Integrated Science M5 Energy Transport

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1 – Energy Transfer and Transport

2 – What is a wave?

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3 – Types of waves

4 – Properties of wave motion

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Module 5 Module 5 Unit 4 Unit 4 Lesson 2 Lesson 2

Integrated ScienceIntegrated Science

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XXOVERVIEW

This slide presentation continues to look at concepts related to conservation of energy and in particular, energy transport.

You can access various subtopics by clicking on the Menu on the LEFT of the slide.

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XXOBJECTIVES

Having completed this slide presentation, you

should be able to:

•recall the difference between transfer and

transport of energy.

•explore virtually and actually the transport

of energy in various ways.

•construct and apply scientific knowledge.

•search for information and share ideas.

•work amicably and cooperatively together.

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XX1 - Energy transfer and Energy transport REVIEW ACTIVITY 1.1Question 1: What is the difference between energy transfer and energy transport?

Type your response in the box below. Note: You must be in Slide Show mode to type/delete text.

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XX1 - Energy transfer and Energy transport REVIEW ACTIVITY 1.1Feedback to Question: What is the difference between energy transfer and energy transport?

•Energy transfer involves change of one form of energy to another. Energy transfer always takes place since energy can't be created or destroyed. Energy transfers take place from potential to kinetic energy. For example, as you start to run, stored chemical energy is changed into kinetic motion energy

•Transport of energy involves taking or carrying energy from one place to another. A cricket ball flying through the air is a simple form of energy transport.

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XX2 - What is a wave?Activity 2.1

Question 1: Stand the dominoes one behind the other, then push the first one as shown.

What happens?

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Feedback to 1: The first domino fell onto the second, those two fell onto the third and so on, until all fell, in sequence one after the other.

Energy Transport

Click here for feedback.

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Question 2: In relation to the ‘Transport’ arrow, In which direction was the Energy movement of the dominoes?

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Feedback to 2: The movement of the falling dominoes was in the same direction as that in which energy was being transported. – i.e. parallel to the movement of the wave of energy or in a longitudinal direction. Cont’d NEXT NEXT

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Energy Transport


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Question 3: The falling dominoes had energy. What type of energy and from where did they get the energy?

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Feedback to Question 3.While at rest, the set of dominoes each had

potential energy. As each fell over and collided with its neighbour,

that was changed into kinetic energy. The energy to start the motion came from the push by the finger.

Starting a set of dominoes falling is an example of energy travelling as or transported by, a wave. NEXT NEXT

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XX2 – What is a wave?

A wave is a disturbance that propagates through a material *medium or space.

A wave transports energy from one location to another, without the bulk transport of matter between the locations.

In order for a mechanical wave to exist, energy is needed to create a disturbance in an elastic medium

(*Medium = Substance, e.g. water/air/slinky coils, or region through which a wave is transported.)

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XX2 - What is a wave?

1. Here’s another way to create a wave. Start a large and a small slinky “walking” together, down a set of stairs (book steps) as shown in > http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aIu0sQIUQHs

2. Write the energy changes that are occurring – whether transfers, transport or both – as each slinky “walks” down stairs/steps.Read the next slide and compare it to your answer!

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XX2 - What is a wave?

Question 2: Write the energy changes that are occurring – whether transfers, transport or both – as each slinky “walks” down stairs/steps.

Feedback

•“The Slinky, like all objects, (has inertia, so) tends to resist change in its motion. Because of this inertia, if it is placed at the top of stairs it stays at rest without moving. At this point it has potential or stored energy. But, once it (is pushed and) starts down the stairs and gravity affects it, it has kinetic energy. Because energy cannot be created out of nothing, this increase of kinetic energy must have been transferred from some other form. The transfer of energy is from potential energy to kinetic energy.

•Another transfer must also take place. The energy stored at the back part of the slinky must be transported to the front and back again. This happens through a compression or longitudinal wave. The energy is transported through the molecules/particles, until the wave reaches the end. The energy wave then reverses direction and continues on. This ultimately causes the slinky to move, gracefully tumbling, coil by coil, down the stairs, until it reaches the bottom.

•Energy is both transferred and transported as the slinky “walks”

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XX2 - What is a wave?Activity 2.1 – Some examples

• We make use of waves in our every day life - e.g. the ‘phone, television, CD players, lasers, video players and many other items, are products developed from our understanding of various types of waves. All waves, EXCEPT standing waves, transport energy!!

• Watch this animation > http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3BN5-JSsu_4 Name three kinds of waves you know/use.

Here are examples of waves you should know of/use: sound waves from musical instruments, visible light waves, radio waves, water waves, microwaves, X-rays, seismic waves, waves on strings, ropeRef. > http://www.elateafrica.org/elate/physics/waves/wavesintro.htm


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XX2 - What is a wave?Activity 2.1 –Some uses

• Heat energy is carried by light, infra red and microwaves.

• X-rays and gamma rays carry energy which can cause ionisation and can damage cells.

• Sounds carry energy in the form of vibrations. Loud sounds can make an object vibrate (move back and forth).

• Waves on water can move things, and can even be used to generate electrical energy, called hydroelectricity.

• Televisions, radios, fibre optics and speech are all ways in which energy waves travel.

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XX2 - What is a wave? PropertiesThe main properties of a wave are:

•Amplitude: the height of the wave, measured in meters.

•Wavelength: the distance between adjacent crests, measured in meters.

•Period: the time it takes for one complete wave to pass a given point, measured in seconds.

•Frequency: the number of complete waves that pass a point in one second, measured in Hertz (Hz).

•Speed: the horizontal speed of a point on a wave as it propagates, measured in meters/second.

1.Listen to this song about waves and determine if you know and understand all of these concepts > http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EzU79Egl3-c

2. Do the animation to observe various properties of a wave> http://www.nationalgeographic.com/volvooceanrace/interactives/waves/index.html

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XX3 - Types of Waves

Let’s consider the main types of waves:

1.Electromagnetic waves for their propagation , e.g. light waves, can travel through space and do not need a medium. Watch 1.10 – 6.10 to recall types of electromagnetic waves > http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=snNwE6txxP0

2.Mechanical waves, e.g., water, seismic, sound - need a medium through which energy is trans-ported or propagated. Mechanical waves are:

a) Transverse b) Longitudinal c) Surface

They differ in how particles of the medium move. Most mechanical waves are transverse waves.

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XX3 - Types of WavesActivity 3.1 Transverse Waves

1. Watch this next video starting from 0.19 > http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_R49krJ8W_w

2. Now watch this video > http://www.teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?video_id=75927

3. Then, with a group member, do similar activities with a rope or a long slinky, as given in Worksheet 2.1 of your SIM.

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XX3 - Types of WavesActivity 3.1 - Transverse Waves• In transverse waves , the vibrations go from

side to side, moving at a 90o angle to the direction in which the wave is travelling.

• The energy travels in one direction.

• The displacement of the particles of the medium is perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation.

• Examples of transverse waves are: All electromagnetic radiation, e.g. lightRipples on waterWaves on stringsA slinky that is waved up and down

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XX3 - Types of WavesActivity 3.2 - Longitudinal WavesLongitudinal waves have vibrations moving in the same direction in which the wave is travelling.

Some examples of Longitudinal waves are:

•Sound waves (in solids, liquids, gases)

•Shock waves (e.g. seismic waves )

•A slinky (when plucked)

•In your group, do “Activity 1 Wave Pulses” found at the following link: http://www1.appstate.edu/dept/physics/labs/QuickGuides/1101_1102/waves_slinky1102.htm

This will be marked for SBA skills of O/R/R and A/I.

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XX3 - Activity 3.2Longitudinal Waves

2. With a partner, do similar activities with a rope or a long slinky, as shown in > http://www.teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?video_id=75928

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3. Are the two waves that you generated when you did Activity 3.1 & 3.2, and which you also observed in the diagrams and the videos, similar to each other as they transport energy? CHECK

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XX3 - Types of Waves - Activity 3.2 Transverse and Longitudinal WavesFeedback to Question 3: Are the two sets of waves similar to each other as they transport energy?

•No – the two waves move in different planes!

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TRANSVERSE WAVEThe displacement of the particles of the medium is perpendicular perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation.LONGITUDINAL WAVEThe displacement of the particles of the mediumis parallel parallel to the direction of wave propagation.

Just to be sure, watch the animation clips to see both waves > http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7cDAYFTXq3E

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XX3 - Types of Waves - Activity 3.2Transverse and Longitudinal Waves4. For an explanation of how the waves are

propagated, watch this video, pausing it regularly to watch the animation, read/understand the text and replay the video, if necessary, so all members understand >

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yd-G6KYwzvA

5. Next, read the contents on the next slide … just to be sure!

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• You should have observed that when you hold the first coil of the slinky, or the end of the rope, and give it a back and forth motion, or an up and down ‘yank’, you generated a pulse of energy, or a disturbance, and it passes to the next particle of the medium.

• Mechanical waves can propagate because of the interaction between the particles of the medium. The particles can be atoms or molecules, and the medium could be water, or the coils of a slinky or a rope or even the people ‘doing a wave’ at a football game!

• We can picture these interaction forces like “springs” between particles of the medium, connecting the particles one to another.

• But the medium is not transported --- just energy!

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• So, how do we know for sure that the medium itself is not transported from place to place? Well, watch > http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7yPTa8qi5X8

• We see waves moving through the ocean, yet the water always returns to its rest position. Proof of this is the fact that there is still water in the middle of the ocean! All the water has not moved to the shore.

• If we were to observe a seagull or duck at rest on the water, it would merely bob up-and-down in a somewhat circular fashion as the wave/disturbance moves through the water. The gull or duck always returns to its original position. It is not transported to the shore because the water on which it rests is not transported to the shore.

• Energy is transported as a wave; the medium is not!

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XX3 - Types of WavesSurface waves

• A surface wave, which is a combination of transverse and a longitudinal wave, propagates along the interface between differing media -- usually two fluids with different densities, such as air and water. So, the surface wave exists partially in both media. Examples are: ripples in water, waves travelling along the surface of the ocean, an electromagnetic wave , and also seismic waves. In a surface wave, only the particles at the surface of the medium undergo a circular motion, and the motion of particles tends to decrease as one proceeds further from the surface.

• Make and observe ripples in the basin of water like this > http://vimeo.com/53791819

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XX4 - Properties of Wave Motion

Wave motion has certain properties.

•Both electromagnetic and mechanical waves can/be …

•Refracted

•Diffracted

•Show Interference patterns

•Reflected

These properties of wave motion are important because they explain how waves move, as well as how and why we are able to utilize certain waves.

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XX4 - Properties of Wave MotionA Ripple tank

You can observe reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference using a ripple tank.

1.Click, read and observe diagrams of the parts of a ripple tank and animations of ripples/waves at > http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripple_tank

2.Click > http://www.youtubeskip.com/watch?v=-8a61G8Hvi0 then> http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=egRFqSKFmWQ

3.Look at the ripple tank demonstrations that your teacher has set up.

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XX4 - Properties of Wave MotionInterference

Interference is the result of two or more waves interacting with each other.

Constructive interference occurs where crest meets crest and results in a larger amplitude.

Destructive interference occurs where crest meets trough and results in a smaller amplitude.

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XX4 - Properties of Wave Motion Interference

A standing wave results when two waves (red & blue lines) of the same wavelength, frequency, and amplitude, that are traveling in opposite directions through the same medium meet, i.e. it is the result of interference between two waves such that points along the medium appear to be standing still.

It remains in a constant position, shown by black below. It is also called a stationary wave. These points that have the appearance of standing still are referred to as nodes (red dots).

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XX4 - Properties of Wave Motion Ripple tank: Activity 4.1

You’ve observed how a wave travels in a two-dimensional medium, e.g. a water wave traveling through the ocean, by using a ripple tank and watching the movement of the dark and bright areas on a wall/sheet of paper below the ripple tank..

You should have observed that, as the water waves move through the ripple tank, the dark and bright areas move as well. http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/waves/u10l3b.cfm

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Answer: The dark areas represent wave troughs and the light areas represent wave crests. The grey areas: they are areas of destructive interference where the waves from the two sources cancel one another out. Note the areas in the photo of a Ripple tank with source1 and source 2 interference.

Question 1: From what you’ve observed in a ripple tank, when light shines upon the water from above, with some light being absorbed, what part of a wave do the dark areas seen represent?

There is risk of an epileptic attack in some persons when the pattern below is viewed for long periods!

CLICK HERE TO SHOW PATTERN


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Answer: A crest of water wave will absorb more light than a trough.

Question 2: Will a crest of water wave or a trough absorb more light?


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XX4 - Properties of Wave MotionActivity 4.2: Observing some propertiesOne of the most fascinating applications of interference is to create holograms e.g. on a credit card, “ID” card or paper money!

1.Watch video at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QSWu0I16VpQ

2.Look at the old credit card/money holograms.

3.Now, in this video, look for: reflection and interference in both transverse and longitudinal waves, as well as collisions.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q_rvAEhvODA

4.With a partner, try some of the above!

5.Watch from 1.45 – 2.65 > http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uCx1ntBsJqE

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XX4 - Properties of Wave Motion Diffraction

Diffraction is a special case of interference; it takes place when a wave (bluish lines) spreads (semi-circular lines) around an edge, obstacle, or barrier (purple line) or as it passes through an opening or aperture.

At the edge of the obstacle, a wave is cut off, and it creates interference effects with the remaining portion of the wave fronts.

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XX4 - Properties of Wave Motion Diffraction

The effects of diffraction are seen in everyday life. Look at a light through a piece of closely woven cloth. You should see an extra pattern of bright spots. That’s a diffraction pattern! Only waves make diffraction patterns. This is evidence that light is a wave. The most striking examples of diffraction are those involving light e.g. the closely spaced tracks on a CD or DVD act as a diffraction grating to form the familiar rainbow pattern seen on the disks.

Diffraction occurs with various kinds of waves. Ocean waves diffract around jetties and other obstacles. Sound waves can diffract around objects.

1.Watch the animation of sound wave diffraction > http://www.acoustics.salford.ac.uk/feschools/waves/diffract.php .

2.Do the ripple tank simulations of diffraction.

•http://www.acoustics.salford.ac.uk/feschools/waves/diffract3.php

•http://www.acoustics.salford.ac.uk/feschools/waves/diffract3.php#twoSlits

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XX4 - Properties of Wave Motion Refraction

Refraction is the bending of a wave as it changes speed when it passes obliquely from one medium into another of different propagation speed or density.

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Note the decrease in wave-length and refraction that results as a travelling plane wave enters a region of lower wave velocity at an angle.

There is risk of an epileptic attack in some persons when the pattern below is viewed for long periods!

CLICK HERE TO SHOW PATTERN

HIDE PATTERN

HIDE PATTERN

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XX4 - Properties of Wave Motion Reflection

Reflection is the turning back or change of direction of a wave when it reaches the boundary of the medium through which it is traveling, or a surface in its path, as shown in the diagrams.

Reflection of waves off straight (plane) barriers follows the Law of Reflection.

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XX4 - Properties of Wave Motion Activity 4.1 - Reflection

Tell your partner (or type in box) what the Law of Reflection is, then draw a diagram to illustrate it.

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The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. Reflection of waves waves follow that law. follow that law. http://www.youtubhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T5e.com/watch?v=T5oxC9l_u50oxC9l_u50Check this video > http://tinyurl.com/m5eyjtu


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XX4 - Properties of Wave Motion Reflection off curved surfaces

As wave fronts approach and reach a curved, parabolic barrier (the ray is shown as blue arrows below), they are reflected off the parabolic barrier. The water waves will change direction and head towards a point, known as the focal point, shown in the diagram below. It is as though all the energy being transported by the water waves is converged at this single focal point!

38http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/waves/u10l3b.cfm

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XX4 - Properties of Wave Motion Reflection off curved surfaces

• See the reflection of light from a curved mirror at > http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5WwCP0kU9lE

• If a curved surface is used to reflect waves, they can be focused onto a point.

• The diagrams show both a spherical and parabolic mirror shape.

• Parabolic mirrors are especially useful, and they have one focus point. 39

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XX4 - Properties of Wave Motion Headlamps

Look at the parts of the car headlamps that are on

display; note the parabolic reflector.

Headlamp is the term for the device itself, while the beam of light produced and distributed by the device is properly called headlight. The beam of light can be spread or else narrowed by changing the focal length of filaments in the bulb.

Since the principles of reflection are reversible, parabolic reflectors can be used to project energy of a source at its focus outward in a parallel beam. This is used in devices such as flashlights & car headlights.

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XX4 - Properties of Wave Motion

Antennae: Using curved surfaces • This principle of reflection is also utilized in a

parabolic reflector/dish, which is a reflective surface used to collect or project energy, such as light, sound, or radio waves, from a distant source (for example sound waves or incoming star light) and bring/converge it to a common focal point .

• The most common modern applications of the parabolic reflector are in satellite dishes, reflecting telescopes, radio telescopes, parabolic microphones, solar cookers … etc.”

• See the usual structure of antennae and how they are normally used at > http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iszFnJcNhwM

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XX4 - Properties of Wave MotionAntennae

bowl-shaped reflector

A dish aerial is a ”directional antenna consisting of a parabolic reflector for microwave or radio frequency radiation” used to transmit or receive radio waves. It has and an active element which can be a dipole antenna or a horn antenna. If a horn is used, it is aimed back at the centre of the reflecting dish.

The reflector has a diameter of several wavelengths. When the horn is properly positioned and aimed, the incoming electromagneticfields bounce off the reflector, and the energy converges on the horn antenna. If the horn or dipole is connected to a transmitter, the element emits electromagnetic waves that bounce off the reflector (red arrows) and propagate outward in a narrow beam.

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XX4 - Properties of Wave Motion Reflection with Bar Codes

DID YOU KNOW?Laser light comes from: light amplification by the stimulated emission of radiation.

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Laser light has many uses, including to scan barcodes, (shown in examples on the right) seen on most things we buy!When a bar code scanner is passed over the bar code, the light source from the scanner is absorbed (not reflected!) by the dark bars and is reflected by the light spaces. A photocell detector in the scanner receives the reflected light and converts the light into an electrical signal.

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XXSUMMARY

• Watch ‘Waves in 1 minute’ from > http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LG9JxAjS6FI

• What new information have you gathered, from this and the previous lesson, about the transfer and transport of energy? Reflect on what has been discussed in both lessons.

• Then, write and post a brief Blog about what you’ve learned and how it affects your life.

• There is so much more to learn and understand, so use the internet to read and watch videos with relevant content as you explore this topic further!

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XXEnd of Tutorial

• You have reached the end of this slide set.

• If you wish to review any concepts in this lesson, go to the first slide and click on the topic in the Menu at left.

• If you have finished viewing this lesson, click the Close (X) button.

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XXCREDITS

• http://www.nexteraenergyresources.com/what/hydro_works.shtml • http://www.geo.arizona.edu/xtal/nats101/s04-12.html• http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/waves/u10l1b.cfm#energy • http://www.elateafrica.org/elate/physics/waves/wavesintro.htm • http://www.worldofteaching.com/powerpoints/physics• http://www.eweek.org/site/DiscoverE/activities/slinky.shtml • http://www.animationlibrary.com/animation/28155/3D_slinky/• http://www.portageinc.com/community/pp/slinky.aspx • http://slinky.org/ and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_wave and

http://www.falstad.com/ripple/• http://www.msnucleus.org/membership/html/k-6/as/physics/5/asp5_2a.html• http://www.patana.ac.th/secondary/science/anrophysics/unit3/images/pfy_waves_21

_transversewave_21.jpg• http://www1.appstate.edu/dept/physics/labs/QuickGuides/1101_1102/waves_slinky1

102.htm

• http://www.patana.ac.th/secondary/science/anrophysics/unit3/images/pfy_waves_21_transversewave_21.jpg

• http://www.patana.ac.th/secondary/science/anrophysics/unit3/images/pfy_waves_21_longitudinalwave_16.jpg

• http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/waves/U10L1c.cfm • Image > http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Espejo_(3207185886).jpg • http://www.tjhsst.edu/~jlafever/wanimate/Wave_Properties2.html • http://www.eas.purdue.edu/~braile/edumod/waves/WaveDemo.htm Copyright

2004-5. L. Braile. Permission granted for reproduction and use of files and animations for non-commercial uses.

• http://www.nexteraenergyresources.com/what/hydro_works.shtml • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rippletanksource1plus2supositionBnW.gif

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XXCREDITS

• http://physics.about.com/od/mathematicsofwaves/a/interference.htm

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Doubleslit.gif

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraction

• http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/waves/u10l1b.cfm#energy

• http://www.elateafrica.org/elate/physics/waves/wavesintro.htm

• http://www.acoustics.salford.ac.uk/feschools/waves/reflect.php

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Headlight_lens_optics_schematic.png

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabolic_reflector

• http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/satellite-tv6.htm

• http://dictionary.kids.net.au/word/dish_aerial

• http://www.barcodehq.com/primer.html#WHAT

• http://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/repurposed-inventions/2d-barcodes1.htm

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_wave

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Integrated Science M5 Energy Transport

Education

Transcript of Integrated Science M5 Energy Transport