International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination

Adopted and opened for signature and ratification by General Assembly resolution 2106 (XX) of 21 December 1965

entry into force 4 January 1969, in accordance with Article 19

The States Parties to this Convention,

Considering that the Charter of the United Nations is based on the principles of the dignity and equality inherent in all human beings, and that all Member States have pledged themselves to take joint and separate action, in co-operation with the Organization, for the achievement of one of the purposes of the United Nations which is to promote and encourage universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion,

Considering that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights proclaims that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights and that everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set out therein, without distinction of any kind, in particular as to race, colour or national origin,

Considering that all human beings are equal before the law and are entitled to equal protection of the law against any discrimination and against any incitement to discrimination,

Considering that the United Nations has condemned colonialism and all practices of segregation and discrimination associated therewith, in whatever form and wherever they exist, and that the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples of 14 December 1960 (General Assembly resolution 1514 (XV)) has affirmed and solemnly proclaimed the necessity of bringing them to a speedy and unconditional end,

Considering that the United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination of 20 November 1963 (General Assembly resolution 1904 (XVIII)) solemnly affirms the necessity of speedily eliminating racial discrimination throughout the world in all its forms and manifestations and of securing understanding of and respect for the dignity of the human person,

Convinced that any doctrine of superiority based on racial differentiation is scientifically false, morally condemnable, socially unjust and dangerous, and that there is no justification for racial discrimination, in theory or in practice, anywhere,

Reaffirming that discrimination between human beings on the grounds of race, colour or ethnic origin is an obstacle to friendly and peaceful relations among nations and is capable of disturbing peace and security among peoples and the harmony of persons living side by side even within one and the same State,

Convinced that the existence of racial barriers is repugnant to the ideals of any human society,

Alarmed by manifestations of racial discrimination still in evidence in some areas of the world and by governmental policies based on racial superiority or hatred, such as policies of apartheid, segregation or separation,

Resolved to adopt all necessary measures for speedily eliminating racial discrimination in all its forms and manifestations, and to prevent and combat racist doctrines and practices in order to promote understanding between races and to build an international community free from all forms of racial segregation and racial discrimination,

Bearing in mind the Convention concerning Discrimination in respect of Employment and Occupation adopted by the International Labour Organisation in 1958, and the Convention against Discrimination in Education adopted by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization in 1960,

Desiring to implement the principles embodied in the United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of Al l Forms of Racial Discrimination and to secure the earliest adoption of practical measures to that end,

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16 December 1966

entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49

Preamble

The States Parties to the present Covenant,

Considering that, in accordance with the principles proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations, recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,

Recognizing that these rights derive from the inherent dignity of the human person,

Recognizing that, in accordance with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the ideal of free human beings enjoying civil and political freedom and freedom from fear and want can only be achieved if conditions are created whereby everyone may enjoy his civil and political rights, as well as his economic, social and cultural rights,

Considering the obligation of States under the Charter of the United Nations to promote universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and freedoms,

Realizing that the individual, having duties to other individuals and to the community to which he belongs, is under a responsibility to strive for the promotion and observance of the rights recognized in the present Covenant,

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16 December 1966

entry into force 3 January 1976, in accordance with article 27

Preamble

The States Parties to the present Covenant,

Considering that, in accordance with the principles proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations, recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,

Recognizing that these rights derive from the inherent dignity of the human person,

Recognizing that, in accordance with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the ideal of free human beings enjoying freedom from fear and want can only be achieved if conditions are created whereby everyone may enjoy his economic, social and cultural rights, as well as his civil and political rights,

Considering the obligation of States under the Charter of the United Nations to promote universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and freedoms,

Realizing that the individual, having duties to other individuals and to the community to which he belongs, is under a responsibility to strive for the promotion and observance of the rights recognized in the present Covenant,

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women New York, 18 December 1979

Introduction

On 18 December 1979, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly. It entered into force as an international treaty on 3 September 1981 after the twentieth country had ratified it. By the tenth anniversary of the Convention in 1989, almost one hundred nations have agreed to be bound by its provisions.

The Convention was the culmination of more than thirty years of work by the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women, a body established in 1946 to monitor the situation of women and to promote women's rights. The Commission's work has been instrumental in bringing to light all the areas in which women are denied equality with men. These efforts for the advancement of women have resulted in several declarations and conventions, of which the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women is the central and most comprehensive document.

Among the international human rights treaties, the Convention takes an important place in bringing the female half of humanity into the focus of human rights concerns. The spirit of the Convention is rooted in the goals of the United Nations: to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity,v and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women. The present document spells out the meaning of equality and how it can be achieved. In so doing, the Convention establishes not only an international bill of rights for women, but also an agenda for action by countries to guarantee the enjoyment of those rights.

In its preamble, the Convention explicitly acknowledges that "extensive discrimination against women continues to exist", and emphasizes that such discrimination "violates the principles of equality of rights and respect for human dignity". As defined in article 1, discrimination is understood as "any distinction, exclusion or restriction made o.1 the basis of sex...in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field". The Convention gives positive affirmation to the principle of equality by requiring States parties to take "all appropriate measures, including legislation, to ensure the full development and advancement of women, for the purpose of guaranteeing them the exercise and enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms on a basis of equality with men"(article 3).

The agenda for equality is specified in fourteen subsequent articles. In its approach, the Convention covers three dimensions of the situation of women. Civil rights and the legal status of women are dealt with in great detail. In addition, and unlike other human rights treaties, the Convention is also concerned with the dimension of human reproduction as well as with the impact of cultural factors on gender relations.

The legal status of women receives the broadest attention. Concern over the basic rights of political participation has not diminished since the adoption of the Convention on the Political Rights of Women in 1952. Its provisions, therefore, are restated in article 7 of the present document, whereby women are guaranteed the rights to vote, to hold public office and to exercise public functions. This includes equal rights for women to represent their countries at the international level (article 8). The Convention on the Nationality of Married Women - adopted in 1957 - is integrated under article 9 providing for the statehood of women, irrespective of their marital status. The Convention, thereby, draws attention to the fact that often women's legal status has been linked to marriage, making them dependent on their husband's nationality rather than individuals in their own right. Articles 10, 11 and 13, respectively, affirm women's rights to non-discrimination in education, employment and economic and social activities. These demands are given special emphasis with regard to the situation of rural women, whose particular struggles and vital economic contributions, as noted in article 14, warrant more attention in policy planning. Article 15 asserts the full equality of women in civil and business matters, demanding that all instruments directed at restricting women's legal capacity ''shall be deemed null and void". Finally, in article 16, the Convention returns to the issue of marriage and family relations, asserting the equal rights and obligations of women and men with regard to choice of spouse, parenthood, personal rights and command over property.

Aside from civil rights issues, the Convention also devotes major attention to a most vital concern of women, namely their reproductive rights. The preamble sets the tone by stating that "the role of women in procreation should not be a basis for discrimination". The link between discrimination and women's reproductive role is a matter of recurrent concern in the Convention. For example, it advocates, in article 5, ''a proper understanding of maternity as a social function", demanding fully shared responsibility for child-rearing by both sexes. Accordingly, provisions for maternity protection and child-care are proclaimed as essential rights and are incorporated into all areas of the Convention, whether dealing with employment, family law, health core or education. Society's obligation extends to offering social services, especially child-care facilities, that allow individuals to combine family responsibilities with work and participation in public life. Special measures for maternity protection are recommended and "shall not be considered discriminatory". (article 4). "The Convention also affirms women's right to reproductive choice. Notably, it is the only human rights treaty to mention family planning. States parties are obliged to include advice on family planning in the education process (article l O.h) and to develop family codes that guarantee women's rights "to decide freely and responsibly on the number and spacing of their children and to hove access to the information, education and means to enable them to exercise these rights" (article 16.e).

The third general thrust of the Convention aims at enlarging our understanding of the concept of human rights, as it gives formal recognition to the influence of culture and tradition on restricting women's enjoyment of their fundamental rights. These forces take shape in stereotypes, customs and norms which give rise to the multitude of legal, political and economic constraints on the advancement of women. Noting this interrelationship, the preamble of the Convention stresses "that a change in the traditional role of men as well as the role of women in society and in the family is needed to achieve full equality of men and women". States parties are therefore obliged to work towards the modification of social and cultural patterns of individual conduct in order to eliminate "prejudices and customary and all other practices which are based on the idea of the inferiority or the superiority of either of the sexes or on stereotyped roles for men and women" (article 5). And Article 1O.c. mandates the revision of textbooks, school programmes and teaching methods with a view to eliminating stereotyped concepts in the field of education. Finally, cultural patterns which define the public realm as a man's world and the domestic sphere as women's domain are strongly targeted in all of the Convention's provisions that affirm the equal responsibilities of both sexes in family life and their equal rights with regard to education and employment. Altogether, the Convention provides a comprehensive framework for challenging the various forces that have created and sustained discrimination based upon sex.

The implementation of the Convention is monitored by the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). The Committee's mandate and the administration of the treaty are defined in the Articles 17 to 30 of the Convention. The Committee is composed of 23 experts nominated by their Governments and elected by the States parties as individuals "of high moral standing and competence in the field covered by the Convention".

At least every four years, the States parties are expected to submit a national report to the Committee, indicating the measures they have adopted to give effect to the provisions of the Convention. During its annual session, the Committee members discuss these reports with the Government representatives and explore with them areas for further action by the specific country. The Committee also makes general recommendations to the States parties on matters concerning the elimination of discrimination against women.

The full text of the Convention is set out herein:

CONVENTION ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS OF DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN

The States Parties to the present Convention,

Noting that the Charter of the United Nations reaffirms faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person and in the equal rights of men and women,

Noting that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights affirms the principle of the inadmissibility of discrimination and proclaims that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights and that everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth therein, without distinction of any kind, including distinction based on sex,

Noting that the States Parties to the International Covenants on Human Rights have the obligation to ensure the equal rights of men and women to enjoy all economic, social, cultural, civil and political rights,

Considering the international conventions concluded under the auspices of the United Nations and the specialized agencies promoting equality of rights of men and women,

Noting also the resolutions, declarations and recommendations adopted by the United Nations and the specialized agencies promoting equality of rights of men and women,

Concerned, however, that despite these various instruments extensive discrimination against women continues to exist,

Recalling that discrimination against women violates the principles of equality of rights and respect for human dignity, is an obstacle to the participation of women, on equal terms with men, in the political, social, economic and cultural life of their countries, hampers the growth of the prosperity of society and the family and makes more difficult the full development of the potentialities of women in the service of their countries and of humanity,

Concerned that in situations of poverty women have the least access to food, health, education, training and opportunities for employment and other needs,

Convinced that the establishment of the new international economic order based on equity and justice will contribute significantly towards the promotion of equality between men and women,

Emphasizing that the eradication of apartheid, all forms of racism, racial discrimination, colonialism, neo-colonialism, aggression, foreign occupation and domination and interference in the internal affairs of States is essential to the full enjoyment of the rights of men and women,

Affirming that the strengthening of international peace and security, the relaxation of international tension, mutual co-operation among all States irrespective of their social and economic systems, general and complete disarmament, in particular nuclear disarmament under strict and effective international control, the affirmation of the principles of justice, equality and mutual benefit in relations among countries and the realization of the right of peoples under alien and colonial domination and foreign occupation to self-determination and independence, as well as respect for national sovereignty and territorial integrity, will promote social progress and development and as a consequence will contribute to the attainment of full equality between men and women,

Convinced that the full and complete development of a country, the welfare of the world and the cause of peace require the maximum participation of women on equal terms with men in all fields,

Bearing in mind the great contribution of women to the welfare of the family and to the development of society, so far not fully recognized, the social significance of maternity and the role of both parents in the family and in the upbringing of children, and aware that the role of women in procreation should not be a basis for discrimination but that the upbringing of children requires a sharing of responsibility between men and women and society as a whole,

Aware that a change in the traditional role of men as well as the role of women in society and in the family is needed to achieve full equality between men and women,

Determined to implement the principles set forth in the Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women and, for that purpose, to adopt the measures required for the elimination of such discrimination in all its forms and manifestations,

Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment

Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 39/46 of 10 December 1984 

entry into force 26 June 1987, in accordance with article 27 (1)

The States Parties to this Convention,

Considering that, in accordance with the principles proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations, recognition of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,

Recognizing that those rights derive from the inherent dignity of the human person,

Considering the obligation of States under the Charter, in particular Article 55, to promote universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms,

Having regard to article 5 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and article 7 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, both of which provide that no one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment,

Having regard also to the Declaration on the Protection of All Persons from Being Subjected to Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, adopted by the General Assembly on 9 December 1975,

Desiring to make more effective the struggle against torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment throughout the world,

Convention on the Rights of the Child

Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 44/25 of 20 November 1989 

entry into force 2 September 1990, in accordance with article 49

Preamble

The States Parties to the present Convention,

Considering that, in accordance with the principles proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations, recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,

Bearing in mind that the peoples of the United Nations have, in the Charter, reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights and in the dignity and worth of the human person, and have determined to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom,

Recognizing that the United Nations has, in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in the International Covenants on Human Rights, proclaimed and agreed that everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth therein, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status,

Recalling that, in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the United Nations has proclaimed that childhood is entitled to special care and assistance,

Convinced that the family, as the fundamental group of society and the natural environment for the growth and well-being of all its members and particularly children, should be afforded the necessary protection and assistance so that it can fully assume its responsibilities within the community,

Recognizing that the child, for the full and harmonious development of his or her personality, should grow up in a family environment, in an atmosphere of happiness, love and understanding,

Considering that the child should be fully prepared to live an individual life in society, and brought up in the spirit of the ideals proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations, and in particular in the spirit of peace, dignity, tolerance, freedom, equality and solidarity,

Bearing in mind that the need to extend particular care to the child has been stated in the Geneva Declaration of the Rights of the Child of 1924 and in the Declaration of the Rights of the Child adopted by the General Assembly on 20 November 1959 and recognized in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (in particular in articles 23 and 24), in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (in particular in article 10) and in the statutes and relevant instruments of specialized agencies and international organizations concerned with the welfare of children,

Bearing in mind that, as indicated in the Declaration of the Rights of the Child, "the child, by reason of his physical and mental immaturity, needs special safeguards and care, including appropriate legal protection, before as well as after birth",

Recalling the provisions of the Declaration on Social and Legal Principles relating to the Protection and Welfare of Children, with Special Reference to Foster Placement and Adoption Nationally and Internationally; the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice (The Beijing Rules); and the Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed Conflict, Recognizing that, in all countries in the world, there are children living in exceptionally difficult conditions, and that such children need special consideration,

Taking due account of the importance of the traditions and cultural values of each people for the protection and harmonious development of the child, Recognizing the importance of international co-operation for improving the living conditions of children in every country, in particular in the developing countries,

International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families

Adopted by General Assembly resolution 45/158 of 18 December 1990

Preamble

The States Parties to the present Convention,

Taking into account the principles embodied in the basic instruments of the United Nations concerning human rights, in particular the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and the Convention on the Rights of the Child,

Taking into account also the principles and standards set forth in the relevant instruments elaborated within the framework of the International Labour Organisation, especially the Convention concerning Migration for Employment (No. 97), the Convention concerning Migrations in Abusive Conditions and the Promotion of Equality of Opportunity and Treatment of Migrant Workers (No.143), the Recommendation concerning Migration for Employment (No. 86), the Recommendation concerning Migrant Workers (No.151), the Convention concerning Forced or Compulsory Labour (No. 29) and the Convention concerning Abolition of Forced Labour (No. 105), Reaffirming the importance of the principles contained in the Convention against Discrimination in Education of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization,

Recalling the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, the Declaration of the Fourth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, the Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials, and the Slavery Conventions,

Recalling that one of the objectives of the International Labour Organisation, as stated in its Constitution, is the protection of the interests of workers when employed in countries other than their own, and bearing in mind the expertise and experience of that organization in matters related to migrant workers and members of their families,

Recognizing the importance of the work done in connection with migrant workers and members of their families in various organs of the United Nations, in particular in the Commission on Human Rights and the Commission for Social Development, and in the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and the World Health Organization, as well as in other international organizations,

Recognizing also the progress made by certain States on a regional or bilateral basis towards the protection of the rights of migrant workers and members of their families, as well as the importance and usefulness of bilateral and multilateral agreements in this field,

Realizing the importance and extent of the migration phenomenon, which involves millions of people and affects a large number of States in the international community,

Aware of the impact of the flows of migrant workers on States and people concerned, and desiring to establish norms which may contribute to the harmonization of the attitudes of States through the acceptance of basic principles concerning the treatment of migrant workers and members of their families,

Considering the situation of vulnerability in which migrant workers and members of their families frequently-find themselves owing, among other things, to their absence from their State of origin and to the difficulties they may encounter arising from their presence in the State of employment,

Convinced that the rights of migrant workers and members of their families have not been sufficiently recognized everywhere and therefore require appropriate international protection,

Taking into account the fact that migration is often the cause of serious problems for the members of the families of migrant workers as well as for the workers themselves, in particular because of the scattering of the family,

Bearing in mind that the human problems involved in migration are even more serious in the case of irregular migration and convinced therefore that appropriate action should be encouraged in order to

prevent and eliminate clandestine movements and trafficking in migrant workers, while at the same time assuring the protection of their fundamental human rights,

Considering that workers who are non-documented or in an irregular situation are frequently employed under less favourable conditions of work than other workers and that certain employers find this an inducement to seek such labour in order to reap the benefits of unfair competition,

Considering also that recourse to the employment of migrant workers who are in an irregular situation will be discouraged if the fundamental human rights of all migrant workers are more widely recognized and, moreover, that granting certain additional rights to migrant workers and members of their families in a regular situation will encourage all migrants and employers to respect and comply with the laws and procedures established by the States concerned,

Convinced, therefore, of the need to bring about the international protection of the rights of all migrant workers and members of their families, reaffirming and establishing basic norms in a comprehensive convention which could be applied universally,

Have agreed as follows:

International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance

Preamble

The States Parties to this Convention,

Considering the obligation of States under the Charter of the United Nations to promote universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms,

Having regard to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,

Recalling the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the other relevant international instruments in the fields of human rights, humanitarian law and international criminal law,

Also recalling the Declaration on the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations in its resolution 47/133 of 18 December 1992 ,

Aware of the extreme seriousness of enforced disappearance, which constitutes a crime and, in certain circumstances defined in international law, a crime against humanity,

Determined to prevent enforced disappearances and to combat impunity for the crime of enforced disappearance,

Considering the right of any person not to be subjected to enforced disappearance, the right of victims to justice and to reparation,

Affirming the right of any victim to know the truth about the circumstances of an enforced disappearance and the fate of the disappeared person, and the right to freedom to seek, receive and impart information to this end,

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

Preamble Article 1 - Purpose Article 2 - Definitions Article 3   - General principles  Article 4 - General obligations Article 5 - Equality and non-discrimination 

Article 6 - Women with disabilities Article 7 - Children with disabilities Article 8 - Awareness-raising Article 9 - Accessibility Article 10 - Right to life Article 11 - Situations of risk and humanitarian emergencies Article 12 - Equal recognition before the law Article 13 - Access to justice Article 14 - Liberty and security of the person Article 15 - Freedom from torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment Article 16 - Freedom from exploitation, violence and abuse Article 17 - Protecting the integrity of the person Article 18 - Liberty of movement and nationality Article 19 - Living independently and being included in the community Article 20 - Personal mobility Article 21 - Freedom of expression and opinion, and access to information Article 22 - Respect for privacy Article 23 - Respect for and the family Article 24 - Education Article 25 - Health Article 26 - Habilitation and rehabilitation Article 27 - Work and employment Article 28 - Adequate standard of living and social protection Article 29 - Participation in political and public life Article 30 - Participation in cultural life, recreation, leisure and sport Article 31 - Statistics and data collection Article 32 - International cooperation Article 33 - National implementation and monitoring Article 34 - Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Article 35 - Reports by States Parties Article 36 - Consideration of reports Article 37 - Cooperation between States Parties and the Committee Article 38 - Relationship of the Committee with other bodies Article 39 - Report of the Committee Article 40 - Conference of States Parties Article 41 - Depositary Article 42 - Signature Article 43 - Consent to be bound Article 44 - Regional integration organizations Article 45 - Entry into force Article 46 - Reservations Article 47 - Amendments Article 48 - Denunciation Article 49 - Accessible format Article 50 - Authentic texts

Preamble The States Parties to the present Convention,

(a) Recalling the principles proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations which recognize the inherent dignity and worth and the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family as the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,

(b) Recognizing that the United Nations, in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in the International Covenants on Human Rights, has proclaimed and agreed that everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth therein, without distinction of any kind,

(c) Reaffirming the universality, indivisibility, interdependence and interrelatedness of all human rights and fundamental freedoms and the need for persons with disabilities to be guaranteed their full enjoyment without discrimination,

(d) Recalling the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families,

(e) Recognizing that disability is an evolving concept and that disability results from the interaction between persons with impairments and attitudinal and environmental barriers that hinders their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others,

(f) Recognizing the importance of the principles and policy guidelines contained in the World Programme of Action concerning Disabled Persons and in the Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities in influencing the promotion, formulation and evaluation of the policies, plans, programmes and actions at the national, regional and international levels to further equalize opportunities for persons with disabilities,

(g) Emphasizing the importance of mainstreaming disability issues as an integral part of relevant strategies of sustainable development,

(h) Recognizing also that discrimination against any person on the basis of disability is a violation of the inherent dignity and worth of the human person,

(i) Recognizing further the diversity of persons with disabilities,

(j) Recognizing the need to promote and protect the human rights of all persons with disabilities, including those who require more intensive support,

(k) Concerned that, despite these various instruments and undertakings, persons with disabilities continue to face barriers in their participation as equal members of society and violations of their human rights in all parts of the world,

(l) Recognizing the importance of international cooperation for improving the living conditions of persons with disabilities in every country, particularly in developing countries,

(m) Recognizing the valued existing and potential contributions made by persons with disabilities to the overall well-being and diversity of their communities, and that the promotion of the full enjoyment by persons with disabilities of their human rights and fundamental freedoms and of full participation by persons with disabilities will result in their enhanced sense of belonging and in significant advances in the human, social and economic development of society and the eradication of poverty,

(n) Recognizing the importance for persons with disabilities of their individual autonomy and independence, including the freedom to make their own choices,

(o) Considering that persons with disabilities should have the opportunity to be actively involved in decision-making processes about policies and programmes, including those directly concerning them,

(p) Concerned about the difficult conditions faced by persons with disabilities who are subject to multiple or aggravated forms of discrimination on the basis of race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national, ethnic, indigenous or social origin, property, birth, age or other status,

(q) Recognizing that women and girls with disabilities are often at greater risk, both within and outside the of violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploitation,

(r) Recognizing that children with disabilities should have full enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms on an equal basis with other children, and recalling obligations to that end undertaken by States Parties to the Convention on the Rights of the Child,

(s) Emphasizing the need to incorporate a gender perspective in all efforts to promote the full enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms by persons with disabilities,

(t) Highlighting the fact that the majority of persons with disabilities live in conditions of poverty, and in this regard recognizing the critical need to address the negative impact of poverty on persons with disabilities,

(u) Bearing in mind that conditions of peace and security based on full respect for the purposes and principles contained in the Charter of the United Nations and observance of applicable human rights instruments are indispensable for the full protection of persons with disabilities, in particular during armed conflicts and foreign occupation,

(v) Recognizing the importance of accessibility to the physical, social, economic and cultural environment, to health and education and to information and communication, in enabling persons with disabilities to fully enjoy all human rights and fundamental freedoms,

(w) Realizing that the individual, having duties to other individuals and to the community to which he or she belongs, is under a responsibility to strive for the promotion and observance of the rights recognized in the International Bill of Human Rights,

(x) Convinced that the family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the State, and that persons with disabilities and their family members should receive the necessary protection and assistance to enable families to contribute towards the full and equal enjoyment of the rights of persons with disabilities,

(y) Convinced that a comprehensive and integral international convention to promote and protect the rights and dignity of persons with disabilities will make a significant contribution to redressing the profound social disadvantage of persons with disabilities and promote their participation in the civil, political, economic, social and cultural spheres with equal opportunities, in both developing and developed countries,

BMKonvensyen Antarabangsa mengenai Penghapusan Semua Bentuk Diskriminasi Kaum

Angkat dan dibuka untuk tandatangan dan pengesahan oleh Perhimpunan Agung resolusi 2106 (XX) daripada Disember 21, 1965

berkuatkuasa 4 Jan 1969 , mengikut Perkara 19

Parti-Parti Negara kepada Konvensyen ini,

Memandangkan Piagam Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu adalah berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip maruah dan kesaksamaan wujud dalam semua manusia, dan semua Negara Anggota telah berikrar untuk mengambil tindakan bersama dan berasingan, dengan kerjasama dengan Pertubuhan , untuk pencapaian salah satu tujuan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu iaitu untuk mempromosi dan menggalakkan kehormatan sejagat terhadap, serta pematuhan hak asasi manusia dan kebebasan asasi untuk semua, tanpa membezakan kaum, jantina , bahasa atau agama ,

Memandangkan bahawa Perisytiharan Hak Asasi Manusia menyatakan bahawa semua manusia dilahirkan bebas dan samarata dari segi kemuliaan dan hak-hak dan semua orang yang berhak kepada semua hak-hak dan kebebasan yang di dalamnya , tanpa sebarang apa jua pembezaan , khususnya kerana bangsa, warna atau negara asal,

Memandangkan bahawa semua manusia adalah sama di sisi undang-undang dan berhak mendapat perlindungan yang sama undang-undang terhadap mana-mana diskriminasi dan daripada sebarang hasutan terhadap diskriminasi,

Memandangkan bahawa PBB telah mengutuk penjajahan dan semua amalan pengasingan dan diskriminasi yang dikaitkan dengannya, dalam apa jua bentuk dan di mana sahaja mereka wujud , dan bahawa Deklarasi Pemberian Kemerdekaan ke Negara-negara Jajahan dan Rakyat 14 Disember 1960 ( Perhimpunan Agung resolusi 1514 ( XV )) telah diperakui dan dengan penuh upacara keperluan membawa mereka ke akhir yang cepat dan tanpa syarat ,

Memandangkan bahawa Deklarasi PBB mengenai Penghapusan Semua Bentuk Diskriminasi Kaum daripada 20 November 1963 (Perhimpunan Agung resolusi 1904 ( XVIII )) sesungguhnya mengesahkan keperluan segera menghapuskan diskriminasi kaum di seluruh dunia dalam semua bentuk dan manifestasinya dan untuk mendapatkan pemahaman dan menghormati maruah diri manusia ,

Yakin bahawa apa-apa doktrin keunggulan berdasarkan pembezaan kaum adalah secara saintifik palsu, dari segi moral keji , tidak adil dari segi sosial dan berbahaya, dan bahawa tidak ada justifikasi untuk diskriminasi kaum , dalam teori atau amalan, mana-mana,

Menegaskan bahawa diskriminasi antara manusia atas alasan bangsa, warna kulit atau asal etnik adalah penghalang kepada hubungan mesra dan aman di kalangan negara-negara dan mampu mengganggu keamanan dan keselamatan di kalangan rakyat dan keharmonian orang sebelah menyebelah hidup walaupun dalam satu dan Negeri sama,

Yakin bahawa kewujudan halangan kaum ini adalah menjijikkan cita-cita mana-mana masyarakat manusia,

Bimbang dengan manifestasi diskriminasi kaum masih dalam bukti di beberapa kawasan di dunia dan oleh dasar-dasar kerajaan berdasarkan keunggulan kaum atau kebencian , seperti polisi aparteid , pengasingan atau perpisahan,

Memutuskan untuk menerima segala langkah yang perlu untuk cepat menghapuskan diskriminasi kaum dalam segala bentuk dan manifestasinya, dan untuk mencegah dan memerangi doktrin-doktrin dan amalan perkauman bagi menggalakkan persefahaman antara kaum dan membina sebuah masyarakat antarabangsa bebas daripada segala bentuk pengasingan kaum dan diskriminasi kaum ,

Mengingati Konvensyen mengenai Diskriminasi berkenaan dengan Pekerjaan dan Pekerjaan yang diterima pakai oleh Pertubuhan Buruh Antarabangsa pada tahun 1958, dan Konvensyen terhadap Diskriminasi dalam Pendidikan yang diterima pakai oleh United Nations Educational, Saintifik dan Kebudayaan pada tahun 1960,

Dengan hasrat untuk melaksanakan prinsip-prinsip yang terkandung dalam Perisytiharan Pertubuhan Bangsa Bersatu mengenai Penghapusan Al l Bentuk Diskriminasi Kaum dan untuk menjamin penerimaan terawal langkah-langkah praktikal untuk itu ,

Perjanjian Antarabangsa mengenai Hak Sivil dan Politik

Angkat dan dibuka untuk tandatangan, pengesahan dan kesertaan oleh Perhimpunan Agung resolusi 2200A ( XXI ) daripada 16 Dis 1966

berkuatkuasa 23 Mac 1976 , selaras dengan Perkara 49

Mukadimah

Negara Pihak Perjanjian ini,

Mengambil kira bahawa, selaras dengan prinsip-prinsip diisytiharkan dalam Piagam Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu , pengiktirafan keutuhan kemuliaan dan hak sama rata dan tidak terpisah bagi seluruh umat manusia adalah asas kebebasan , keadilan dan keamanan di dunia,

Menyedari bahawa hak-hak ini berasal dari kemuliaan seseorang manusia ,

Menyedari bahawa, selaras dengan Deklarasi Hak Asasi Manusia Sejagat , yang ideal manusia bebas menikmati kebebasan sivil dan politik dan kebebasan daripada ketakutan dan mahu hanya boleh dicapai jika keadaan dicipta di mana setiap orang boleh menikmati hak-hak sivil dan politik beliau, serta sebagai hak-hak ekonomi , sosial dan kebudayaan beliau,

Memandangkan kewajipan Syarikat di bawah Piagam Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu untuk menggalakkan kehormatan sejagat terhadap , serta pematuhan, hak asasi manusia dan kebebasan ,

Menyedari bahawa individu, yang mempunyai kewajipan kepada individu lain dan kepada masyarakat yang dianggotainya , adalah di bawah tanggungjawab untuk berusaha untuk promosi dan pemeliharaan hak-hak yang diiktiraf dalam Perjanjian ini,

Perjanjian Antarabangsa mengenai Hak Ekonomi , Sosial dan Kebudayaan

Angkat dan dibuka untuk tandatangan, pengesahan dan kesertaan oleh Perhimpunan Agung resolusi 2200A ( XXI ) daripada 16 Dis 1966

berkuatkuasa 3 Jan 1976 , selaras dengan artikel 27

Mukadimah

Negara Pihak Perjanjian ini,

Mengambil kira bahawa, selaras dengan prinsip-prinsip diisytiharkan dalam Piagam Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu , pengiktirafan keutuhan kemuliaan dan hak sama rata dan tidak terpisah bagi seluruh umat manusia adalah asas kebebasan , keadilan dan keamanan di dunia,

Menyedari bahawa hak-hak ini berasal dari kemuliaan seseorang manusia ,

Menyedari bahawa, selaras dengan Deklarasi Hak Asasi Manusia Sejagat , yang ideal manusia bebas menikmati kebebasan dari rasa takut dan mahu hanya boleh dicapai jika keadaan dicipta di mana setiap orang boleh menikmati hak-hak ekonomi , sosial dan kebudayaan beliau , dan juga sivil dan hak-hak politik,

Memandangkan kewajipan Syarikat di bawah Piagam Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu untuk menggalakkan kehormatan sejagat terhadap , serta pematuhan, hak asasi manusia dan kebebasan ,

Menyedari bahawa individu, yang mempunyai kewajipan kepada individu lain dan kepada masyarakat yang dianggotainya , adalah di bawah tanggungjawab untuk berusaha untuk promosi dan pemeliharaan hak-hak yang diiktiraf dalam Perjanjian ini,

Konvensyen Penghapusan Semua Bentuk Diskriminasi terhadap Wanita New York, 18 Disember 1979

Pengenalan

Pada 18 Disember 1979, Konvensyen Mengenai Penghapusan Semua Bentuk Diskriminasi terhadap Wanita telah diterima pakai oleh Perhimpunan Agung Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu . Ia mula berkuat kuasa perjanjian antarabangsa pada 3 September 1981 selepas negara kedua puluh telah mengesahkannya . Menjelang ulang tahun kesepuluh Konvensyen pada tahun 1989 , hampir seratus negara telah bersetuju untuk terikat dengan peruntukannya.

Konvensyen ini adalah kemuncak kepada lebih daripada tiga puluh tahun kerja oleh Suruhanjaya Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu Mengenai Taraf Wanita, suatu badan yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1946 untuk memantau keadaan wanita dan menggalakkan hak-hak wanita . Kerja-kerja ini Suruhanjaya telah memainkan peranan penting dalam membawa untuk menyalakan semua kawasan di mana wanita hak persamaan dengan lelaki. Usaha-usaha untuk kemajuan wanita telah menyebabkan beberapa deklarasi dan konvensyen , di mana Konvensyen Mengenai Penghapusan Semua Bentuk Diskriminasi terhadap Wanita adalah dokumen yang tengah dan yang paling menyeluruh.

Antara perjanjian hak asasi manusia antarabangsa , Konvensyen mengambil tempat yang penting dalam membawa separuh perempuan manusia ke dalam fokus kebimbangan hak asasi manusia. Semangat Konvensyen berakar umbi dalam matlamat Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu : untuk mengesahkan iman di dalam hak-hak asasi manusia, terhadap kemuliaan , v dan nilai diri manusia, hak-hak sama rata lelaki dan wanita. Dokumen bertajuk menyatakan makna kesaksamaan dan bagaimana ia boleh dicapai. Dengan berbuat demikian, Konvensyen menetapkan bukan sahaja bil antarabangsa hak untuk wanita, tetapi juga agenda tindakan oleh negara-negara untuk menjamin yang dinikmati itu hak.

Dalam mukadimah itu , Konvensyen dengan jelas mengakui bahawa "diskriminasi yang meluas terhadap wanita terus wujud ", dan menekankan bahawa diskriminasi itu "melanggar prinsip-prinsip kesaksamaan hak dan maruah manusia" . Sebagaimana yang ditakrifkan dalam artikel 1 , diskriminasi difahami sebagai " sebarang pembezaan, pengecualian atau sekatan yang dibuat o.1 dasar seks ... dalam bidang politik, ekonomi , sosial, budaya , sivil atau mana-mana" . Konvensyen ini memberikan ikrar positif kepada prinsip kesaksamaan dengan menghendaki pihak kepada mengambil "semua langkah yang sesuai , termasuk perundangan, untuk memastikan pembangunan penuh dan kemajuan wanita, bagi tujuan menjamin mereka menjalankan dan penikmatan hak-hak dan kebebasan asasi manusia atas dasar kesaksamaan dengan lelaki " (artikel 3).

Agenda untuk kesaksamaan dinyatakan dalam empat belas artikel berikutnya. Dalam pendekatannya, Konvensyen meliputi tiga dimensi keadaan wanita . Hak-hak sivil dan status undang-undang wanita diuruskan dengan terperinci. Di samping itu, dan tidak seperti perjanjian hak asasi

manusia, Konvensyen juga mengambil berat dengan dimensi pembiakan manusia dan juga dengan kesan faktor budaya mengenai hubungan gender.

Status undang-undang wanita menerima perhatian yang luas. Kebimbangan mengenai hak-hak asas penyertaan politik tidak berkurangan sejak pakai Konvensyen Hak Politik Wanita pada tahun 1952. Peruntukannya, oleh itu, adalah dinyatakan semula dalam artikel 7 dokumen ini, di mana wanita yang dijamin hak untuk mengundi, untuk memegang jawatan awam dan menjalankan fungsi-fungsi awam. Ini termasuk hak-hak yang sama bagi wanita untuk mewakili negara mereka di peringkat antarabangsa (artikel 8). Konvensyen Warganegara Berkahwin Wanita - pakai pada tahun 1957 - adalah bersepadu di bawah Artikel 9 mengadakan peruntukan bagi kenegaraan wanita, tanpa mengira status perkahwinan mereka. Konvensyen, dengan itu , menarik perhatian kepada fakta yang sering status undang-undang wanita telah dikaitkan dengan perkahwinan , menjadikan mereka bergantung kepada kewarganegaraan suami mereka bukan individu dalam hak mereka sendiri . Artikel 10, 11 dan 13, masing-masing, mengesahkan hak-hak wanita kepada bukan diskriminasi dalam pendidikan, pekerjaan dan aktiviti ekonomi dan sosial. Tuntutan-tuntutan ini diberi penekanan dengan mengambil kira situasi wanita luar bandar , yang perjuangan dan sumbangan ekonomi yang penting tertentu , seperti yang dinyatakan dalam artikel 14, waran perhatian yang lebih dalam perancangan dasar . Perkara 15 menegaskan kesaksamaan wanita sepenuhnya dalam perkara sivil dan perniagaan , menuntut semua instrumen ditujukan menyekat keupayaan undang-undang '' wanita hendaklah dianggap tidak sah dan tidak sah ". Akhir sekali , dalam artikel 16 , Konvensyen kembali ke isu perkahwinan dan keluarga hubungan, yang menegaskan hak-hak yang sama dan tanggungjawab wanita dan lelaki dengan mengambil kira pilihan pasangan, zuriat , hak peribadi dan perintah ke atas harta.

Selain daripada isu-isu hak asasi, Konvensyen juga menumpukan perhatian utama kepada satu kebimbangan yang paling penting wanita, iaitu hak-hak reproduktif mereka. Mukadimah menetapkan nada dengan menyatakan bahawa " peranan wanita dalam aktiviti seksual tidak seharusnya menjadi asas bagi diskriminasi" . Kaitan antara diskriminasi dan peranan pembiakan wanita adalah satu perkara yang membimbangkan berulang dalam Konvensyen. Sebagai contoh, ia menyokong , dalam artikel 5, '' pemahaman yang betul bersalin sebagai fungsi sosial " , menuntut tanggungjawab bersama sepenuhnya untuk kanak-kanak penternakan oleh kedua-dua jantina . Oleh itu, peruntukan bagi perlindungan bersalin dan penjagaan kanak-kanak adalah diisytiharkan sebagai hak penting dan dimasukkan ke dalam semua bidang Konvensyen, sama ada berurusan dengan pekerjaan, undang-undang keluarga , teras kesihatan atau pendidikan. kewajipan Persatuan meliputi menawarkan perkhidmatan sosial, terutamanya kemudahan penjagaan kanak-kanak , yang membolehkan individu untuk menggabungkan tanggungjawab keluarga dengan kerja dan penyertaan di khalayak ramai kehidupan. langkah-langkah khas untuk perlindungan bersalin disyorkan dan " tidak boleh dianggap diskriminasi ". (Artikel 4). " Konvensyen juga mengesahkan hak wanita untuk pilihan pembiakan. Paling ketara, ia adalah satu-satunya perjanjian hak asasi manusia lagi perancangan keluarga. Negara pihak diwajibkan untuk termasuk nasihat mengenai perancangan keluarga dalam proses pendidikan (artikel l Oh ) dan untuk membangunkan Kod keluarga yang menjamin hak-hak wanita " untuk membuat keputusan secara bebas dan bertanggungjawab ke atas bilangan dan jarak anak-anak mereka dan Hove akses kepada maklumat, pendidikan dan cara untuk membolehkan mereka menggunakan hak-hak " (artikel 16.e ).

Teras umum ketiga Konvensyen bertujuan membesarkan pemahaman kita tentang konsep hak asasi manusia, kerana ia memberi pengiktirafan rasmi kepada pengaruh budaya dan tradisi di menyekat keseronokan wanita hak-hak asasi mereka. Kuasa-kuasa ini mengambil bentuk dalam stereotaip , adat dan norma-norma yang menimbulkan pelbagai kekangan undang-undang, politik dan ekonomi ke atas kemajuan wanita . Menyedari perhubungan ini, mukadimah Konvensyen menekankan " bahawa perubahan dalam peranan tradisional lelaki serta peranan wanita dalam masyarakat dan dalam keluarga diperlukan untuk mencapai kesaksamaan penuh dengan lelaki dan wanita" . Oleh itu Negara pihak diwajibkan untuk berusaha ke arah pengubahsuaian corak sosial dan budaya kelakuan individu untuk menghapuskan " prejudis dan adat dan semua amalan-amalan lain yang berdasarkan kepada idea rendah diri atau keunggulan sama ada daripada jantina atau stereotaip peranan untuk lelaki dan wanita " (artikel 5). Dan Perkara 1O.c. mandat semakan buku teks, program-program sekolah dan kaedah pengajaran dengan tujuan untuk menghapuskan konsep stereotaip dalam bidang pendidikan. Akhir sekali , corak budaya yang mentakrifkan alam awam sebagai seorang lelaki terhebat dunia dan sfera domestik sebagai domain wanita amat disasarkan dalam semua peruntukan Konvensyen ini yang mengesahkan tanggungjawab yang sama kedua-dua jantina dalam kehidupan keluarga dan hak-hak yang sama mereka berhubung dengan pendidikan dan pekerjaan . Secara keseluruhannya , Konvensyen menyediakan satu rangka kerja yang komprehensif untuk mencabar pelbagai kuasa yang telah mencipta dan mengekalkan diskriminasi berdasarkan jantina.

Pelaksanaan Konvensyen dipantau oleh Jawatankuasa Penghapusan Diskriminasi terhadap Wanita (CEDAW). Mandat Jawatankuasa dan pentadbiran perjanjian itu ditakrifkan dalam Artikel 17 hingga 30 Konvensyen. Jawatankuasa ini terdiri daripada 23 pakar-pakar yang dinamakan oleh Kerajaan mereka dan dipilih oleh pihak-pihak Syarikat sebagai individu " yang mempunyai pendirian moral yang tinggi dan kecekapan dalam bidang yang diliputi oleh Konvensyen" .

Sekurang-kurangnya setiap empat tahun , pihak-pihak Amerika dijangka mengemukakan laporan kebangsaan kepada Jawatankuasa , menunjukkan langkah-langkah yang mereka telah menerima pakai untuk memberi kesan kepada peruntukan Konvensyen. Semasa sesi tahunan , ahli-ahli Jawatankuasa membincangkan laporan ini dengan wakil-wakil Kerajaan dan meneroka kawasan-kawasan dengan mereka untuk tindakan selanjutnya oleh negara tertentu. Jawatankuasa juga membuat cadangan umum kepada Negara pihak pada perkara yang berkenaan dengan penghapusan diskriminasi terhadap wanita.

Teks penuh Konvensyen itu yang dinyatakan di sini :

KONVENSYEN MENGENAI PENGHAPUSAN SEGALA BENTUK DISKRIMINASI TERHADAP WANITA

Parti-Parti Negara kepada Konvensyen ini ,

Menyedari bahawa Piagam Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu mengesahkan iman di dalam hak-hak asasi manusia, terhadap kemuliaan serta nilai diri manusia dan terhadap hak sama rata lelaki dan wanita,

Menyedari bahawa Perisytiharan Hak Asasi Manusia mengesahkan prinsip yang tak dpt diterima diskriminasi dan mengisytiharkan bahawa semua manusia dilahirkan bebas dan samarata dari segi kemuliaan dan hak-hak dan bahawa setiap orang adalah berhak kepada semua hak-hak dan

kebebasan yang termaktub di dalamnya, tanpa perbezaan apa-apa jenis , termasuk perbezaan berdasarkan jantina,

Menyedari bahawa Negara-Negara Pihak kepada Perjanjian-perjanjian Antarabangsa mengenai Hak Asasi Manusia mempunyai kewajipan bagi memastikan hak sama rata lelaki dan wanita untuk menikmati semua hak ekonomi, sosial, budaya , sivil dan politik,

Memandangkan konvensyen antarabangsa yang dibuat di bawah naungan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu dan agensi-agensi khusus mempromosikan kesamarataan hak lelaki dan wanita,

Perhatikan juga resolusi , perisytiharan dan cadangan yang diterima pakai oleh Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu dan agensi-agensi khusus mempromosikan kesamarataan hak lelaki dan wanita,

Prihatin , bagaimanapun, bahawa walaupun ini pelbagai instrumen diskriminasi luas terhadap wanita terus wujud ,

Mengingatkan bahawa diskriminasi terhadap wanita melanggar prinsip-prinsip kesaksamaan hak dan maruah manusia, adalah penghalang kepada penyertaan wanita , atas terma yang sama dengan lelaki , dalam kehidupan politik , sosial , ekonomi dan budaya negara-negara mereka , hamper pertumbuhan daripada kemakmuran masyarakat dan keluarga dan membuat lebih sukar perkembangan sepenuhnya potensi wanita dalam perkhidmatan negara mereka dan umat manusia,

Bimbang bahawa dalam situasi kemiskinan wanita mempunyai akses -kurangnya kepada makanan, kesihatan, pendidikan, latihan dan peluang-peluang pekerjaan dan keperluan lain,

Yakin bahawa penubuhan susunan ekonomi antarabangsa yang baru berdasarkan ekuiti dan keadilan akan memberi sumbangan besar ke arah mempromosi kesaksamaan di antara lelaki dan wanita,

Menekankan bahawa pembasmian aparteid , semua bentuk perkauman, diskriminasi kaum , kolonialisme, neo -kolonialisme , pencerobohan , pendudukan asing dan penguasaan dan campur tangan dalam hal ehwal dalaman Syarikat adalah penting untuk menikmati sepenuhnya hak-hak lelaki dan wanita,

Menegaskan bahawa pengukuhan keamanan dan keselamatan antarabangsa, kelonggaran ketegangan antarabangsa , saling kerjasama di kalangan semua negara tanpa mengira sistem mereka sosial dan ekonomi , perlucutan senjata am dan lengkap, terutama pelucutan senjata nuklear di bawah kawalan antarabangsa yang ketat dan berkesan, satu pengesahan kepada prinsip-prinsip keadilan , kesaksamaan dan faedah bersama dalam hubungan antara negara-negara dan merealisasikan hak orang di bawah penguasaan asing dan penjajah dan penjajahan asing untuk penentuan sendiri dan kebebasan , serta menghormati kedaulatan negara dan keutuhan wilayah, akan menggalakkan sosial kemajuan dan pembangunan dan sebagai akibatnya akan menyumbang kepada pencapaian kesaksamaan penuh antara lelaki dan wanita,

Yakin bahawa pembangunan penuh dan lengkap sebuah negara, kebajikan dunia dan keamanan memerlukan penyertaan maksimum wanita secara sama rata dengan lelaki dalam semua bidang,

Mengingati sumbangan besar wanita kepada kebajikan keluarga dan pembangunan masyarakat , setakat ini tidak diiktiraf sepenuhnya , kepentingan sosial bersalin dan peranan kedua-dua ibu bapa

dalam keluarga dan dalam pendidikan kanak-kanak, dan sedar bahawa peranan wanita dalam aktiviti seksual tidak seharusnya menjadi asas bagi diskriminasi tetapi itu pendidikan anak memerlukan perkongsian tanggungjawab antara lelaki dan wanita dan masyarakat secara keseluruhannya ,

Sedar bahawa perubahan dalam peranan tradisional lelaki serta peranan wanita dalam masyarakat dan dalam keluarga diperlukan untuk mencapai kesaksamaan antara lelaki dan wanita,

Berazam untuk melaksanakan prinsip-prinsip yang dinyatakan dalam Deklarasi Penghapusan Diskriminasi terhadap Wanita dan , bagi maksud itu , untuk menerima pakai langkah-langkah yang diperlukan untuk penghapusan diskriminasi dalam segala bentuk dan manifestasinya,

Konvensyen Menentang Penyeksaan dan Kejam, Tidak Berperikemanusiaan atau Menjatuhkan Maruah atau Hukuman

Angkat dan dibuka untuk tandatangan, pengesahan dan kesertaan oleh Perhimpunan Agung resolusi 39/46 daripada 10 Dec 1984

berkuatkuasa 26 Jun 1987 , selaras dengan Artikel 27 (1)

Parti-Parti Negara kepada Konvensyen ini,

Mengambil kira bahawa, selaras dengan prinsip-prinsip diisytiharkan dalam Piagam Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu , pengiktirafan hak-hak yang sama rata dan tidak terpisah bagi seluruh umat manusia adalah asas kebebasan , keadilan dan keamanan di dunia,

Menyedari bahawa hak-hak berasal dari kemuliaan seseorang manusia ,

Memandangkan kewajipan Syarikat di bawah Piagam , dalam Perkara tertentu 55 , untuk menggalakkan kehormatan sejagat terhadap , serta pematuhan, hak asasi manusia dan kebebasan asasi ,

Dengan mengambil kira Artikel 5 dalam Deklarasi Hak Asasi Manusia dan Artikel 7 Perjanjian Antarabangsa mengenai Hak Sivil dan Politik , kedua-duanya memperuntukkan bahawa tiada sesiapa pun boleh dikenakan seksaan atau kejam, layanan yang tidak berperikemanusiaan atau menjatuhkan maruah atau hukuman,

Dengan mengambil kira juga kepada pengumuman mengenai Perlindungan Semua Orang daripada didera dan Kejam, Tidak Berperikemanusiaan atau Menjatuhkan Maruah atau Hukuman , yang diterima pakai oleh Perhimpunan Agung pada 9 Disember 1975,

Dengan hasrat untuk membuat lebih berkesan perjuangan menentang penyeksaan dan kejam , rawatan lain tidak berperikemanusiaan atau menjatuhkan maruah atau hukuman di seluruh dunia,

Konvensyen mengenai Hak Kanak-Kanak

Angkat dan dibuka untuk tandatangan, pengesahan dan penyertaan oleh resolusi Perhimpunan Agung 44/25 daripada 20 November 1989

berkuatkuasa 2 September 1990 , selaras dengan artikel 49

Mukadimah

Parti-Parti Negara kepada Konvensyen ini ,

Mengambil kira bahawa, selaras dengan prinsip-prinsip diisytiharkan dalam Piagam Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu , pengiktirafan keutuhan kemuliaan dan hak sama rata dan tidak terpisah bagi seluruh umat manusia adalah asas kebebasan , keadilan dan keamanan di dunia,

Mengingati bahawa manusia di Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu telah , dalam Piagam , sekali lagi menegaskan kepercayaan mereka terhadap hak asasi manusia dan maruah dan nilai diri manusia, dan telah menetapkan keazaman untuk memajukan perkembangan sosial dan taraf hidup yang lebih sempurna dalam suasana kebebasan yang lebih besar,

Menyedari bahawa Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu telah, dalam Perisytiharan Sejagat Hak Asasi Manusia dan dalam Perjanjian-perjanjian Antarabangsa mengenai Hak Asasi Manusia , mengisytiharkan dan bersetuju bahawa semua orang adalah berhak kepada semua hak-hak dan kebebasan yang termaktub di dalamnya, tanpa sebarang apa jua pembezaan , seperti bangsa , warna kulit, jantina , bahasa, ugama, faham politik atau lain-lain , asal-usul bangsa keturunan atau sosial harta, kelahiran atau status lain,

Mengingatkan bahawa , dalam Perisytiharan Sejagat Hak Asasi Manusia, Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu telah mengisytiharkan bahawa zaman kanak-kanak adalah berhak kepada jagaan serta bantuan khas ,

Kerana diyakinkan bahawa keluarga , sebagai kumpulan asasi dalam masyarakat dan suasana semula jadi bagi pertumbuhan dan kesejahteraan semua ahlinya dan terutamanya kanak-kanak perlu diberi perlindungan dan bantuan yang diperlukan supaya ia boleh mengambil alih sepenuhnya tanggungjawabnya dalam komuniti,

Menyedari bahawa kanak-kanak, untuk perkembangan sepenuhnya dan harmoni keperibadian beliau , patut membesar dalam persekitaran keluarga, dalam suasana bahagia, kasih sayang dan persefahaman ,

Memandangkan kanak-kanak patut bersedia sepenuhnya untuk hidup kehidupan individu dalam masyarakat, dan dibesarkan dalam semangat ideal diisytiharkan dalam Piagam Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu , dan khususnya dalam semangat keamanan, kemuliaan , toleransi , kebebasan , kesamaan dan perpaduan,

Mengingati bahawa keperluan untuk melanjutkan perhatian khusus kepada kanak-kanak yang telah dinyatakan dalam Perisytiharan Geneva Mengenai Hak Kanak-Kanak 1924 dan dalam Perisytiharan Hak Kanak-Kanak yang diterima pakai oleh Perhimpunan Agung pada 20 November 1959 dan diiktiraf dalam Deklarasi Hak Asasi Manusia Sejagat , dalam Perjanjian Antarabangsa mengenai Hak Sivil dan Politik (terutama dalam artikel-artikel 23 dan 24 ), dalam Perjanjian Antarabangsa mengenai

Hak Ekonomi, Sosial dan Kebudayaan (terutama perkara 10) dan dalam statut dan relevan surat cara agensi-agensi khusus dan pertubuhan antarabangsa yang berkenaan dengan kebajikan kanak-kanak ,

Mengingati bahawa sebagaimana yang ditunjukkan dalam Perisytiharan Hak Kanak-Kanak, " kanak-kanak, oleh sebab ketidakmatangan fizikal dan mental , memerlukan perlindungan dan penjagaan khas, termasuk perlindungan undang-undang yang sesuai, sebelum dan juga selepas lahir",

Mengenangkan peruntukan Perisytiharan mengenai Prinsip Sosial dan Undang-undang yang berhubungan dengan Perlindungan dan Kebajikan Kanak-Kanak, dengan Rujukan Khas kepada Penempatan Foster dan Pengangkatan nasional dan antarabangsa ; Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu Peraturan Standard Minimum bagi Pentadbiran Keadilan Juvana (Kaedah-Kaedah Beijing) ; dan Perisytiharan mengenai Perlindungan Wanita dan Kanak-kanak di Kecemasan dan Konflik Bersenjata , Menyedari bahawa, dalam semua negara-negara di dunia, ada kanak-kanak hidup dalam keadaan yang sangat sukar, dan bahawa kanak-kanak sedemikian memerlukan pertimbangan khas,

Mengambil kira dengan sewajarnya kepentingan tradisi dan nilai-nilai kebudayaan setiap orang bagi perlindungan dan perkembangan harmoni kanak-kanak, Menyedari kepentingan kerjasama antarabangsa bagi memperbaiki keadaan hidup kanak-kanak di setiap negara, khususnya di negara-negara membangun ,

Konvensyen Antarabangsa mengenai Perlindungan Hak Semua Pekerja Asing dan Ahli Keluarga Mereka

Diterima pakai oleh Perhimpunan Agung resolusi 45/158 daripada 18 Disember 1990

Mukadimah

Parti-Parti Negara kepada Konvensyen ini ,

Dengan mengambil kira prinsip-prinsip yang terkandung dalam instrumen asas Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu mengenai hak asasi manusia, khususnya dalam Deklarasi Hak Asasi Manusia Sejagat , Perjanjian Antarabangsa mengenai Hak Ekonomi, Sosial dan Kebudayaan , Perjanjian Antarabangsa mengenai Hak Sivil dan Politik , Konvensyen Antarabangsa Penghapusan Semua Bentuk Diskriminasi Kaum , Konvensyen Penghapusan Semua Bentuk Diskriminasi terhadap Wanita dan Konvensyen mengenai Hak Kanak-kanak ,

Dengan mengambil kira juga prinsip-prinsip dan standard yang dinyatakan dalam surat cara yang berkaitan dihuraikan dalam rangka Pertubuhan Buruh Antarabangsa , terutama Konvensyen mengenai Migrasi untuk Pekerjaan (No. 97), Konvensyen mengenai Migrasi di kesat Syarat dan Penggalakan Kesaksamaan daripada peluang dan Rawatan Pekerja Migran ( No.143 ), Syor mengenai Migrasi untuk Pekerjaan (No. 86) , Syor mengenai Pekerja Migran ( No.151 ), Konvensyen mengenai paksa atau Buruh Wajib (No. 29 ) dan Konvensyen mengenai Penghapusan Buruh paksa (No. 105), Menegaskan kepentingan prinsip-prinsip yang terkandung dalam Konvensyen Menentang Diskriminasi Dalam Pendidikan United Nations Educational , Saintifik dan Kebudayaan Pertubuhan,

Mengimbas kembali Konvensyen Menentang Penyeksaan dan Kejam, Tidak Berperikemanusiaan atau Menjatuhkan Maruah atau Hukuman , Deklarasi Keempat Kongres Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu mengenai Pencegahan Jenayah dan Rawatan Pesalah , Kod Etika untuk Penguatkuasaan Undang-undang Pegawai, dan Konvensyen Perhambaan ,

Mengingatkan bahawa salah satu objektif Pertubuhan Buruh Antarabangsa , seperti yang dinyatakan dalam Perlembagaan , adalah perlindungan kepentingan pekerja apabila diambil bekerja di negara-negara selain daripada mereka sendiri, dan dengan mengambil kira kepakaran dan pengalaman organisasi itu dalam hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan pekerja asing dan ahli-ahli keluarga mereka,

Menyedari kepentingan kerja yang dilakukan berkaitan dengan pekerja asing dan ahli-ahli keluarga mereka di pelbagai organ Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu, khususnya di Suruhanjaya Hak Asasi Manusia dan Suruhanjaya Pembangunan Sosial , dan dalam Pertubuhan Makanan dan Pertanian Amerika Bangsa Bersatu, United Nations Educational , Saintifik dan Kebudayaan dan Pertubuhan Kesihatan Dunia , dan juga dalam organisasi antarabangsa yang lain,

Menyedari juga kemajuan yang dicapai oleh Amerika tertentu secara serantau atau dua hala ke arah melindungi hak-hak pekerja migran dan ahli-ahli keluarga mereka, serta kepentingan dan kegunaan perjanjian dua hala dan pelbagai hala dalam bidang ini,

Menyedari kepentingan dan tahap fenomena penghijrahan, yang melibatkan berjuta-juta orang dan memberi kesan kepada sebilangan besar Amerika dalam masyarakat antarabangsa ,

Sedar kesan daripada aliran pekerja asing di Amerika dan orang yang berkenaan, dan berhasrat untuk mewujudkan norma yang boleh menyumbang kepada pengharmonian sikap Amerika melalui penerimaan prinsip-prinsip asas yang berkaitan dengan rawatan pekerja asing dan ahli-ahli keluarga mereka,

Memandangkan keadaan kelemahan di mana pekerja asing dan ahli-ahli keluarga mereka sering mendapati diri mereka sendiri kerana , antara lain, ketiadaan mereka dari Negeri asal mereka dan kesukaran mereka hadapi yang timbul daripada kehadiran mereka di Negeri pekerjaan,

Yakin bahawa hak-hak pekerja asing dan ahli-ahli keluarga mereka belum cukup diiktiraf di mana-mana dan oleh itu memerlukan perlindungan antarabangsa yang sesuai,

Mengambil kira hakikat bahawa penghijrahan sering punca masalah yang serius untuk ahli-ahli keluarga pekerja asing dan juga untuk pekerja sendiri , khususnya kerana penyebaran keluarga,

Mengingati bahawa masalah manusia yang terlibat dalam penghijrahan adalah lebih serius dalam kes penghijrahan yang tidak teratur dan yakin itu bahawa tindakan yang sesuai perlu digalakkan untuk mengelakkan dan menghapuskan pergerakan sulit dan perdagangan pekerja asing, dan pada masa yang sama memastikan yang perlindungan hak asasi manusia mereka ,

Memandangkan pekerja yang tidak didokumenkan atau dalam keadaan yang tidak teratur sering bekerja di bawah keadaan yang kurang menguntungkan kerja berbanding pekerja lain dan majikan tertentu mendapati ini satu dorongan untuk mendapatkan buruh itu untuk mendapat manfaat daripada persaingan yang tidak adil ,

Memandangkan juga bahawa rekursa dengan penggajian pekerja asing yang berada dalam situasi yang tidak teratur akan kecewa jika hak-hak asasi manusia semua pekerja asing adalah diiktiraf secara meluas dan, lebih-lebih lagi , yang memberikan hak-hak tambahan tertentu kepada pekerja asing dan ahli-ahli keluarga mereka di keadaan tetap akan menggalakkan semua pendatang dan majikan untuk menghormati dan mematuhi undang-undang dan prosedur yang ditetapkan oleh Amerika berkenaan,

Yakin , oleh itu , keperluan untuk membawa perlindungan antarabangsa hak-hak para pekerja asing dan ahli-ahli keluarga mereka, mengesahkan dan mewujudkan norma asas dalam konvensyen yang menyeluruh yang boleh digunakan secara universal ,

Telah bersetuju seperti berikut:

Konvensyen Antarabangsa bagi Perlindungan Semua Orang daripada Kehilangan dikuatkuasakan

Mukadimah

Parti-Parti Negara kepada Konvensyen ini,

Memandangkan kewajipan Syarikat di bawah Piagam Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu untuk menggalakkan kehormatan sejagat terhadap , serta pematuhan, hak asasi manusia dan kebebasan asasi ,

Dengan mengambil kira kepada Perisytiharan Sejagat Hak Asasi Manusia,