Instructor: Fatima NaseemInstructor: Fatima NaseemLecture # 01Lecture # 01

fatima.naseem@uettaxila.edu.pk http://web.uettaxila.edu.pk/CMS/AUT2010/http://web.uettaxila.edu.pk/CMS/AUT2010/cpCFbs/index.aspcpCFbs/index.asp

COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS

Course Book“Introduction to Computers” by Peter

Norton, 6th Edition

ContactFatima Naseem

Room # 17, CED.

fatima@uettaxila.edu.pk

Office Hours :Thursday 9.00 AM11.00 AMMonday 9.00 AM11.00 AM

Grading CriteriaQuizzes (4-5) 10 MarksAssignments (4-5) 10 MarksLab Work 20 MarksMid Semester 20 MarksEnd Semester 40 Marks

PoliciesEverything will be announced on OCMSThe Lecture will always be on time, otherwise

the changed schedule will be announced in advance

The quiz will not be delayed, no one should come to request for its delay

There will be no makeup quizAssignments have to be submitted on

mentioned time, if submitted after 24 hrs of due time half marks shall be granted, after that zero marks will be given

Chapter # 01Chapter # 01

Introducing Computer Introducing Computer SystemsSystems

Chapter #1A

EXPLORING COMPUTERS AND THEIR EXPLORING COMPUTERS AND THEIR USESUSES

OverviewComputer DefinedComputers for Individual UsersComputers for OrganizationsComputers in Society

The Computer DefinedElectronic deviceConverts data into

informationAny computer regardless

of its type, is controlled by instructions, which tell it what to do.

Digital ComputersAnalogue Computers Can be categorized on

different basis

1A-9

Modern computers are digitalModern computers are digitalThey are so called because they work by the

numbersDigital systems represent data as one

distinct value or the otherBreak all types of info into tiny units, works

on them and again combine them to represent info

Work in a strict manner by processing these units individually and in organized way

Older computers were analogOlder computers were analogA range of values made dataSomewhat more flexible but not necessarily

more precise and reliable

1A-11

Computers For Individual UseSome computers are meant to be used by one

person at a timeThis category includes:

Desktop computersWorkstationsNotebook computersTablet computersHandheld computersSmart phones

PCs are also called microcomputers for their sizeAlthough used by individuals but can be part of

networks

Computers For Individual UseDesktop computers

The most common type of computerSits on the desk or floorPerforms a variety of tasksHas a system unitMight be horizontal or vertical

WorkstationsSpecialized computersOptimized for science or graphicsMore powerful than a desktop

Computers For Individual UseNotebook computers

Small portable computers

Weighs between 3 and 8 pounds

About 8 ½ by 11 inches

Typically as powerful as a desktop

Can include a docking station

1A-13

1A-14

Computers For Individual UseTablet computers

Newest development in portable computers

Input is through a pen called stylus or digital pen

Run specialized versions of office products

1A-15

Handheld computersVery small computersPersonal Digital Assistants (PDA)Note taking or contact managementData can synchronize with a desktop

Smart phonesHybrid of cell phone and PDAWeb surfing, e-mail access

Computers For Individual Use

Computers For OrganizationsSome computers handle the needs for many

people at the same timeSuch systems normally lie at the heart of

organizations networkSome are generic and some are special purposePeople generally access them through terminalsThey include:

Network ServersMainframe ComputersMinicomputersSupercomputers

1A-17

Computers For OrganizationsNetwork servers

Centralized computerAll other computers connectProvides access to network resourcesMultiple servers are called clusters or server

farmsOften simply a powerful desktopOr might be mounted on in large racks or

reduced to small units called BladesDifferent servers may have different

purposes

1A-18

Computers For OrganizationsMainframes

Used in large organizations

Handle thousands of users

Users access through a terminal

Two types of terminalsDumb terminalDumb terminal only for

input and output dataIntelligent terminalIntelligent terminal

performs some processing but usually doesn’t have any storage

1A-19

Computers For OrganizationsMinicomputers

Called midrange computersPower between mainframe and desktopHandle hundreds of usersUsed in smaller organizationsUsers access through a terminal

1A-20

Computers For OrganizationsSupercomputers

The most powerful computers made

Handle large and complex calculations

Process trillions of operations per second

Found in research organizations

1A-21

Computers In SocietyMore impact than any other invention

Changed work and leisure activitiesUsed by all demographic groups

Computers are important because:Provide information to usersInformation is critical to our societyManaging information is difficult

1A-22

Computers In SocietyComputers at home

Many homes have multiple computersMost American homes have InternetComputers are used for

BusinessEntertainmentCommunicationEducation

1A-23

Computers In SocietyComputers in education

Computer literacy required at all levelsComputers in small business

Makes businesses more profitableAllows owners to manage

Computers in industryComputers are used to design productsAssembly lines are automated

1A-24

Computers In SocietyComputers in government

Necessary to track data for populationPolice officersTax calculation and collection

Governments were the first computer users

1A-25

Computers In SocietyComputers in health care

Revolutionized health careNew treatments possibleScheduling of patients has improvedDelivery of medicine is safer

Chapter 1B

Looking Inside the Computer System

OverviewParts of Computer System

> > Hardware > > Software

> > Data > > UserInformation Processing CycleEssential Computer Hardware

Processing DevicesMemory Devices

RAMROM

Input and Output DevicesStorage Devices

Magnetic StorageOptical Storage

1B-28

Parts of the Computer SystemComputer systems have four parts

HardwareSoftwareDataUser

HardwareHardwareMechanical devices in the computerAnything that can be touchedInterconnected electronic devices used to

control computer’s operations, input, outputReferred to as device

1B-30

Parts of the Computer SystemSoftwareSoftware

Set of instructions which make the computer work

Tell the computer what to doAlso called a programThousands of programs existSome to help computer perform its tasks and

manage its resources, others to help users perform their tasks such as creating documents

1B-31

Parts of the Computer SystemDataData

Pieces of information that by themselves do not make much sense

Computer processes them in various ways, converting them to useful information

Computer organize and present dataUsersUsers

People operating the computerMost important partTell the computer what to doNo system is completely autonomous

1B-33

Information Processing CycleSteps followed to process dataSteps followed to process dataA computer converts data into information by

performing various operations on data according to some instructions from a program, displays results to user and stores them

This is called Information Processing Cycle Following are the step, and each involves one or

more specific components of computerInputProcessingOutputStorage

optional

1B-35

Essential Computer HardwareComputers use the same basic hardwareHardware categorized into four types

1B-36

Essential Computer HardwareProcessing devices

Brains of the computerCarries out instructions from the programManipulate the dataMost computers have several processorsCentral Processing Unit (CPU)Secondary processorsProcessors made of silicon and copper

1B-37

Essential Computer HardwareMemory devices

Stores data or programsRandom Access Memory (RAM)

VolatileStores current data and programsMore RAM results in a faster system

Read Only Memory (ROM)Permanent storage of programsHolds the computer boot directions

1B-38

Essential Computer HardwareInput and output devices

Allows the user to interactInput devices accept data

Keyboard, mouseOutput devices deliver data

Monitor, printer, speakerSome devices are input and output

Touch screens

1B-39

Essential Computer HardwareStorage devices

Hold data and programs permanentlyDifferent from RAMMagnetic storage

Floppy and hard driveUses a magnet to access data

Optical storageCD and DVD drivesUses a laser to access data

1B-40

Software Runs The MachineTells the computer what to doReason people purchase computersTwo types

System softwareApplication software

1B-41

Software Runs The MachineSystem software

Most important softwareOperating system

Windows XPNetwork operating system (OS)

Windows Server 2003Utility

Symantec AntiVirus

1B-42

Software Runs The MachineApplication software

Accomplishes a specific taskMost common type of software

MS WordCovers most common uses of computers

1B-43

Computer dataFact with no meaning on its ownStored using the binary number systemData can be organized into files

1B-44

Computer usersRole depends on ability

Setup the systemInstall softwareMange filesMaintain the system

“Userless” computersRun with no user inputAutomated systems

Any Questions ?