CAN BE

APPLIED TO EACH AND EVERY COUNTRY; RATHER THE DESIGNING

INSTITUTIONS UNDER IWRM ARE FLEXIBLE TO SUIT THE LOCAL CONTEXT

• HOW TO DESIGN APPROPRIATE WATER INSTITUTIONS FOR A COUNTRY BASED

ON IWRM PRINCIPLES IS STILL A TRICKY QUESTION IN THE LITERATURE OF

WATER RESOURCES

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CONT…

• INCREASES IN INTER SECTORAL COMPETITION

• INTER SECTORAL WATER CONFLICTS

• HOLISTIC VIEW ON WATER

• CONJUNCTIVE MANAGEMENT

• INCREASING VALUE OF WATER

• PRIORITIZE ALLOCATIONS

• GREATER ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS

• SAFEGUARDING THE INTEREST OF THE POOR AND DISADVANTAGED

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REFERENCES

1. HTTP://WWW.TANDFONLINE.COM/DOI/FULL/10.1080/07900627.2015.1020999

2. HTTP://WWW.NEPJOL.INFO/INDEX.PHP/HN/ARTICLE/VIEW/14645

3. HTTPS://WWW.GOOGLE.COM.NP/URL?SA=T&RCT=J&Q=&ESRC=S&SOURCE=

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AA&URL=HTTPS%3A%2F%2FUNSTATS.UN.ORG%2FUNSD%2FENVACCOUNTIN

G%2FWORKSHOPS%2FDOMREPUBLIC2007%2FBAHAMAS.PPT&USG=AFQJCN

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6. HTTPS://WWW.RESEARCHGATE.NET/PUBLICATION/298428299_INTEGRATED_

WATER_RESOURCE_MANAGEMENT_IWRM_A_CASE_STUDY_OF_DURLUNG_W

ATERSHED_BAGMATI_ZONE_NEPAL

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STRATEGY, POLICIES, ACTS AND REGULATIONS

RELATED TO WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT

• WATER RESOURCES STRATEGY 2002

• HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT POLICY 2001

• IRRIGATION POLICY 2003

• NATIONAL WATER SUPPLY SECTOR POLICY 1998

• WATER RESOURCES ACT 1992

• WATER RESOURCES REGULATION 1993

• ELECTRICITY ACT 1992

• ELECTRICITY REGULATION 1993

• FOREIGN INVESTMENT AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER ACT 1992

• ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ACT 1997

• ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION REGULATION 1997

• LOCAL SELF GOVERNANCE ACT 1998

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