INSTRUMENTATION PRESENTATION

WELCOME TO ALL

INSTRUMENTATION

INSTRUMENTATION IS MAINLY USED TO MEASURE THE PROCESS PARAMETER SUCH AS PRESSURE,TEMPERATURE,FLOW,LEVEL LIKE THAT AND TRANSMITE THE SIGNAL TO CONTROLLER AND DISPLAY DEVICE

FOR MEASURING TRANSDUCER IS VERY IMPORTANT.TRANSDUCER IS DIFIENED AS WHICH CONVERT THE ONE FORM OF ENERGY INTO ANOTHER FORM OF ENERGY

THER ARE TWO TYPE FOR ALL MEASUREMENT.ONE IS MEACHANICAL MEASUREMENT,ANOTHER ONE ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENT FOR ALL PROCESS PARAMETER

TEMPERATURE GAUGETEMPERATURE GAUGE

TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT

TWO TYPE.ONE IS FILLED TWO TYPE.ONE IS FILLED SYSTEM,ANOTHER ONE IS BIMETALIC SYSTEM,ANOTHER ONE IS BIMETALIC STRIPSSTRIPS

SOME LIQUID IS FILLED IN THE STEMSOME LIQUID IS FILLED IN THE STEM WHEN THE TEMPERATURE IS INCRESED WHEN THE TEMPERATURE IS INCRESED

FROM THE ATM,SOME PRESSURE IS FROM THE ATM,SOME PRESSURE IS CREATED INSIDE THE STEMCREATED INSIDE THE STEM

THAT PRESSURE IS CONVERTED TO THAT PRESSURE IS CONVERTED TO ANGLUR MOMENT ANGLUR MOMENT

TEMPERATURE GAUGETEMPERATURE GAUGE

IN BIMETALIC STRIPS TYPE,TWO IN BIMETALIC STRIPS TYPE,TWO DISSIMILER METAL IS USED FOR DISSIMILER METAL IS USED FOR SENSORSENSOR

DUE TEMPERATURE,MOMENT IS DUE TEMPERATURE,MOMENT IS CREATEDCREATED

THIS IS CONVERTED INTO THIS IS CONVERTED INTO TEMPERATURE INDICATIONTEMPERATURE INDICATION

TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTMEASUREMENT

► IN ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENT,THERE IN ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENT,THERE ARE TWO SENSORSARE TWO SENSORS

►ONE IS RTD(RESISTENANCE ONE IS RTD(RESISTENANCE TEMPERATURE DETECTOR),ANOTHER TEMPERATURE DETECTOR),ANOTHER ONE IS THERMOCOUPLEONE IS THERMOCOUPLE

RTD RTD

RTD RTD IS POSITVE TEMPERATURE CO

EFFICIENT SENSOR PLATINUM,COPPER MATERIAL IS USED FOR

MANUFACTURING Rt=R(0)(1+αT) Rt=RTD RESISTENCE FOR THE

CORRESPONDINI TEMPERATURE α= TEMPERATURE COEFFIECIENT OF

MATERIAL R(0)=RTD RESISTENCE AT 0C

TEMPERATURE T=?

TYPES OF RTDTYPES OF RTD

THERE ARE THREE TYPESTHERE ARE THREE TYPES TWO WIRE RTDTWO WIRE RTD THREE WIRE RTDTHREE WIRE RTD FOUR WIRE RTDFOUR WIRE RTD

TWO WIRE RTDTWO WIRE RTD

THREE WIRE RTDTHREE WIRE RTD

FOUR WIRE RTDFOUR WIRE RTD

THERMOCOUPLE

THERMOCOUPLE

THERMOCOUPLETHERMOCOUPLE

TWO DISSIMILAR METAL JUNCTION TWO DISSIMILAR METAL JUNCTION GENERATES mV DUE TO GENERATES mV DUE TO TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO JUNCTIONBETWEEN TWO JUNCTION

DEPENDING UPON MATERIAL DEPENDING UPON MATERIAL COMPOSITION,IT HAS DIFFERENT COMPOSITION,IT HAS DIFFERENT TYPETYPE

J,K,R,S,T,E TYPESJ,K,R,S,T,E TYPES

THERMOCOUPLE TYPESTHERMOCOUPLE TYPES

Type J :Iron-ConstantanType J :Iron-Constantan Type K:Chromel–AlumelType K:Chromel–Alumel Type E:Chromel–ConstantanType E:Chromel–Constantan Type T:Copper–ConstantanType T:Copper–Constantan Type R:Platinum–Rhodium alloy containing Type R:Platinum–Rhodium alloy containing

13% Rhodium-Pure Platinum 13% Rhodium-Pure Platinum Type S:Platinum–Rhodium alloy containing Type S:Platinum–Rhodium alloy containing

10% Rhodium-Pure Platinum 10% Rhodium-Pure Platinum

PRESSURE PRESSURE=F/A

G.PR=ABOVE ATM PRABS PR= ATM.PR+G.PRVACCUM= BELOW ATM.PR

PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

PRESSURE GAUGE IS MECHANICAL MEASUREMENT DEVICE

PRESSURE TRANSMITTERPRESSURE TRANSMITTER

►THERE ARE SO MANY TYPES OF THERE ARE SO MANY TYPES OF SENSOR SENSOR

►CAPACITANCE TYPECAPACITANCE TYPE► INDUCTANCE TYPEINDUCTANCE TYPE►PIEZO ELECTRIC CRYSTALPIEZO ELECTRIC CRYSTAL►RESISTANCE TYPERESISTANCE TYPE

CAPACITANCE TYPECAPACITANCE TYPE

INDUCTANCE TYPEINDUCTANCE TYPE

PIEZO ELECTRIC TYPEPIEZO ELECTRIC TYPE

► Zirconate / Lead Zirconate / Lead Titanate Titanate

RESISTANCE TYPERESISTANCE TYPE

LEVEL MEASUREMENT

MECHANICAL LEVEL INDICATOR IS AVAILABE

FLOAT TYPE

SIGHT GLASS

MAGNETIC TYPE

LEVEL TRANSMITTERLEVEL TRANSMITTER

DEPENDING UPON THE WORKING DEPENDING UPON THE WORKING PRINCIPLE IS CLASSIFED IT VARIOUS PRINCIPLE IS CLASSIFED IT VARIOUS TYPETYPE

DP TYPEDP TYPE CAPACITANCE TYPECAPACITANCE TYPE RADAR TYPERADAR TYPE ULTROSONIC TYPEULTROSONIC TYPE FLOAT TYPEFLOAT TYPE

DP TYPEDP TYPE LEVEL IS MEASURESED BASED ON THE LEVEL IS MEASURESED BASED ON THE

DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE

DP TYPEDP TYPE

LEVEL=HP-LPLEVEL=HP-LP FOR OPEN TANKFOR OPEN TANK LEVEL=STATIC HEIGHT OF LEVEL=STATIC HEIGHT OF

WATER+ATM-ATMWATER+ATM-ATM FOR CLOSED TANKFOR CLOSED TANK LEVEL=STATIC HEIGHT OF LEVEL=STATIC HEIGHT OF

WATER+PR-PRWATER+PR-PR

CAPAITANCE TYPE IT IS BASED ON THE CAPACITANE VALUE

BETWEEN THE SENSOR PLATE

CAPACITANCE TYPECAPACITANCE TYPE A capacitor consists of two conductors A capacitor consists of two conductors

(plates) that are electrically isolated from one (plates) that are electrically isolated from one another by a nonconductor. the capacitor another by a nonconductor. the capacitor plates have an area (A) and are separated by plates have an area (A) and are separated by a gap (D) filled with a nonconducting material a gap (D) filled with a nonconducting material of dielectric constant (K). of dielectric constant (K).

RADAR TYPERADAR TYPE

RADAR TYPERADAR TYPE

The radar level sensor is generates The radar level sensor is generates an electromagnetic pulse through an electromagnetic pulse through transmitter and sends very short transmitter and sends very short pulses to a target. The pulses reflect pulses to a target. The pulses reflect from the target and then they are from the target and then they are received back by the radar receiver. received back by the radar receiver. The distance to an object is The distance to an object is calculated and then converted by the calculated and then converted by the radar level sensor to 4-20 mA signal.radar level sensor to 4-20 mA signal.

ULTROSONIC TYPEULTROSONIC TYPE

ULTROSONIC TYPEULTROSONIC TYPE

The ultrasonic level sensor generates a pressure wave The ultrasonic level sensor generates a pressure wave that propagates to a target and then reflects.The that propagates to a target and then reflects.The reflected wave is received by the ultrasonic level reflected wave is received by the ultrasonic level sensor, in receiver mode, and is converted into an sensor, in receiver mode, and is converted into an electrical signal.The ultrasonic level sensor's electrical signal.The ultrasonic level sensor's electrical signal is amplified and processed to find the electrical signal is amplified and processed to find the reflected echo and then calculated to find the distance reflected echo and then calculated to find the distance to a specific target.  The distance to an object is to a specific target.  The distance to an object is calculated and then converted by the ultrasonic radar calculated and then converted by the ultrasonic radar level sensor to 4-20 mA signallevel sensor to 4-20 mA signal

FLOW MEASUREMENTFLOW MEASUREMENT

DEPONDING UPON THE WORKING DEPONDING UPON THE WORKING PRINCIPLE,IT IS CASSIFED IT PRINCIPLE,IT IS CASSIFED IT DIFFERENT TYPEDIFFERENT TYPE

DP TYPEDP TYPEMAGNETIC TYPEMAGNETIC TYPEULTRASONIC TYPEULTRASONIC TYPE TURBINE FLOW METERTURBINE FLOW METER

DP TYPEDP TYPE

BASED ON THE DP PRINCIPLEBASED ON THE DP PRINCIPLE ORIFICE PLATEORIFICE PLATE FLOW NOZZLEFLOW NOZZLE VENTURI METER VENTURI METER

ORIFICEORIFICE

VENTURI METERVENTURI METER

FLOW NOZZLEFLOW NOZZLE

MAGNETIC FLOW METER

MAGNETIC FLOW METER Principle of Operation

The operation of a magnetic flow meter is based upon Faraday's Law, which states that the voltage induced across any conductor as it moves at right angles through a magnetic field is proportional to the velocity of that conductor.

Faraday's Formula:E is proportional to V x B x D where:

E = The voltage generated in a conductorV = The velocity of the conductorB = The magnetic field strengthD = The length of the conductor

ULTRASONIC FLOW METER

ULTROSONIC FLOW METER

The measurement of flow is based on the principle that sound waves traveling in the direction of flow of the fluid require less time than when traveling in the opposite direction. The difference in transit times of the ultrasonic signals is an indication for the flow rate of the fluid.

TURBINE FLOW METERTURBINE FLOW METER

TURBINE FLOW METERTURBINE FLOW METER

IT BASED ON THE VELOCITY OF THE IT BASED ON THE VELOCITY OF THE LIQUIDLIQUID

TOTAL NO OF PULSES PER MINUTETOTAL NO OF PULSES PER MINUTE FLOW = * AREA OF THE PIPEFLOW = * AREA OF THE PIPE

NO OF BLADES IN ROTOR NO OF BLADES IN ROTOR

THANK YOUTHANK YOU

SHANMUGARAJSHANMUGARAJ