INSTRUMENTAL ACTIVITIES IN SPACE - Thales...

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Issue January 2013

INSTRUMENTAL ACTIVITIES IN SPACE

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ABOUT THALES SESO

THALES SESO is a French company created in 1965 that joined THALES Group since the 3rd of

February 2011 (78 employees with 60% of whom are engineers and technicians, ISO-9001

certified since 1998). THALES SESO is specialized in optical and mechanical design with

complete manufacturing, including AIT activities, of any kind with customized optics or fully

integrated optomechanical systems.

THALES SESO produces high accuracy optical components and systems mainly under customers’ specifications and with a special emphasis onto: - aspherical surfaces (mirrors and lenses) - lightened optics (e.g. space borne mirrors) - low roughness polishing process (less than 1 Angström RMS) - high power laser optical coatings - high accuracy and stability assembly techniques (optical contacting, glass/glass cementing, glass/metals bounding) Our capabilities for milling, grinding, lightening, polishing and coatings are for up to 2m-class optics. For more than 25 years THALES SESO has been involved in space activities, beginning with focal plan for SPOT 1 and then sunshades and mirrors, with a constant desire to develop new technologies that are space qualified (optical contacting and coatings). Recent projects can illustrate THALES SESO’s efficiency and capabilities in this field, such as all the Pleiades mirrors with their mounts, as well as a large size fully integrated Cassegrain collimator for the KOMPSAT 3 project. THALES SESO is working within different fields of activity such as Ground-based Astronomy, Space optics, X-Rays mirrors, Scientific and Governmental Research programs, General Industry,…. and delivers its products all around the world (more than 80% of THALES SESO’s revenue come from export earnings).

INTRODUCTION


THALES SESO performs optical design and tolerance analysis (with ZEMAX-EE) as well as

mechanical design including finite elements model analysis (with PRO-ENGINEER and

NASTRAN softwares).

With our technologies we are able to model and analyze components behavior under several

environmental parameters such as temperature loads and vibrations.

We can model an entire optomechanical assembly and thus propose our services from the

conception of your custom systems to their manufacture.

DESIGN CAPABILITIES

Fish-eye lens (field of view 240°!) used to project sky and ground into a dog fight simulator


FEM analysis of the distortion of a long X-Ray mirror vs. Temperature loads

Illustrations of THALES SESO’s design capabilities

Modelisation of a complete optomechanical assembly Concept of a telescope mount


Milling and Lightening facilities at THALES SESO

GRINDING/MILLING OF OPTICAL

SURFACES AND MIRRORS

LIGHTENING THALES SESO is equipped with large capacity and high accuracy CFAO milling machines, used for the lightening and machining of complex large optics. Such machines can be used to generate surfaces, by milling, that can be aspherical (including direct off-axis ones) with an accuracy compatible with the next fine grinding/polishing operation. They can also be used to perform complex mirror lightening.

Machine in operation at THALES

SESO since 2007

Range: up to 2meters

Machine in operation at THALES

SESO since 1998 (+second unit

installed in 2009)

Range: 1600 x 700 mm


Very accurate lightened (75%) on-axis parabola (Ø 800 m) for a Space Application

in its supporting tool (for tests) and view of final interferogram

Achieved surface figuring = 9 nm RMS (i.e. /70 RMS @ =633nm)

Focal length: 1,5m

Lightening of a rectangular off-axis mirrors (430mm x 115mm each)

The Final result obtained and controlled thanks to our 3D measuring machine

(accuracy is a few microns within 0.9m x 0.9m measuring range)


THALES SESO is recognized worldwide for its outstanding technical capabilities in surface

polishing and finishing of optical components.

I / POLISHING AND FINISHING CAPABILITIES

We can manage all type of Glasses, Ceramics (Zerodur, SiC, ULE), Crystals (ZnSe, CaF2), Metals (Al, Cu, Be), semi-conductors (Si, Ge)

Depending on the need, we can polish by traditional means or using Computer Controlled Polishing Machines (CCPM) or with Magneto-Rheology Fluid (MRF) polishing

Our standard Polishing capability is presently for diameter up to 2 m (+ possibility for increase up to 2.5m)

We can also propose double side direct Polishing (for flat parallel windows)

We can propose control by interferometry

The optical shapes we can manage are flat, cylindrical, spherical and aspherical, on-axis and off-axis

We can propose very low surface micro-roughness : as low as 1 Angström RMS (measured with micro-rugosimeter MICROMAP 512)

View of one of the four 1.5m capacity Computer Controlled Polishing

Machines proprietary design of THALES SESO (in operation since the 90’s)

POLISHING


Highly aspherical and/or large mirrors issued from CCPM

Example of a highly aspherical (and off-axis) mirror with stringent WFE requirement

(reflected single path WFE close to λ/25 RMS) polished onto the THALES SESO CCPM

A very large optical component polished at THALES SESO => φ1.4m

Spherical CV ZERODUR Mirror used as a retro-sphere in a wide

optical interferometric test set-up


Polishing with MRF machine (capacity +/- 300mm diameter)

Double side polishing

Simultaneous polishing of a batch of optical flat/parallel windows of up to 750mm

(smaller machines for smaller window sizes are also available)


II / SUPERPOLISHING

In the framework of X-ray mirrors for synchrotrons use, THALES SESO has developed a super-

polishing technique on different materials. We can propose surface roughness down to less

than 1 Angström RMS. This technology is very useful for example in the case of high laser

power optics. This technology is applicable with CCPM and therefore for aspherical

components.

Typical output of micro-roughness measurement (with MICROMAP 512 interferometer)

Less than 1 Angström RMS


High quality Fabry-Perot assembly, with

additional prisms and beamsplitters + base-

plate, made out of silica. The assembly was

completely done by optical contacting (except

the 3 Invar Pads attached to the base-plate by

gluing)

I/ OPTICAL CEMENTING

THALES SESO has qualified several possibilities of suitable optical cements for gluing large

lenses withstanding large storage temperature (- 10°C to 45°C) and even with different

coefficients of Thermal Expansion.

This PLEIADES secondary mirror is fixed on its

baseplate by a monolithic ‘mushroom’ type flexure

(designed by THALES SESO), consisting of three

assemblies of dipod and blade; the glued

connection of the flexure is space qualified.

II / OPTICAL CONTACTING

When two finished flat surfaces of very good flatness are put in contact, they become a unique piece, due to the molecular attraction between the two surfaces. Tests have successfully been carried out with Silicon, Silicon Carbide, Zerodur and Fused Silica.

This technology called OPTICAL CONTACTING is qualified for Space Application (ALADIN)

ASSEMBLING

Specific product line: « DIVOLI »

SPOT(1 to 4)/HELIOS/PLEIADES

Satellite cameras


Manufactured Components need a good optical transmission or reflection in the whole

electromagnetic spectrum (from UV to far infrared). THALES SESO has developed special

anti-reflection coatings and reflection coatings (all cleanable) to meet these constantly

increasing requirements.

THALES SESO proposes in-house coatings using different techniques (material evaporation

under vacuum as well as coating deposition by sputtering). We have two sputtering

machines: pulverization DC/DC+RF, these machines operate in clean rooms. We use special

cleaning processes to guarantee the coating stability.

We also can propose coating by sputtering for pieces up to 2000mm diameter and 250mm

thickness thanks to a tank at THALES SESO’s disposal at the Cote d’Azur Observatory.

Coating by sputtering for pieces up to 1500mm by 200 mm, thickness 150mm

OPTICAL COATINGS

View of the internal part of the

φ1.1m vacuum chamber

(which has been upgraded for a

1.8m capacity)


Some examples of typical space qualified coatings are described here-after:

SPACE QUALIFIED ANTI-REFLECTION COATING

THALES SESO has a long experience with antireflective coatings. Coatings have been developed for harsh environment programs such as:

AR coating dedicated to space applications, with the following characteristics:


DURABLE SILVER COATING

THALES SESO has developed for space applications a protected silver coating that is very

durable and cleanable. Such coating can also be proposed for mirrors for Astronomy, which

requires simultaneously severe environmental conditions and long life duration. This coating

corresponds to the qualification certificate provided here after.

References for this space qualified coating:

PLEIADES (2005-2006)

SENTINEL 3 (2009)


HARD GOLD COATING

THALES SESO has developed for different space programs (Envisat/MIPAS ESA experiment as

well as for the MIRI experiment of the James Webb Space Telescope) but also for several

ground-based applications, an hard gold coating allowing good reflectivity up to λ=25

microns (we have tested it up to 100 microns for space thermal applications) and a good

behavior in severe environments (MIL norms C48497-A for adherence, abrasion, humidity,

thermal cycling, cleanability ...). This coating is also fully compatible with cryogenic

applications. The typical curve is provided hereafter.

References for this space qualified coating:

MIPAS (1994)

IASI (2000)

MIRI (2006)

Hard Gold coating results (from 0.7 µm to 25 µm)


PLEIADES MIRRORS

THALES SESO has developed the PLEIADES assembled mirrors. This development is part of the future French Earth observation system and has been ordered by the French Space Agency CNES, jointly to ASTRIUM for the bus and to ALCATEL Space for the payload.

Off-axis Aspherical 430x115 mm, 80 % lightened

THALES SESO was in charge of design and manufacture of the assembled mirrors (4 mirrors

and Mechanical Fixation Devices (MFD)). The requirements were expressed in terms of instrument performances which means that optical performances (aperture, WFE, reflectivity), mechanical performances (mass, stiffness, mechanical environment to be withstood) and other environmental parameters were taken into account in the architecture and design (thermal, radiation,..). Interfaces were considered at the base of the assembled mirror fixations. Pleiades mirrors have been assembled and tested on tooling baseplates. FM1 and FM2 deliveries were done in 2006. This program gave THALES SESO a great degree of maturity in engineering, production, assembly and testing of high precision mirrors for space instruments.

The pictures below illustrate the concepts developed within the frame of PLEIADES. All these mirrors are made of Zerodur class 0, protected silver coated and mounted on Invar flexures. A few other mirrors also manufactured by THALES SESO are part of the camera.

EXAMPLES OF DELIVERED

COMPONENTS/SUB-SYSTEMS


M3 Mirror PLEIADES integrated M3

PLEIADES primary mirror 660mm

elliptic concave

Secondary mirror 160 mm diameter

hyperbolic

PLEIADES MR

Central mirror from the PLEIADES focal plan


T2L2 TIME CONTROL

The Purpose of the experiment was to know the correspondence between ground based

clocks and embarked clocks within about a few pico seconds. One of the stakes, among

others, is the validation (or the invalidation) of the relativity stated by Einstein and which has

difficulty being connected to the other elements of physics…

The program started in summer 2005 with the aim of having the system installed on satellite

at summer 2007. Taking into account the kick off and test phases at CNES, THALES SESO had

only one year to carry out a flight model, including tests and qualification. THALES SESO

achieved its goal as materials were delivered in December 2006 with a contract signed in

December 2005.

THALES SESO provided 3 subassemblies in the project.

The lenses subassembly: located outside the satellite, it includes two “objectives” (linear

and nonlinear) which receive the signal coming from a ground based laser to transmit it

in optical form and electronic form to the detection rack located in the satellite.

Optical cases :

- Incident angle : 0-55° - linear optical case: the illumination profile is corrected within a range 20 (ratio

between the minimum and the maximum of the signal) – 10 nm width interferential filter – integrated detector for signal synchronization – electrical harness connection

- nonlinear optical case: the illumination profile is corrected within a range (ratio between the minimum and the maximum of the signal) – optical harness connection

Linear optical case Nonlinear optical case

Photo detector

Fiber optic connector

Spatial filter

lenses

lenses

electronics Spatial & spectral filter


The detection subassembly: located in the satellite, following an optical delay line, an

objective receives the visible signal and focuses it on a detector of great sensitivity, after

having carried out a spectral filtering of 2 nm width!

Detection subassembly:

- Optical delay line (fiber): it enables to wait for the signal coming from the linear objective and to synchronize the non linear detector.

- Optical module : the nonlinear detector is placed at better than 30µm from the focal point in the three axes

The harness subassembly: fiber optic link between the external cases and the detector

rack.

Optical harness :

Index gradient fiber with a 100µm diameter and a N.A. of 0.29 selected for its radiation

withstanding capacity

Lenses subassembly during the tests in vibration

Delay line and coupling objective during integration

Withdrawal of last protections before launching

Some figures:

A total duration of 1 year for the study, the manufacture and the tests of the flight equipment.

A precision in the time measurement within a few pico seconds.

A working altitude of 1336 km

A 532 nm working wavelength

A compensation of the uniformity of illumination within a few % in the +/- 55°field.

A control of the spectral precision better than 0.3 nm in the temperature range of -20°C/+ 50°C.

A withstanding radiation level of 30 Mrad over a 3 year lifetime.


KOMPSAT 3 MIRRORS

THALES SESO has designed, manufactured, tested (vibrations, thermal vacuum) and delivered the flight model mirrors of KOMPSAT 3 instrument (KARI). The five Mirrors are defined as follows:

- M1 mirror with an external diameter bigger than 800 mm, M1 mirror is lightened with a central hole with a 255mm diameter. The optical face is concave aspherical and on axis.

- M2 mirror with an external diameter

bigger than 200 mm, M2 mirror is lightened with an optical face convex aspherical and on axis.

- M3 mirror is a rectangular concave off-axis lightened mirror of 324 mm x 234 mm dimensions

- M4 mirror is a concave aspherical on axis mirror with a flat cut

- M5 mirror is a rectangular flat mirror of 161 mm x 111 mm dimensions

M1, M2 M3 and M4 mirrors are coated with a protected silver coating. M5 mirror is coated with a dielectric coating.

For this space program THALES SESO has realised a large Cassegrain Collimator for optical

testing purpose (1m-class with lightened optics, Carbon Fibre mechanical Structure, all

vacuum compatible) including also the delivery of a 1m-class autocollimation reference flat

mirror and the isolated supporting Optical Bench.


Motorized flat mirror

Fully integrated Cassegrain collimator

Collimator+Flat mirror installed

onto the supporting bench

Collimator+Flat+Bench installed

inside the vacuum chamber

THALES SESO’ s work :

- Complete optomechanical design (including FEM)

- Complete optical and mechanical manufacturing

- Assembly and tests in THALES SESO’s facilities

- On-site installation + acceptance + training

- Vacuum compatible optical bench and dampers

Cassegrain Collimator performances :

- EFL#30m – Structure length 3200mm

- Useful aperture Ø1000mm

- Mass: total 540kg (structure 320 kg)

- Stability 2µm over 15°C-25°C


IASI HOP TELESCOPE (off-axis parabolic mirrors)

For this program, we designed, developed, manufactured and tested in environment the off-axis parabolic mirrors for spectrometer IASI HOP (ALCATEL). Three flight model sets of two mirrors (each mirror has a diameter of 104mm and 131mm off- axis) were delivered (the last one in 2000). The mounting interface was off- axis.

ETGAR PROJECT - MIRRORS

The three ETGAR Project (ELOP – Israel) mirrors are used for a Korch type telescope. THALES

SESO has manufactured the mirrors on the basis of customer’s specification. THALES SESO

was in charge of lightening, polishing and coating for two flight model sets of three mirrors.

M1 mirror (diameter 700 mm) is a centered aspherical mirror lightened by hexagonal cells

M2 mirror is hyperbolic and has a 164 mm diameter

M3 mirror is an elliptic off-axis mirror

These mirrors have been manufactured with roughness better than 5Å on their whole

surface.

Cavity made of 2 off-axis mirrors under vibration tests

Parabolic off-axis mirrors, 108 mm diameter, off-axis 131 mm

The control of polishing processes,

even on off-axis parts, ensures obtaining a

roughness of 5Å on ETGAR M3 mirror


SPIRALE – MIRRORS SPARES

For this project, THALES SESO has developed the M1 and M2 spare flight model. Both are Zerodur off-axis mirrors integrated on mounts. THALES SESO was in charge of the design, manufacture and test (including vibrations). M1 mirror has a 183 µm (F/0.86) departure (difference versus best fit sphere) and a 160 mm diameter.

Mirror with tilted optical face

compared to the interface plane.

M2 mirror is also an off-axis parabola with 23 mm diameter (F/0.79).

OPTICAL TELECOMMUNICATION

RUAG SPACE AG (formerly known as OERLIKON SPACE AG) is building a high performance space telescope for optical telecommunication with mirrors from THALES SESO. For this project, THALES SESO is in charge of manufacturing all off-axis mirrors which constitute the TMA system.

M1 is an off-axis mirror with a 150 mm diameter, a 286 µm departure and a 12.5 nm rms surface quality.

M2 mirror is off-axis with a 21 mm (F/0.78) diameter.

DIVOLI - SPOT 1 to 4 SATELLITE CAMERA

- Reconstitution of a line of 6000 pixels with 4 CCD

- Distance smaller than 2 µm with respect to a perfect line

- Better resolution on request

Detector linear array


RADIOMETRE METEOSAT

Manufacture of passive cooler components for passive cooling baffling of the Detector Head of the METEOSAT Camera

Cooling to 80 K 5%

SARAL – Corner Cubes

For this project THALES SESO was in charge of the realisation of a retroreflector boarded on the satellite SARAL. LRA (Laser Retroreflector Array) is a passive instrument composed of 9 mirrors reflecting laser beams coming from ground stations located onto the earth globe. The corner cubes are placed into a mechanical housing offering a conical shape. This arrangement is used to reflect the laser beams within an azimuth angle of 360° and 150° on the perpendicular axis. Because of the launch and flight conditions the assembly method had to be robust, stable and precise, as well as compatible with space vacuum and radiations.

The 9 Corner Cubes


LRA CAD view LRA analyses models

LRA deviation (left) and PSF (right)

Some figures: Mechanical characteristics Mass: 1.2 kg Dimensions: Øe163 mm / H66 mm Possible customization

Performances

Deviation: 7.2 arcsec ± 2.4 arcsec

Dihedral angle: 1.6 arcsec ± 0.5 arcsec

Clear aperture: Ø 32 mm

Coating: Enhanced silver

Specific MLI (Multi Layer Insulation)

Grounded

Thermistor equipped


SOLAR SIMULATORS

Large area, UV, IR, Collimated, Double output and high spectral quality Solar Simulators

Customers: ESA, INTA, CNES, AEROSPATIALE, etc …

SOLAR SIMULATORS are designed to reproduce in a laboratory or space

simulation chambers, the conditions outside the Earth’s atmosphere to which

satellites are subjected during orbit. They also can be used in laboratories to

reproduce on Earth solar illumination conditions.

Applications:

- Study of thermal effect of solar radiation on the satellite or its

components

- Testing operation of the various elements using solar radiation as a

source of energy (solar cells) or as means of guidance (accurate sensors)

This simulation technology, completely mastered by THALES SESO, may easily be

adapted to meet the specific needs of a customer.

The optical system has been adapted to provide a uniform collimated beam for

testing solar sighting devices needed to simulate the surface diameter of the sun.


MAIN REFERENCES (IN SPACE)

TELESCOPES, MIRRORS AND LENSES:

- ETGAR Mirrors ELOP - KOMPSAT3 Mirrors - Optical Telecommunication Mirrors

KARI OERLIKON-CONTRAVES

- SPIRALE spare Mirrors THALES ALENIA SPACE - PLEIADES HR - VENUS

ALCATEL ELOP

- IASI HOP Telescope (off-axis parabolic mirrors) ALCATEL - EVRIS Lenses LAS - MIPAS-ENVISAT Telescope - Mock up of Silex Telescope

OERLIKON-CONTRAVES ASTRIUM

- Phobos Telescope LPSP - Giotto and Vega Telescope ESA

CORNER CUBES:

- SARAL Corner Cubes

- HALLOW Corner Cubes

FOCAL PLANE – OTHER COMPONENTS:

CNES

CNES

- GAIA Prisms GALILEO AVIONICA - Spectrometer ALADIN ESA/ASTRIUM/OERLIKON-CONTRAVES - Focal plane mirrors PLEIADES HR SODERN - Focal plane array of HELIOS 1&2 DGA/SODERN - Focal plane array of SPOT 1 to SPOT4 CNES/SODERN

SUNSHADE / BAFFLES:

- IASI Sunshade ALCATEL - ISO Sunshade ALCATEL - Meteosat Cryostat

BERTIN

OGSE:

- Collimator – Flat mirror Ø1m KARI

- Solar Simulator INTA/SPACEBEL/ESA/ISRO/... - OGSE Collimator - OGSE Collimator - Vacuum compatible optical bench

DGA/ALCATEL CSL ESTEC


THALES THALES SESO’s PUBLICATIONS IN SPACE RELATED ACTIVITIES

SOLAR SIMULATOR:

Year Date Place Conference Subject Author 1997 24th-27

th of June

(SP-408 August 97) Noordwjik, The Nederlands

Proc. of the Third Int. Symp. On Environmental Testing for Space Programmes

SOLAR SIMULATOR Michel DETAILLE Alain AUCLAIR

2001 11th-14th

of June Marseille, France Proceedings-ETTC Conference SOLAR SIMULATOR Michel DETAILLE 2008

14

th-19

th of Sep.

Konstanz, Germany

ESCP 08 (8

th European Space

Power Conference)

SOLAR SIMULATOR

A.GRAS

J.M. FERNANDEZ-MARIN J.M. AGUILAR

P. Robert C. Baur

COATING:

Year Date Place Conference Subject Author 2003

29

th of Sep.-3

rd of

October

St.Etienne, France

Optical Systems Design, 2003

R and AR coatings for high power laser and for X, DUV, VIS, IR wavelengths

Serge DUMARTIN Patrick ROBERT Laurent HAYER

2006

27th-30

th of June

Noordwjik, The Nederlands

6

th Conference on Space Optics

ESTEC

Engineering tool for the qualification of optical coatings

Marilyne DAVI Daniel PERRIN

Michel LEQUIME Dominic DOYLE

LIGHTWEIGHTING (Mirrors and Baseplate):


23th-28

th of June

Marseille, France

Astronomical Telescope and Instrumentation

Light and Lightweighted mirrors for Astronomy

Denis FAPPANI

2008

14th-17

th of Sept.

Toulouse, France

ICSO 2008

Innovative lightweight baseplate solution for stable optical benches in Space programs

Elisabetta Rugi Grond

Andreas Herren Stève Mérillat

Jean-Jaques FERME 2010

29th of June-2

nd of

July

San Diego, USA

SPIE Astronomical Instrumentation

Recent Achievements with a Cryogenic Ultra-Lightweighted HB-Cesic Mirror

Matthias R. KRODEL

Peter HOFBAUER Christophe DEVILLIERS

Zoran SODNIK Patrick ROBERT


MANUFACTURING AND POLISHING OF ASPHERICAL MIRRORS:


21st-25

th of June

Glasgow, UK

SPIE 5494-14 Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation

Criterion to appreciate difficulties of spherical polishing

Christian du JEU

2004

12th-13

th of Oct.

Rochester, USA

Conference OPTIFAB 88

th OSA

2004 – 04 – C -1091 - OFT

Criterion on aspherical manufacturing used as guideline for design

Christian du JEU

2008

14

th-17

th of Oct

Toulouse, France

ICSO 2008

Manufacturing&Control of the aspherical mirrors for the telescope of the French satellite Pleides

Hélène DUCOLLET Christian du JEU

Jean-Jacques FERME

OPTICAL CONTACTING:

Year Date Place Conference Subject Author 2003 2010

29st of Sept.-3rd of October 4

th – 08

th of Oct

St. Etienne, France Island of Rhodes, Greece

Optical systems Design 2003 ICSO 2010

Optical Contacting Manufacturing&Test of the spaceborne camera mirrors for Kari’s Satellite

Jean-Jacques FERME

Hélène DUCOLLET Christian du JEU

Dr SEUNG-HOON LEE

CORNER CUBES:


14

th-17

th of Oct.

Toulouse, France

ICSO 2008

High Stability Hollow Corner Cube

Jean-Jacques FERME

2010

4

th -05

th of Oct.

Island of Rhodes, Greece

ICSO 2010 - International Conference on Space Optics

Development of the Laser Retroreflector Array (LRA) for SARAL

Vincent Costes

Karine Gasc Pierre Sengenes Corinne Salcedo

Stephan Imperiali Christian du Jeu


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