Integrated Pest Management Strategies for Wildlife …•Identify species causing damage •Develop...
Transcript of Integrated Pest Management Strategies for Wildlife …•Identify species causing damage •Develop...
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Integrated Pest Management
Strategies for Wildlife Management
NJ Agricultural Experiment Station
Madeline Flahive DiNardo, County Agricultural Agent
Rutgers Cooperative Extension
Joseph Paulin, Program Associate, Wildlife Mgt.
Snyder Farm-Center for Wildlife Damage Control
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Keys to Success
• Identify species causing damage
• Develop a wildlife damage
management plan
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Male bears weigh 300 – 400 lbs.
Females weigh 150 -200 lbs.
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Black Bear Ecology
• Habitat
– Mixed hardwood forests,
dense swaps, forested
wetlands
• Food habits
– Berries, nuts, tubers,
wood fiber, insects, small
mammals, eggs, carrion,
ag crops, livestock,
beehives, garbage
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Black Bear Ecology
• Females give birth every 2 years.
• Cubs stay with their mother for 11/2 to 2 years.
• Home range– 2 to 60 square miles
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Place livestock pens, beehives, and
crops at least 50 yards from protective
cover.
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Identifying Black Bear Damage
• Broken trees and limbs
(especially in orchards)
• Chewed or clawed bark,
sometimes hanging in strips
• Large, localized areas of
trampled crops
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Identifying Black Bear Damage
• Scat– 2 to 6 inch segments
– May contain insects, grass, leaf litter, berries, wood, and hair
• Tracks– 5 toes and claws, and large heel pad
– Track can be up to 6 to 7 inches long and 4 inches wide
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Black Bear Damage Prevention and
Control• Exclusion
– Portable electric fences
– Permanent welded-wire fence
– Bear-proofing buildings and containers
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Black Bear Damage Prevention and
Control
• Frightening
– Lights, loud noises,
dogs
• Repellents
– Capsaicin spray
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Black Bear Damage Prevention and
Control
• Trapping
– Culvert traps
– Contact NJ Division
of Fish and Wildlife
• Shooting
– Depredation permits
– Contact NJDFW
• Public education
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White-tailed Deer
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White-tailed Deer
• Deer population in NJ went from nearly
extinct in 1900 to over 150,000 in the 1990’s !
• Females usually have twins.
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Deer Ecology
• Habitat
– Mixed woods, fields
brushy areas
• Home range
– 0.5 to 3 square miles
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Deer Ecology
• Deer eat 5 to 7 pounds of forage a day !
• Food habits
– Browse: fruits, nuts, crops, landscaping plants
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Deer Ecology
• Habitat
– Mixed woods, fields
brushy areas
• Home range
– 0.5 to 3 square miles
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Deer and Traffic Safety
Pay close
attention to
deer crossing
signs !
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Identifying Deer Damage
• Browse damage
• Trampled or
flattened vegetation
• Look for tracks and
droppings
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Buck Rub
Management Strategies
Protect trees with
cylinder cages !
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Fencing
• Control or preventative method
• Portable, temporary, and permanent
• Inexpensive ($0.12/ft) to expensive ($8.00/ft)
• Low to high maintenance
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I’m not sure I can
clear
that fence !
Fencing
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I’m not sure I can
mow underneath
that fence !
Fencing
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• At least 8 feet high
•Posts 10-15 feet apart
•Reinforced
Fencing
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Repellents
• Contact vs. area
• Intended to reduce-not eliminate-wildlife damage
• Intended primarily for ornamentals, garden, etc…– Majority not labeled for
food crops
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Repellents
• Start using repellents before problems start.
• Alternate the types of repellents used.
• Use the correct formulation for the time of year.
• If hiring someone to apply repellents, the applicator must have a NJ DEP pesticide applicator license.
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Repellents
• Bars of heavy
smelling deodorant
soap hung off trees
and shrubs 30
inches above the
ground and 20 feet
apart can be used
as an area repellent.
What’s that
smell ?
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Deer-resistant Plants
Don’t become the local Smorgesboard !
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Deer-resistant Plants
• Variable success
• Use as a general guide
• What grows in immediate area?
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Deer-resistant Plants
Common
Characteristics
• Rough texture
• Naturally poisonous
No list is fool-proof !
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Scare Devices
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Hunting
• Most efficient and cost-effective control method
• Important to harvest the proper ratio bucks:does
• Can generate additional income from leasing land– Liability insurance
– Leasing agreement
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Legalities of Deer Control
• Seasons and bag limits
set by NJ Divison of
Fish and Wildlife
• Community-based deer
management
• Depredation permits
available
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Deer Management
Contraceptives for Deer Management
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Coyotes
Estimated population
is 3,000 in NJ, found in
every county !
• Usually nocturnal, but may be seen / heard during the
day, especially during their mating season, January –
March.
• Protect livestock with electric fencing.
• Keep property well-manicured.
• Motion detector lights / radios at night.
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TrappingHome-made
or commercial
live traps
Must have
written
permission
from a private
property
owner to
release an
animal.
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Rabies
• Virus that affects
the part of the brain
that controls
aggression.
• Found in the saliva
of infected animal.
• Transmitted by bite
or contamination of
an open wound.
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Symptom of Rabies
• Abnormal activity
• Aggressiveness
• Foaming at the mouth
• Sluggish Behavior
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Rabies
• First aid for person:
– Wash site with soap and water.
– Get medical attention immediately.
– Report incident to the local health department.
• Rabies Treatment:
– Day 1: Immune globulin shot
– Day 1,3, 7, 14, 28 Human Diploid Vaccine
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Rabies
• Domestic animals must be held for a 10 day observation period.
• Livestock animals are held for a 14 day observation period.
• Wild animals are tested by the State Health Department.
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Rabbit Ecology
• Habitat– Brushy areas, old fields, woods, landscaped
areas
• Home range– 1 to 14 acres
(5 acres average)
• Food habits– Grasses, flowers, fruits, berries, vegetables,
woody vegetation
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Identifying Rabbit Damage
• Vegetation cleanly snipped at 45
oangle
• Woody vegetation may be girdled
• Look for round sawdust-like droppings
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Identifying Rabbit Damage
Bark may be gnawed at the snow line !
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Rabbit Damage Prevention and
Control
• Exclusion
– Fencing• 2 foot high non-
plastic material
• 1 inch or smaller mesh
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Rabbit Damage Prevention and
Control
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Rabbit Damage Prevention and
Control
Tree Guards
• Hardware cloth
• 0.25-0.75 inch mesh
• Place 1 to 2 inches away from tree
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Rabbit Damage Prevention and
Control
Repellents
•Contact (Thiram-based) or
area (Naphthalene)
•Variable effectiveness
•Can be costly
•Much vigilance required
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Rabbit Damage Prevention and Control
• Habitat modification– Remove cover
– Manage habitat for predators
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Skunks
• Omnivores
• Member of weasel
family
• Good rodent predator
• Feeds on grubs, insects
• Damage: cone shaped
holes
• LOOK OUT !!!
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What to Do about Skunk Odor ?
• Special shampoos for pets
• Tomato juice
• Cleaning products with Neutroleum
Alpha as an active ingredient
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Who Else Could be Ruining the
Lawn?
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Mole Ecology
• Habitat
– Eastern mole• Open fields, lawns, gardens, sometimes
woods
• Well-drained loose soils
– Star-nosed mole• Wet woods, fields, swamps
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Mole Ecology
• Home range– 0.5 to 2 acres
• Food habits– Eastern mole
• Worms, grubs, and insects
– Star-nosed mole
• Worms, grubs, insects (terrestrial and aquatic)
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Identifying Mole Damage
• Eastern mole– Surface and deep tunnels
• Star-nosed mole– Burrows in muck, with 2 to
2.5 inch openings into streams, ponds, and lakes
– Openings surrounded by dirt mounds
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Mole Damage Prevention and
Control
• Exclusion– Not very practical
– Use sheet metal, wood, brick
– Bury fences at least 12 inches deep
– Bend bottom of fence outward at 90 degree angle
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Mole Damage Prevention and
Control• Habitat modification
– Pack soil
– Reduce soil moisture content
– Reduce food source (IPM, insecticides, etc…)
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Mole Damage Prevention and
Control
• Fumigants
– Aluminum phosphide
– Gas cartridges
Follow label instructions very carefully !
DO NOT USE BY BUILDINGS !
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Mole Damage Prevention and
Control
Trapping
•Very successful and
practical
•Scissor-jawed,
harpoon, or choker
loop traps
•Live trapping is
possible
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Vole Ecology
• Habitat
– Meadow vole• Wet meadows, grasslands
– Pine vole• Deciduous and coniferous forests, abandoned
field, orchards
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Vole Ecology
• Home range– 0.25 acres
• Food habits– Grasses, seeds, tubers, bulbs, flowers, bark,
vegetables, crops (root, leafy, grain)
Watch Out!
These guys
are very
prolific !
One to five litters a year, averaging 3 – 6 young.
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Identifying Vole Damage
• Girdling and gnawing of woody vegetation
• Meadow vole builds surface runways– 1 to 2 inches in diameter
– Vegetation in tunnel clipped short
– Feces and grass clipping found in runways
• Pine vole builds underground tunnels
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Vole Damage Prevention and
Control
• Exclusion
– Hardware cloth cylinders protect seedlings
– 0.25 inch mesh or smaller
– Bury bottom of cylinder 6 inches deep
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Vole Damage Prevention and
Control
Habitat Modification
•Eliminate weeds and heavy
ground cover
•Mow grassy areas regularly
•Clear mulch away from
trees
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Vole Damage Prevention and
Control
Trapping
Leave the traps unset for a few days !
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Squirrel Ecology
• Habitat
– Hardwood/mixed forests with nut trees
• Home range
– 1 to 3 acres
• Food habits
– Fruits, nuts, buds, berries, seeds, flowers, cones
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Identifying Squirrel Damage
• Chew bark and nip twigs on woody ornamentals
• Eat planted seeds, fruits, or grains
• Eat bird seed from feeders
• Dig holes in yard
• Look for tracks, physical presence, food signs
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Identifying Squirrel Damage
Enter buildings and nest in attics !
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Squirrel Damage Prevention and
Control
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Squirrel Damage Prevention and
Control
• Exclusion
– Metal collars around trees, poles, etc…
• 2 foot wide
• 6 feet above ground
– Close openings to buildings
• 0.5 inch wire mesh
• 1 way doors on squirrel excluders
– Custom mesh fencing with electric wire(s)
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Squirrel Damage Prevention and
Control
Contact your utility company if squirrels are on utility lines.
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Squirrel Damage Prevention and
Control
Repellents
• Moth balls,
• Ro-pel
• capsaicin
• Polybutenes
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Bulb Garden Marauders !
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Desperate times do not have to call for
desperate measures !
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Protecting Bulb Gardens
• Plant bulbs
that are
naturally toxic
or repel
animals.
• Chicken Wire
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Groundhog Ecology
• Habitat
– Woods, meadows, fields, landscaped areas
• Home range– 0.5-0.75 acres
• Food habits– Grasses, vegetables, landscaping, crops
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Identifying Groundhog Damage
• Browse damage– Circular to semi-circular
pattern
– Typically eat vegetation to ground level
– Gnaw or claw woody vegetation
• Physical presence
• Look for burrow
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Identifying Groundhog Damage
Burrowing Damage
1 to 1.5 foot diameter hole
Mound of dirt near entrance
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Legalities of Ground Hog Control
• May kill ground hogs any time damage occurs
• Depending on local ordinances may be legal to use:– Shotguns 10 ga. or smaller
– Bow
– Centerfire/rimfire rifle
– Muzzleloading rifles/shotguns
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Ground Hog Control
• Fumigants (carbon monoxide, aluminum phosphide)
– Gas cartridges present a potential fire hazard
– Aluminum phosphide is a registered use pesticide
– Aluminum phosphide for outdoor use on noncropland / orchards
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Ground Hog Control
Woven wire fencing
Should be at least 3 feet
high and buried 10-12
inches deep
Bend bottom and top of
fence outward
Garden
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Ground Hog Control
• Electric fencing
• Trapping
– Only live traps legal in NJ
– $58.00-$86.00 per trap
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Raccoons
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Raccoon Control
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Raccoon Control
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Raccoon Control
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Opossum
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Opossum Ecology
• 10 to 12 day gestation period
• Clear at birth, only the size of a bumble bee!
• Nurse in mother’s pouch for 2 months
• Stay on mother’s back another month
• Only marsupial native to North America
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Bats
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Bats
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Bats Exclusion
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Bats Exclusion
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Bats Exclusion
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Snakes
Poisonous Snakes in NJ
•Timber Rattlesnake
•Yellow Phase has black chevron pattern
•Dark Phase, almost black, hard to distinguish
chevron pattern
•7 to 12 young are born in September
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Snakes
Poisonous Snakes in NJ
•Northern Copperhead
•Triangular brown/reddish blotches,
base of the triangle on ground
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Snakes
• Find
entrances to
buildings and
seal
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Rats and Mice
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Rats and Mice
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Problems with Rats and Mice
• Gnaw on insulation
wires
• Eat stored foods
• Damage furniture
(use as nesting
material)
• Carry lice, ticks and
other insects
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Rats and Mice Control
Sanitation is key !
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Rats and Mice Control
• Rats leave 25 to 150 pellets a day and
1/3 to 2/3 oz. of urine.
• Mice urine, feces or saliva carries the
Hanta virus, which causes serious
respiratory problems.
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Rats and Mice Control
• Clean droppings with a WET mop with detergent or bleach.
• Dispose of the mop.
• DO NOT SWEEP or VACUUM ! AIRBORNE !
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Rats and Mice Control
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Rats and Mice Control
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Rats and Mice Control
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Rats and Mice Control
Sticky traps are not popular !
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Bird Control
• Prune
trees
• Permits
for using
starter
pistols
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Bird Control
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Bird Control
Netting may
provide
temporary relief !
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Bird Control
Mylar tape in a vegetable garden
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How to Keep your Property from
Becoming a Honky-Tonk
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Goose Ecology
• Habitat– Lakes, ponds, bays, fields, parks, yards
• Home range– Migratory or resident
• Food habits– Submergent vegetation, grass, crops
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Identifying Goose Damage
• Grazing damage
• Fecal load
• Water contamination
• Physical presence
• Look for tracks, feathers, and droppings
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Exclusion Techniques
• Fencing around water can prevent geese from
landing on water and walking on land
– $150.00 per 500 feet
• Overhead grids (mylar tape, fishing line, wire) can
deter geese from landing on water or fields
– $8.00-$700.00 per 500 feet
• Netting can protect high value crops
– $0.09-$0.14 per square foot
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Frightening Devices
• Pyrotechniques (propane cannons, bangers,
screamers)
– $70.00-$600.00
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Frightening Devices
• Balloons and kites (mylar, eye-scare, avikite, silhouettes)– $4.00-$180.00
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Frightening Devices
• Visual deterrents (flagging, owls, dead goose
decoys, scare crows)
– $4.00-$100.00
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Frightening Devices
• Miscellaneous (strobe lights, distress calls, audio
deterrents, dogs)
– $30.00-$1650.00
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Repellents
• Taste vs. visual
• Applied to vegetation and water
• Liquid or aerosol
• $7.00-$200.00 per gallon
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Additional Sources of Information• Rutgers Cooperative Extension
– Refer to the blue pages of your local phone book
– www.njaes.rutgers.edu
– www.deer.rutgers.edu
• New Jersey Division of Fish and Wildlife
– General Information - 609-292-2965
– www.state.nj.us/dep/fgw/
• USDA-APHIS-Wildlife Services
– 908-735-5654
• US Fish and Wildlife Service: Migratory Bird
Permits
– 413-253-8643
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Additional Sources of Information
• “Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage”
Cooperative Extension University of Nebraska
Great Plains Agricultural Council
USDA-APHIS-Animal Damage Control
– http://icwdm.org/handbook/index.asp
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We’re all here
together, so we
must get along !