Integrated Science M2 Voluntary and Involuntry Actions

Module 2 Unit 6 Lesson 3 Integrated Science

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OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES

Organization of the Nervous System


What is a Reflex Action?


Voluntary Responses

Voluntary Responses

Injury and Malfunction


QUIZ and REVIEW ACTIVITIES


INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

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In this slide presentation, you will take another look at the human Nervous System to see how responses to stimuli are effected. The presentation relates to:

Module 2 Unit 6 Lesson 3 Voluntary and Involuntary Actions

You can access various subtopics in the Menu on the LEFT of each slide.

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NOTE: For some activities in this slide show, you will be asked to type your responses in boxes. To do so, you must be in Slide Show View. You can insert and delete text in the box in Slide Show View.






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On completing this slide presentation, you should be able to:

find out key information from using the Internet.

recall the types of neurones and their specific functions.

explain how neurones are involved in the process of producing

response to stimuli.

describe and distinguish between voluntary and involuntary

actions.

draw and label a reflex arc.

discuss some of the results of injury and malfunctioning of the

nervous system.

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• The nervous system is organized into the Central Nervous System /CNS (brain and spinal cord) and the Peripheral Nervous System /PNS (neurones, nerves, sense organs).

• The brain and the spinal cord act as coordinators, interpreting the nerve impulses they receive from receptors and generating other nerve impulses to trigger effectors (muscles and glands) to produce changes called responses. So, together, they enable us to receive and respond to stimuli for homeostasis.

• In addition, the CNS allows us to make specific types of response actions. Hundreds occur without us having to think about them, e.g., the beating of our heart. But, there are also numerous actions that we perform only after we have thought about them and our brain allows us to consciously decide to do these actions.

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a) Name and illustrate the three types of neurones, based on their function.

b) Briefly describe the function of each. Write your answer in your notebook, then share and compare within your group.

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Check this website for answers and diagrams > http://www.biologymad.com/nervoussystem/nervoussystemintro.htm Read down to the end of ‘Check Point - Humans have three types of neurones’.

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Read the section on ‘Nervous System’’. http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/n/nervous_system.htm and also look at/read the flow chart at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NSdiagram.png

These functional and structural divisions do not work alone – they overlap, i.e. the voluntary and autonomic nervous systems both use portions of the CNS & PNS.

Note that the division of the PNS called the Autonomic Nervous System controls autonomic effectors such as: smooth muscles e.g. in the eyes, digestive tract, bladder; cardiac muscle and various glands. They are responsible for "visceral" reflexes.

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Look at the path that a nerve impulse travels from the time

a stimulus is detected to when the response occurs. Click

and do the animation at:

http://msjensen.cehd.umn.edu/1135/Links/Animations/Flash/0016-swf_reflex_arc.swf

Repeat the animation! Pay attention to the types of

neurones that are involved, and the sequence of their

involvement. The red arrow represents a nerve impulse

from detection of stimulus to response. That animation shows how a reflex action occurs. It is a

rapid, involuntary response. The pathway followed is called a reflex arc.

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Click open the website below again. Read ‘The Reflex Arc’ and discuss the text and diagram with your teacher. http://www.biologymad.com/nervoussystem/nervoussystemintro.htm

Note (a) the direction in which the nerve impulse (arrows) travel and (b) the neurones involved.

Make sure you understand the sequence in the flow chart and can relate the steps to the reflex arc.

Note also that the spinal cord is the coordinator for the reflex action!

Spend about 10 minutes practising to draw and label a reflex arc like the one shown at this website >

http://apbrwww5.apsu.edu/thompsonj/anatomy%20&%20physiology/2010/2010%20exam%20reviews/exam%204%20review/reflex%20arc%20diagram-a.bmp Show your teacher.

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If you accidentally touch something hot, instantly you withdraw your hand from the hot iron and, at the same time, you feel the pain. Watch this: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y5nj3ZfeYDQ

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How? Why?






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Many reflex responses involve withdrawal movement/s from painful stimuli to protect the body. This does not require any thought. Often, only two neurones are involved – a sensory and a motor neurone.

The spinal cord acts as the coordinator/integrator so that there is swift response.

When the third - interneurone - is involved, it typically sends a nerve impulse to the part of the brain (e.g. where the pain is perceived). This occurs at virtually the same instant that you withdraw from the painful damaging stimulus.

Note that the speed of the impulses minimizes the burn damage which the high temperatures of the hot iron could cause.

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Click and watch > http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eye_dilate.gif Have you observed this already? If not, watch a partner turn towards bright light and see what happens to the pupils of the eyes. Type your observation in the box below.

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This is the pupillary light reflex. When we shine light onto the eye, the stimulus of light triggers the iris muscles (coloured) to respond, causing the pupil (opening in centre of the iris muscles) to constrict or get smaller. In dim light, the pupil gets larger. See the next slide for additional feedback.

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This constriction of the pupil in response to light stimulus is the pupillary light reflex. How does this really happen?

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Click and scroll down to try an animation for yourself at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/aqa_pre_2011/human/thenervoussystemrev3.shtml

circular muscles contract

bright lightcircular muscle contracts

dim lightcircular muscle contracts

Parasympathetic nerveradial muscle relaxpupil constricts

Sympathetic nerveradial muscles contractpupil dilates

contraction of radial muscles






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Recall that: The size of the pupil is controlled by

involuntary contraction and dilation of the muscles of the

iris (coloured part). This regulates the amount and

intensity of light entering the eyes. Unlike the knee jerk reflex which involves only the CNS

(coordinated in the spinal cord), this response of

constriction and dilation is controlled by the ANS. Note, however – the ANS is controlled by the

hypothalamus of the brain. The next slide provides an explanation of what happens!

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1. Click open and follow the nerve impulse pathway in the pupillary light reflex at >> http://library.med.utah.edu/kw/hyperbrain/anim/reflex.html Did you notice the components involved?

2. Read below; replay and pause the animation as you read. Light Stimuli Sensory receptors in retina Sensory nerve

fibres (Red/Purple) in two Optic nerve tracts Relay neurones (Black) in coordinator in midbrain Motor/Effector neurones (Blue dots) in Oculomotor nerve and Ciliary ganglion Effector = Constrictor muscles of iris (red tips) Response = constriction

3. This reflex has both similarities to and differences from (e.g. coordination in midbrain!) the knee jerk or hand withdrawal reflex actions that you observed earlier!

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The pupillary light reflex, is the reduction of pupil size in response to light. The stimulus is detected in the retina. Nerve impulses are sent to the midbrain via the Optic nerve.

Integration and coordination occurs in the midbrain. Outgoing nerve impulses travel via an effector nerve and also involves parasympathetic root of the ciliary ganglion.

This nerve impulse triggers response in the iris circular sphincter muscles and constriction of the pupil occurs.

The pupillary constriction is a reflex action!

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All healthy babies show a range of reflex actions.

Click link to see some!

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rjnQhno3LA4&NR=1&feature=endscreen (Baby’s reflexes)

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All of the responses we make are usually quite fast but

when the brain has to interpret and integrate the

information it receives then coordinate a response …

such responses will be relatively slower than a reflex

action that is coordinated in the spinal cord!

Responses that are coordinated by the brain are

called voluntary actions.

Examples of a voluntary action would be you responding

to a question that your teacher asked, or texting on your

cell phone.

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Learned Reflexes - are reflex pathways that are “learned” by performing them correctly over and over again and they become established reflexes e.g., this is how an athlete perfects his/her high jump or hurdling technique for successful performance.

They become difficult to "unlearn“. Think about this --- once you learn how to ride a bicycle, play a piano or perhaps type, you know for your entire life!

There are also some rote tasks or other repetitive actions which, at first we may be clumsy at; but after continuously doing the action, we become more efficient at it. These actions may eventually become learned reflexes.

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Read the letter at the website http://www.yourbrainattack.com/living-with-disability.htm

Reflect on how you could improve the way you react to anyone you know or have seen with a disability

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The nervous system of an animal coordinates the activity of the muscles, monitors the organs, constructs and also stops input from the senses and initiates actions.

All of the above are either voluntary or involuntary response actions to stimulus received.

Involuntary actions are swift because they are coordinated by the spinal cord. Voluntary actions involve the brain.

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Are you ready to test yourself? There are three multiple choice (M.C.) items that you are

required to do. For each item, click on the letter of the correct response

and then click the button ‘NEXT QUESTION’ to continue. Click the BEGIN QUIZ button to proceed.

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BEGIN QUIZ!






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After a serious car accident, a patient was diagnosed to be a 'vegetable'. He has reflex actions, normal heart beat and breathing, but shows no voluntary responses. Which part of the nervous system is probably damaged?

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A. spinal cord A. spinal cord

B. brain stemB. brain stem

C. cerebellumC. cerebellum

D. cerebrum D. cerebrum

FEEDBACKFEEDBACK






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QUESTIONAfter a serious car accident, a patient was diagnosed to be a 'vegetable'. He has reflex actions, normal heart beat and breathing, but shows no voluntary responses. Which part of the nervous system is probably damaged?

FEEDBACKThe correct answer is D. The cerebrum produces voluntary response, therefore if it is damaged, the person will not be able to perform these actions.

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NEXT NEXT QUESTIONQUESTION







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Which of the following are examples of simple reflex actions? 1. moving one's hand away from a hot object 2. shedding tears when one hears a sad story 3. shutting one's eyes as a fly approaches the face

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D. (1), (2) and (3)D. (1), (2) and (3)

C. (2) and (3) only C. (2) and (3) only

B. (1) and (3) only B. (1) and (3) only

A. (1) and (2) only A. (1) and (2) only






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Which of the following are examples of simple reflex actions? 1) moving one's hand away from a hot object 2) shedding tears when one hears a sad story 3) shutting one's eyes as a fly approaches the face.

B is the correct answer because …

[1] a product of unconscious spinal cord assessment and

[3] is a product of unconscious cerebral assessment. Both are reflex actions.

[2] is a product of conscious cerebral assessment.

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Which of the following responses is controlled by the cerebellum of the brain?

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A. Increase in heart rate when one is running. A. Increase in heart rate when one is running.

D. Withdrawing the hand quickly from a hot object on touching it

D. Withdrawing the hand quickly from a hot object on touching it

B. Kicking the leg forward when the knee is hit.

B. Kicking the leg forward when the knee is hit.

C. Riding a bicycle.C. Riding a bicycle.

FEEDBACKFEEDBACKFEEDBACKFEEDBACK






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Feedback to M.C. Question 3: Which of the following responses is controlled by the cerebellum of the brain?

C is the answer as the cerebellum is the part of the brain which instructs muscles of the body to achieve balance and coordinates movement while riding.

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Now, click open this website http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP11704and try the activities there:a)Labeling the X. S. of the Spinal Cordb)Two-neurone Knee jerk reflexc)Completion/Matching

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How does the stimulus-response cycle for each of these two pictures differ? Type your response in the box below.

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Flow Diagram: http://www.illuminatedmind.net/2008/04/09/6-keys-to-develop-the-action-habit/

A B

FEEDBACKFEEDBACKFEEDBACKFEEDBACK






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Remember that: The CNS – brain and spinal cord act as coordinating/interpretation centres, to assess the nerve impulses received from receptors and determine the best response for maintenance of homeostasis and our survival. Response triggered by the brain usually comes after conscious thought and takes longer than if triggered as a reflex action from the spinal cord.

Conscious thought by the cerebrum (the brain) is used by the students in Picture A to effectively think about and answer their exam questions and writing is a voluntary act by them.

In Picture B, the individual responded very rapidly and unconsciously, dropping the hot pot, before s/he could even think about it! Only the spinal cord was involved as the interpretation centre. This action is rapid and reflex compared to A.

The response actions also differ in both timing and the level of thought used to instruct the response, which also means a difference in the interpretation centres.

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Which types of responses – voluntary or involuntary - are each of these examples below? Click on the voluntary responses. A change of colour will indicate that your selection is correct.

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4-Decision-making

13-Your heart beats rapidly when you hear a loud noise in the night

5-Drinking a soda 6-Eating a mango

7-Playing the recorder8-Riding a bicycle

10-Swimming 11-Studying 12-Urinating

14-Watching a television show

9-Swallowing saliva

3-Coughing to avoid choking 1-Blinking 2-Breathing






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Feedback to Question: Which types of responses voluntary or involuntary - are these examples below?

Voluntary Response - Conscious Brain actions 4. Decision-making 5. Drinking a soda 6. Eating a mango 7. Playing the recorder 8. Riding a bicycle 10.Swimming11. Studying 12. Urinating14. Watching a television show

Involuntary Response - Spinal/ cranial reflex1.Blinking 2. Breathing 3. Coughing to avoid choking 9. Swallowing saliva13. Your heart beating rapidly when you hear a loud noise in the night

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You have reached the end of the Quiz and the Review Activities.

If you wish to review any concepts in this slide presentation, go to the Introduction slide and check the Menu.

When you finish going through the slide presentation, click the Close (X) button.

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https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSV2xRcFNOYcqH5ds0mj0FAdtIC6rFBx92rLYHQMWtnF26dEE19XA

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Patellar-knee-reflex.png http://www.biologymad.com/nervoussystem/

nervoussystemintro.htm http://www.meritnation.com/discuss/question/721733 http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?

ID=AP11704 http://ib-biology2010-12.wikispaces.com/Brain+anatomy,

+neuron+structure+and+function

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Integrated Science M2 Voluntary and Involuntry Actions

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Transcript of Integrated Science M2 Voluntary and Involuntry Actions