Integrated Coastal Management - United States Fish and ... 2 PDF/14-Lynne Hale.pdf · Integrated...
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Integrated Coastal ManagementA Context for Addressing Coral Reef Issues
associated with Climate Change ?
Lynne Zeitlin Hale, The Nature ConservancyBrian Crawford, Coastal Resources Center, URI
Miguel Lugo, NOAA
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Summary• Lessons learned from 30 years of coastal
management planning and implementation should be applied to coral reef conservation issues
• Coastal management programs can provide a context for some but not all management issues related to climate change and coral bleaching
• Mass coral bleaching issues and solutions must be integrated within an overall coral reef and coastal management strategy
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Coral Reef Governance• Globally
< ?? % of world’s coral reefs located within a protected area
• United States and Territories?? % of coral reefs included in some form of
marine protected area (data under development)
– 99% of the US coastline is included in the National Coastal Zone Management Program; as is Puerto Rico, American Samoa, US Virgin Islands, CNMI
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CZM Programs All Islands Coral Reef Initiative
• Catalyzed by CZM program managers
• NOAA grants• Utilizes CZM program
structures– Staff– Interagency groups
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The Fundamental Goal of ICMImprove the quality of life of human
communities which depend on coastal resources while maintaining the biological diversity and productivity of coastal ecosystems.
How? Through a continuous and dynamic process that unites government and the community, sciences and management andsectoral and public interest in preparing and implementing an integrated plan for the protection and development of coastal ecosystems and resources.
(Source: GESAMP, 1991)
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USCZM Program Attributes (+)
• Voluntary State/Federal Partnership– state and local level planning and implementation to meet national goals
• Meaningful Incentives for Program Participation– funding– consistency
• Participatory planning• Existing Inter-agency governance mechanisms• Programs have geographic as well as issue focus• Multiple approaches to management
– regulatory-non-regulatory– reactive-proactive
• Continuity and experience
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CZM Program Attributes (-)
• Emphasis on short-term, urgent issues
• Program boundaries frequently narrow;
• Water quality and fisheries issues not always directly addressed
• CZM Programs address proximate, not root causes of problems
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Local Action Strategy Attributes
• Collaborative• Set clear goals• Limit issues to be
addressed (strategic)
• Focus on actions that will yield short term results
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How can CZM program more explicitly address issues of coral reefs, climate change and
resilience?
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Remember nested systems and a critical path for progress......
FIRST ORDER
FormalizedInstitutional
Structures andConstituencies
SECOND ORDER
Correction, Mitigationof Selected Behaviorsand/or DevelopmentActions Implemented
THIRD ORDER
Improvements inSome Social andEnvironmental
Indicators
FOURTH ORDER
SustainableEnvironmental
Quality and Quality ofLife
TIME
Local
Regional
NationalScale
Source: Adapted from USEPA, 1994, as found in Olsen et al 1998.
INTERMEDIATEOUTCOMES
ENDOUTCOMES
Global
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Progressing along the critical pathMore sustainable forms of coastal development
Time
1
2
3
4
5
3
1
24
5
Implementation
Evaluation
Formal adoptionand funding
Programpreparation
Issue ID andassessment
Essential actionsdefined for each step
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A Model of ResilienceREPRESENTATION & REPLICATION
Secure Sources of Seed
+
CONNECTIVITYReplenishmentTransport
+EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT
Enhanced RecoveryStrong Recruitment
=RESILIENCE
+
REFUGIAResistant CommunitiesSpawning Aggregations
Risk spreadingHabitat typesMultiples
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Resilience: Effective ManagementStrengthen government at all levels
• Planning• Implementation• Enforcement
Address threats external to MPAs• Land-based sources of pollution• Development activities that affect coral reefs • Sound construction, erosion control• Reefs outside MPAs
Reduce human pressures• Tourism controls • Alternative livelihoods ??• Fisheries management ??
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Resilience: Risk Spreading
Promote enabling environment for Ecosystem Management
• System of resilient networks of MPAs
• Encourage linked coastal/ocean zoning and management
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Rapid Response Actions
• Possible but challenging to establish• Analogy to oil spill response plans
– must be developed collaboratively– clear set of actions, authorities,
responsibilities– LAS possible vehicle
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Rapid Responses
• Monitoring • Fisheries Management• Tourism Management• Education
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Fisheries Management
Emergency closures (duration? )
Clear science base ?
Mechanism for enacting?enforcing ?
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Tourism Engage tourists in
solution? Encourage other
activities besides divingconstituency vs
revenue issuesMitigation of
revenue losses (disaster relief??)
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Reef Rehabilitation
Enhance natural resilience
Establish recovery conditions?
Interventions at a large scale?
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ICM programs and Global Change
Source: IGBP Science No. 4
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CZM and Global Change
• Changing populations / demographics• Sea level rise....impacts on natural
systems/built environment• Changes in storm frequency and
severity• Eutrophication of waters• Changes in river flows
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Taking a longer term look....
CZM programs and LAS encourage us to look at feasible short term action; but– longer term goals needed– linkages between root causes and
immediate actions must be made
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CZM Programs and Climate Change
• Can help establish long term goals• Can contribute to health of coral reefs
inside and outside and MPAs• Need close MPA / CZM program /
Fisheries Management / Tourism connections
• Climate change issues must build on existing management programs