Shantappa DuttarganviM.Sc. (Agri) Dept of Agronomy, 2009

ON

Introduction

Components of cropping system

Components of livestock

Livestock integration

Problems and prospects in crop-livestock based farming

system

Advantages

Integrated livestock systems

Conclusion

NEED….

Fragmented holdings and lack of capital

investment

Seasonal income and employment

Risk of crop failures

Single commodity farming

Horizontal expansion – limited scope

Deterioration of resource base

ENHANCING WEALTH

ENHANCING HEALTH

Livestock heritage serving a nation….,!!!!!!

STRATEGY

Relationship between integrated crop-livestock system and related terms

It integrates natural resources into farming activities to achieve maximum replacement of off-farm inputs.

Components:

Crop-livestock system

Agri-silviculture

Agri-horticulture

Silvi-horticulture

Integrated Farming System (IFS)Integrated Farming System (IFS)

“ It is the farming system which combines

crop production with livestock rearing”.

Maintains sustainable production system without

damaging resource base

Provides full family employment through out the year

Enables recycling of wastes within the farming system

Provides balanced food diet

Standard of living will be improved

Efficient utilization of all land available within the farm

COMPONENTS OF CROPPING SYSTEM

Three-strata forage system

Integrated tree cropping systems

Agro-forestry systems

Food-feed intercropping system

Relay cropping

Alley cropping

Grazing and stall feeding systems

Live Live stockstock

Components of livestock

Dairy farming

Poultry farmingPoultry farming

Sheep and goatSheep and goat

Piggery

Animal husbandry contributes about 30 per cent of

country’s agricultural out put

57 per cent of the world’s buffalo production

15 per cent cattle production

Livestock sector contributes 8 per cent to India’s GDP

Contribution of livestock to the national economy is

Rs.45,000 crores

CAST,1999.

Contribution of livestock to global production

An outline of different resource flows An outline of different resource flows

in mixed crop-livestock systemsin mixed crop-livestock systems

Role of livestock in farming system

Livestock is a source of food

Livestock is a renewable natural resource

Source of draught power and dung manure

Acts as a cushion against income shocks

Transport

Livestock Integration

Supplementary integration

Complementary integration

Population in Indian sub-continent is increasing by

leaps and bounds which require production of more food

from the limited available lands

There is no scope for horizontal expansion of land for

food and feed

Only vertical expansion is possible by integrating

appropriate farming components requiring less space and

time, which provide periodic income to the farmers

Why to go for integration of enterprises?

FUNCTIONAL INTERACTION IN LIVESTOCK FARM

Peters, 1999

Crops

biodigester

Integration pathway in Ecological farming system

family

pond

manureEffluent

Irrigation

Livestock

feeding

Pathways of nutrient flow in mixed crop-livestock farming systems

Stangel ., 2001

Crop-livestock FS

Intercropping with NFT’s

Alley cropping

Agrihorticulture

Multistoreyed cropping

Labo

ur in

tens

ity

Land use intensity

Farming systems in relation to labour and land use intensity

Singh, 2000

Methods of crop-livestock Methods of crop-livestock integration integration

Spatially separated crop and livestock farms

Spatial and temporal integration on the same

land base

Russelle et al., 2007

Aims of livestock development Aims of livestock development strategiesstrategies

Conserve the natural resource base

Raise productivity

Expand production

Optimizes the allocation of development resources

Integration of Integration of Crop-DairyCrop-Dairy

fodd

er

man

ure

residues

Slurry waste

Dung &

urine

gas

waste

milk

Cattle grazing under coconut trees Cattle grazing under coconut trees

Adding cattle to a legume-grain crop rotation

doubled the rate of soil carbon accumulation

because of manure addition.

Drinkwatr et al.,

1998

Recycling of crop carbon through manure and

decomposing residues improves soil carbon

sequestration

Singh et al.,

1998

Economics and employment generation of dairy as component in farming system

Chandrasekaran et al., 1994

Integration of Crop-Sheep/Goat

Sheep grazing under tall-stemmed fruit Sheep grazing under tall-stemmed fruit

treestrees

Economics of IFS and CCS (1 ha)Economics of IFS and CCS (1 ha)

Shivasankaran et al., 1995

Reasons for non adoption of certain practices related to sheep and goat rearing in different agro climatic zones

Maintenance of crossbreeds

Grazing

Provision of house or night shelter

Provision of concentrate mixtures

Isolation of breeding rams during grazing

Knowledge of non-contagious diseases (Bloat, tetanus)

Problem of marketting

Integration of Crop-Dairy-Goat

Cows and sheep grazing together in a Cows and sheep grazing together in a pasture to optimize biomass pasture to optimize biomass

utilization utilization

Farming systems

Component productivity (kg)*

System producti

vity (kg/ha)

% over CCS

Crop

Poultry

Pigeon

Fish

Goat

Crop12995

- - - - 12995 -

Crop + Fish + Poultry

26352

1205 -2052

- 29609 128

Crop + Fish + Pigeon

24854

- 25451774

- 29173 124

Crop + Fish + Goat

25725

- -1975

9979

37679 190

System Productivity (Rice grain equivalent) of Integrated Farming System

* Mean over three years

Jayanthi, 2002

PROFIT FROM IFSPROFIT FROM IFS

Economic profit

Social benefits to the farm family and the

community

Environmental conservation

Economic analysis of maize (f) + cowpea(f) – chickpea + coriander system

Esther Skekinah , 20041 ha farming system: (0.8 ha cropping, 0.1 ha agroforestry, goat +buffaloes on 0.06 ha, farm pond 0.04ha)

42

• 3 Adult cows + 2 Calves

As FYM (12 tonnes),

113 – 67 – 86

N – P2O5 – K2O kg/year

As biogas + slurry

( 730 m3) ( slurry 11 tonnes),

157 – 133 – 114

N – P2O5 – K2O kg/year

• 20 female + 1 male of small ruminates under deep litter system Nutrients,

132 – 70 – 60

N – P2O5 – K2O kg/year

NUTRIENT ADDITION PER YEAR IN VARIOUS LIVESTOCK BASED SYSTEMS

Integration of Crop – Dairy – Sheep -

Poultry

Income and employment generation from different enterprises (1 ha) during the study period (2006-07)

Anon., 2007

Gross and net income from different IFS Gross and net income from different IFS modelsmodels

Solaiappan et al., 2007

Integration of Crop-Fish-poultry

man

ure

feed

feed

man

ure

dropping

Food waste

Utilization of byproducts Utilization of byproducts

Net returns, sustainable value index and profit per day as influenced by rice-fish-poultry

integrated farming systems

Treatment Net returns

Rs/ha/year

Sustainable Value Index

(SVI)

Profit

Rs/ha/day

2004-05 2005-06

T1 37,062 61,545 0.48 182.6

T 2 36,734 58,754 0.48 176.8

T3 49,348 76,606 0.64 233.2

T4 31,301 44,231 0.41 139.9

T5 37,590 52,858 0.46 167.5

T6 (conventional rice field)

14,139 29,059 0.18 80.0

Channabasavanna et al., 2007

Rice grain-equivalent yield under different production systems

Production Productivity (kg/ha)

Monocropping

Cashew

Coconut

Rice

Total

4,489

2,624

4,943

12,056

Improved cropping system

Cashew

Coconut +forage

Rice- Brinjal+ Rice-Cowpea

Total

4,489

7,796

10,859

23,144

IFS

Cashew

Coconut +forage +dairy

Rice-Brinjal +Rice-Cowpea +poultry

Total

7,521

13,553

21,223

42,297

Kalyan Singh et al., 2007

Integrated farming system approachIntegrated farming system approach

Production system

Gross returns (Rs/ha)

COC (Rs/ha)

Net returns (Rs/ha)

B:C ratio

Coconut + forage +dairy

94,870 62,535 32,335 0.52

Rice-brinjal + Rice-cowpea +poultry

1,48,560 73,200 75,360 1.03

Total 2,96,075 1,52,050 1,44,025 0.95

Manjunath et al., 2002

Productivity of integrated farming system (mean over 2 Productivity of integrated farming system (mean over 2 years)years)

Farming system

Component productivityRice-

equivalent yield (kg/ha)Crop Poultry Mushroom

Rice cropping alone 4,311 - - 4,311

Rice-

groundnut + mushroom + poultry

6,557 6,060 4,305 16,922

Rice-

Cowpea + mushroom + poultry

7,662 6,060 4,305 18,027

Rice-

Brinjal + mushroom + poultry

11,122 6,060 4,305 21,487

Rice-

sunhemp + mushroom + poultry

4,993 6,060 4,305 15,358

Manjunath, 2002

Farming Systems

Production Cost (Rs/ha)

Gross Returns

(Rs)

Net Returns B:C

RatioPer day Return

Cropping alone

27822 64975 37153 2.43 178

Cropping + Fish + Poultry

4833 146035 97731 3.02 400

Cropping + Fish + Pigeon

47090 145868 98778 3.06 400

Cropping + Fish + Goat

55549 186667 131118 3.36 511

Economics analysis of Integrated Farming System

Jayanthi , 2002

Information required for decision making in Information required for decision making in integrated crop-livestock systemsintegrated crop-livestock systems

Consideration Information required

Short term profit Crop yield and feeding value

Input cost

Output value

Multiyear factors Rotation benefits

Symbiotic N2 fixation

Residual fertilizer

Weed populations

Whole-farm factors Farm size and spatial distribution

Availability of different enterprises

Labour, cost, livestock

Ewing et al., 2004

Risk factors Yield variability

Price variability

Risk acceptance

responsiveness

Sustainability factors Persistence of perennials

Weed population

Soil condition and sensitivity

Contd…

Advantages of integrated livestock based Advantages of integrated livestock based farming systemfarming system

Increases productivity

Increases profitability

Improves soil fertility

Provides balance food

Employment generation

Better recycling of produces

Money flow around the year

Adoption of new technology

Solve the energy crisis

Constraints in integrated Constraints in integrated crop-livestock systemcrop-livestock system

Fragmentation and division of holdings

Scarcity of family labour

Less reliable market

Scarcity of own funds

Lack of transport and marketing facilities

Fluctuation in output prices