Integrated Resilient Aircraft Control (IRAC): Research Overview
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Aviation Safety ProgramAviation Safety Program Integrated Resilient Aircraft ControlIntegrated Resilient Aircraft Control
Integrated Resilient Aircraft Control (IRAC):Research Overview
October 2006
Christine M. Belcastro, Ph.D.IRAC Principal Investigator
Phone: (757) 864-4035e-mail: [email protected]
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Aviation Safety ProgramAviation Safety Program Integrated Resilient Aircraft ControlIntegrated Resilient Aircraft Control
Presentation Outline
• IRAC Long-Term Mission and Goals– IRAC Research Problem– Mission & Goals– Technology Vision– Key Technical Challenges
• IRAC 5-Year Research Plan– Objectives– Research Approach & Technical Areas– Research & Technology Integration
• IRAC Project Summary
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Aviation Safety ProgramAviation Safety Program Integrated Resilient Aircraft ControlIntegrated Resilient Aircraft Control
IRAC Research Problem: Aircraft Loss of Control
Aircraft Loss of Control (LOC) Events Result From Numerous Causal & Contributing Factors
Prevention/Recovery from Upset Conditions: • Operation Beyond Normal Flight Envelope • Unstable Modes of Motion • Stall and/or Departure from Controlled Flight • Uncommanded Motions due to - Asymmetric Thrust - Failures • Out-of-Control Motions - Falling Leaf - Stall/Spin
On-lineCrew Notification
& Cueing
Assisted,Semi-Automated,
and Automatic Control
Off-lineCrew
Training
Vehicle State
Assessment
Recovery& Control
Aircraft Modeling & Simulation
Control under Adverse Conditions:
• Control System Component Failures (e.g., Sensors, Actuators, Propulsion System) • Vehicle Impairment & Damage (e.g., Control Surfaces, Fuselage & Lifting Surfaces) • Vehicle Configuration Incompatibilities • System Errors (e.g., SW/HW errors, HIRF)
• Crew Input Errors (e.g., PIO, Mode Confusion)
• Atmospheric Disturbances (e.g., Wake Vortices) • Weather (e.g., Wind Shear, Turbulence, Icing)
Validation & Verification
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Aviation Safety ProgramAviation Safety Program Integrated Resilient Aircraft ControlIntegrated Resilient Aircraft Control
IRAC Long-Term Mission & Goals
Mission: Develop technologies to prevent or recover from aircraft loss of control and ensure safe flight under flight/safety-critical adverse, upset, and hazard conditions in the current and next-generation air transportation system
Goals: • Reduce aircraft loss-of-control accidents by detecting, characterizing, and
mitigating the historical and emerging precursors to loss-of-control events
• Provide onboard control resilience functions for continuously assessing and managing vehicle performance and control capability to ensure flight safety and recoverability under multiple and cascading adverse, upset, and hazard conditions
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Aviation Safety ProgramAviation Safety Program Integrated Resilient Aircraft ControlIntegrated Resilient Aircraft Control
IRAC Technology Vision
Stuck Rudder
Robustness toAtmospheric Disturbances
Commands
Uncertainties
Disturbances
Failure / Damage / ImpairmentMitigation
Control Recovery from Loss-of-Control Conditions
Diagnostics &Prognostics for Abnormal
Condition Effects on Flight Safety
Multidisciplinary Characterization of
Abnormal Conditions
Vehicle-Based Mission Management & Autonomous
Collision Avoidance
Verification
Validation
Software Assurance
Safe Flight & Mission Management
DamagedAileron
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Aviation Safety: IVHM & IRACAviation Safety: IVHM & IRAC Technology Verification & ValidationTechnology Verification & Validation
IRAC Key Technical Challenges
• Integrated Modeling & Simulation– Multidisciplinary Characterization of Abnormal Condition Effects on Vehicle Dynamics
» Upsets» Failures/Damage» External Hazards (Icing, Turbulence, Wind Shear, Wakes)
– Characterization of Coupled Effects of Multiple Abnormal Conditions• Integrated Recovery & Control
– Integrated Robust/Adaptive Multi-Objective Control Methods for Abnormal Conditions » Flight / Propulsion / Structural Control» Failure / Damage Accommodation» Upset Recovery
– Complexity of Structural Damage for Detection/Prediction & Accommodation» Static & Dynamic Loads Effects» Aeroelastic Effects
– Capability to Effectively Handle Multiple LOC Causal/Contributing Factors» Natural Hazards Prediction/Detection & Mitigation» Human-Induced Error Detection & Mitigation
– Autonomous Navigation and Control Capability for Abnormal Conditions» Trajectory Generation» Self-Separation» Collision Avoidance
– Vehicle/Crew Integration» Effective Crew Involvement under Abnormal Conditions» Variable Levels of Autonomy
• Integrated Validation & Verification– Verification, Validation, and Certification of Nondeterministic, Adaptive, Autonomous Systems– Predictive Capability Assessment for Abnormal Application Domains that Cannot be Fully Tested– Verification & Safety Assurance of Software-Intensive Safety-Critical Systems
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Aviation Safety ProgramAviation Safety Program Integrated Resilient Aircraft ControlIntegrated Resilient Aircraft Control
IRAC Project Objectives: First 5-Years
Objectives:
• Develop and Evaluate integrated/multidisciplinary methods, tools, and techniques for the:
– Characterization, detection, and/or prediction of icing, upset, and damage conditions and their effects on aircraft safety of flight
– Loss-of-Control prevention, mitigation, recovery, and trajectory management under icing, upset, and/or damage conditions
– Assessment of complex integrated systems
» analytical, simulation, and experimental validation
– Application of methods that currently exist or are currently under development
– Development of preliminary analytical methods for adaptive systems (NRA)
» predictive capability assessment (initial methods)
» software verification and safety assurance (preliminary methods)
• Establish pathways to facilitate and/or enable future technology transition
– Integration with IVHM & IIFD
– Leveraging with AAD
– Collaborations with Industry, the FAA, and OGAs
– Participation on RTCA Committees and other Rule/Procedure-Making Organizations for Software Certification
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Aviation Safety: IVHM & IRACAviation Safety: IVHM & IRAC Technology Verification & ValidationTechnology Verification & Validation
IRAC Research Approach & Technical Areas
Control(Off-Nominal Conditions)
Aeroservoelasticity Propulsion Flight ControlHuman /
AutonomyIntegrated V&V
Multi-Disciplinary Modeling, Design, Analysis, & Optimization Tools for Resilient Integrated Control of Aircraft in Off-Nominal Conditions
Aerodynamics
Experimental Methods(Off-Nominal Conditions)
Physics-Based Modeling(Fluid, Structural & Engine Dynamics)
Validation & Verification(Adaptive & Learning Systems)
Vehicle State Assessment, Recovery and Control
V&V of Complex Adaptive Systems
Loss of Control significantEnable NGATS
SafetyChallenges
0%
30%
60%
WxLoC CFIT RunwayIncur.
Comp.Failures
Other Unknown
Fatal Accident DistributionFatal Accident Distribution
Commercial Transports
US General Aviation
Aircraft Modeling & Simulation for Off Nominal Conditions
IRAC Research Deliverables
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Aviation Safety ProgramAviation Safety Program Integrated Resilient Aircraft ControlIntegrated Resilient Aircraft Control
IRAC Research & Technology Integration
Resilient Propulsion Control
• Engine State Awareness- Engine Performance- Remaining Life / Risk
• Engine Control Mitigation & Recovery- Engine Damage Mitigation- Adaptive Engine Control for
Enhanced Performance
Resilient Flight Control
• Vehicle State Awareness- FDI for Control Component Failures- Impaired Vehicle Performance & Flight
Envelope Constraints (Damage / Icing)• Flight Control Mitigation & Recovery
- Adaptive / Reconfigurable Control- Upset Recovery
Multidisciplinary Modeling
• Multidisciplinary Effects (Aero, Engine, Airframe Structure, Systems)
• Coupled Abnormal Effects - Aircraft Control Component Failures- Engine / Structural Damage - Icing / Vehicle Upsets
Safety-Critical Technology Validation & Verification• Validation and Predictive Capability Assessment Methods & Tools
− Analysis Methods (Stability, Performance, & Effectiveness of Adaptive Control Systems)− Simulation (Guided Monte Carlo and Real-Time)− Experimental (Ground/Flight, Emulation of Abnormal Conditions)
• Software Verification and Safety Assurance Methods & Tools
Accident & Incident Database• Loss-of-Control Causal, Contributing,
and Emerging Factors• Control-Related Accidents / Incidents /
Threats / Risks
Experimental Testing
• Extreme Flight Conditions• Icing Effects• Damage Effects
• Failure/Damage • Environmental Hazards
Refinements to test plans
ModelingScenarios
Resilient Airframe Control
• Airframe State Awareness- Structural Damage Detection- Damage Growth Prediction
• Structural Control Mitigation & Recovery- Load Alleviation- Mode Suppression / Avoidance- Aeroelastic Control
TestScenarios
Integrated Flight Simulations• Safety-of-Flight Assessments• Recoverability Assessments
• External hazards • Operator Hazards
Resilient Vehicle Mission Management
• Emergency Flight Path Planning- Trajectory Generation- Landing Site
• Autonomous Collision Avoid.- Sensor-Directed
• Integrated Operator Cueing for Abnormal Conditions
Models DataRefinements to test plans
Integrated Multidisciplinary Modeling & Testing
IIFD
• External Hazards Models• Operator Models
• External Hazards Detection• Crew Interfaces
IVHM Databases IIFD/ASP Databases
Loss of Vertical Tail Benchmark Problems
Engine Performance
IVHM
• High-Fidelity Failure Models & Data
• Failure / Damage Sensors • Failure / Damage Diagnostics
& Prognostics• IVHM Computing Architectures
Stuck Rudder
DamagedAileron
Failure / Damage / Icing Upset Recovery Robustness
FA – Subsonic/Fixed
CFD Methods & Tools
ASP
Wake Models
ASP
ATC/NGATSReqs
Engine Damage Mitigation
1
10
100
1000
10000
90% 100% 110% 120%
Fast Mode
Typical
Survival Mode
Life / Risk Estimation
Damage Growth
PreventionAeroelasticControl
Damage
Deterministic Boundary
Probabilistic Boundary
Deterministic Boundary
Probabilistic Boundary
HDG Switch
HDG Switch [Not VAPPR]
GA Switch
PowerUp
SYNC Switch
LAPPR Capture
Chg Coupled-side
ROLL HDG LAPPR LGA
Event 1
Event 2
Event 3Event 4Event 5
Event 6Event 7
VGA
HDG Switch
Event 8Not VGA Event 9
IVHM / IIFD / AAD
Leveraged / Integrated Experiments
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Aviation Safety ProgramAviation Safety Program Integrated Resilient Aircraft ControlIntegrated Resilient Aircraft Control
IRAC Project Summary
• Comprehensive Research & Technology Development for Adverse, Upset, and External Hazard Conditions
– Dynamics Modeling & Simulation– Vehicle State Assessment– Control Recovery & Trajectory Management– Integrated Technology Validation & Verification Process
• IRAC Research Key Attributes– Integrated Multidisciplinary Modeling & Control Methods– Diagnostics & Prognostics from a Safety-of-Flight & Control Perspective– Integrated Control Mitigation & Recovery for Off-Nominal Conditions (Including Trajectory Management &
Collision Avoidance)– Variable Autonomy Capability and Interfaces with Human Operator – Integrated V&V Process for Adaptive Safety-Critical Control Systems
• Integration of IRAC with other AvSAFE Projects and ARMD Programs– Integrated Vehicle Health Management Technologies
» Integrated Flight/Engine/Airframe Control for Extended Life and Degradation/Failure Accommodation– Integrated Intelligent Flight Deck
» Variable Autonomy and Effective Crew Involvement under Off-Nominal Conditions– Aircraft Aging and Durability
» Leveraging of Structural Modeling Methods and Tools (especially aging effects for damage growth prediction)– Fundamental Aeronautics Program
» Application and Development of IRAC technologies for future aircraft operating in all flight regimes– Airspace Program
» Leveraging of external hazards (e.g., wake vortex) models and development of advanced IRAC technologies for supporting NGATS (especially under off-nominal conditions)
• Broad Range of Industry Participation Anticipated– RFI Released in January 2006 Resulted in Many Responses– Anticipate Partnerships through Space Act Agreements – Would Like to Facilitate Development of Consortia for Collaborations