Instrument 2012

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InstrumentationPrinciples and Trend

Definition

PrinciplesElements of an Instrument

Trend



Definition

is the science and technology of

complete measurement systems

with which physical quantities are

measured so as to obtain data

which can be transmitted to

recording and display devices.

Instrumentation



Industrial Instrumentation

The application of Instrumentsto a process

for monitoring or measuringits activity

to direct or control it.



Measurable Quantity

Possibility of math operation ( +, - , * , / )

Notion of ratio Notion of measureOther Quantity

Unit Quantity

measure of thatquantity

State 1 of the Quantity

State 2 of the Quantity

Measure 1

Measure 2



• Mechanical Quantities

• Thermal Quantities

• Magnetic Quantities

• Electrical Quantities

• Optical Quantities

• Molecular Quantities

Basic Measurands




Definition


Trend



General Instrumentation

Principle

A Variable, which is to be measured,in some way affects a property of the

instrument causing a change in state.

This change in state must be detectable by

one of the 5 senses. Measurement is

dependent on the relationship of theseinteractions, .i.e., the “physics” of the system.



Some Properties that Change in State• Change in Position

• Change in Shape• Change in Volume

• Change in Concentration

• Change in Resistance• Change in Conductance

• Change in Inductance

• Change in Capacitance• Change in Potential

• Change in Frequency



Some Physics PrinciplesHooke’s Law

Charles and Boyle’s Law

Newton’s Law: Force Balance

Electric Field and Magnetic Field LawsRefraction and Interferometry

Photo voltaic principles



Force Balance Deflection Method

Deflection isproportional to the

weight applied

0

Spring Balance



Force Balance Null Method

Always Useshorizontal

position (nullpoint) to

establish the

weight

Beam Balance



Silicon

Nitride

“Spider Web”

Bolometer



Silicon Leg

“Spider

Web”

Bolometer

LMT/GTM Instrumentation

http://www-lmt.phast.umass.edu/ins/continuum/bolometer-gallery.html



Bolometer Active Element Sensor

LMT/GTM Instrumentation



Semiconductor Gas Sensor

NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio

http://www.lerc.nasa.gov/WWW/chemsensors/chemtea.htm



Silicon Based Gas Sensor

Schottky Diode

NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio



Sensor/Transducer Measurands

Input

Mechanical Thermal Magnetic Electric Optic Molecular

Output

Mechanical Balance Thermometer Magnetometer Electrometers Crooke's Hydrometer Tube

Thermal Calorimeter Calorimeter Eddy Current Peltier Cells Bolometer Combustion

Calorimeter

Magnetic Magneto Paramagnetic Magnetic Electromagnetic Currie Meter NMR

Elastic Devices Recorder transducers

Electric Resistive Polarography

Inductive Thermistor Hall-Effect Transformers Photo Electric potentiometry

Capacitive Thermocouple Photo Resistive Electric fieldPhoto electric

Optic Interferometer Pyranometer Faraday Cell Laser Lenses spectroscopy

Molecular Ultrasonic Thermal Dye Paramagnetic Electrolytic Photographic chemical

Oxygen Cell Cell emulsions indicators



Measurement System

Measurand - is the physical quantity to be

measured

Transducer -converts the physical quantity of one form of energy to another form of energy

(usable form)

Transmission channel - path over which the

signal is conveyed

Signal Processing - process of extracting the

information form a signal




Definition


Trend



Instrumentation System Elements

Transducers

Modifiers

Transmitters

Receivers

Display

Record / Storage



Block Diagram of a MeasuringSystem

Transducer

Signal / Data Processing

Amplification Conversion Filtering

Display Recording

Modifiers



Bourdon

Gauge



Bourdon “C” Gauge

Anatomy

Sensor Transmission Link Rotary Converter

Rotary Amplifier

Spring Force Balance

Display Output

Device



Ellipsometer



Typical Sensors used in Industry

Pressure Sensors

Level Sensors

Flow Sensors

Temperature Sensors

Force, Torque, Speed Sensors

Analytical Sensors




Definition


Trend



Trends

Silicon Technology Based Sensors

Instrumentation Networks

Virtual Instruments

Distributed Control Systems

Icon Based v.s. Script Based ProgrammingOLE for Process Control (OPC)

System on Chip (SOC)



Icon Based Programming




Conclusion



Need Still Higher Efficiency?

LOOK TO INSTRUMENTATION

Continuous operation and automation - the keysto productivity in chemical process plants.

Plants have had to be made not just efficient

but competitive -- and not just domestically

but worldwide.



Responding to the challenge,

engineers have revamped plants wholesale,

• by replacing processing equipment

• by upgrading process instrumentation

Newer, better instruments have become critical• for higher levels of Productivity, Quantity,

Quality, and Optimality

• to meet demands as tighter safety

• to meet environmental regulations.



To boost operating efficiency in process

plants, manufacturers have come up

with new and improved

• sensors,

• controllers,

• process computers,• distributed controllers,

• data-acquisition-and-handling systems,• tools for enhancing process control



Instrumentation systemfacilitates process-control integration

• Makes plant-wide communications possible

• can also reduce installation Costs• Maintenance costs.



The modular architecture allows users:

• to purchase the functionality just needed

to address current needs,

• to later integrate additional hardware andsoftware,

• to build up to a plant-wide managementand information systems.



Scientific Instrument Application

As A Means for study As an Object of study

Instrument 2012

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