INSTRUCTIONS SLIDE

INSTRUCTIONS SLIDE

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Variation of stability of atmosphere with time

of day and its effect on air pollutants

Chitra P. Murali and Professor Rashmi S. Patil

Definitions and Keywords Stability describes the atmosphere’s ability to

determine the vertical motion of pollutants

Atmospheric stability is defined by lapse rates

which gives the rate of decrease of temperature

with height

Environmental Lapse Rate (ELR) : rate of

temperature decrease with height in the

atmosphere at a given time and location

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Adiabatic Lapse Rate (ALR) : rate of

temperature decrease with height for a parcel of

air rising under adiabatic conditions ALR is a universal constant : (-1)ºC /100 m

Stability is determined by comparing the

environmental lapse rate with the adiabatic

lapse rate Air pollutants can be assumed as an air parcel

or plume

An air parcel is displaced vertically from A to B. Three conditions may happen:

Stable : At B, air parcel is at lower temperature than surrounding environment. So parcel goes back to its original position.

Unstable : At B, air parcel at higher temperature than surrounding environment. So parcel keeps going up (i.e. above B)

Neutral : At B, air parcel and environment at the same temperature. Hence any existing vertical motion for the air parcel is neither damped nor accelerated

When … Atmosphere is …ELR > ALR Unstable

ELR = ALR Neutral

ELR < ALR Stable

Temperature Inversion : When temperature increases with height

A temperature inversion is an extremely stable condition of atmosphere

Impact on Air Quality There is little vertical mixing when air is stable

and air quality tends to be worse when stable conditions exist

Air is stable mostly at night(radiation temperature inversion) when the cooling of the Earth’s surface decreases the ELR

Air is typically neutral for periods in the morning and evening

Air is most often unstable in the afternoon when solar radiation is absorbed by the Earth’s surface and the ELR is greater than ALR.

Air quality is usually best when air is unstable due to good vertical mixing of pollutants

INSTRUCTIONS SLIDE

Concept details:

In this section, provide the stepwise detailed

explanation of the concept.

Please fill in the steps of the explanation of the

concepts in the table format available in the

slides to follow (see the sample below).

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Step Details of the step

Image / Diagram Text to be displayed

Action / Motion in the step

1 The Thermoacoustic refrigerator employs high pressure waves for the required heat transfer.

The Thermoacoustic refrigerator employs high pressure waves for the required heat transfer.

Blue arrows are animated from the speaker, and white hollow arrows would move vertically. - Blue arrows should disappear by the time they reach the end of box (system)

Concept details1

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2Step No. Details of the

stepText to be displayed

Action/ Motion in the step

1 Unstable atmosphere

ELR > ALRHence unstable

First indicate the ELR line indicating surrounding environment. Then show ALR.

Image to be displayed

2 Stable atmosphere ELR < ALRHence stable



3 Neutral atmosphere

ELR = ALRHence neutral

First indicate the ELR line indicating surrounding environment. Then show ALR on ELR.


4 Temperature Inversion

Temperature of surroundings increase with height.



INSTRUCTIONS SLIDE

Interactivity and Boundary limits

expected in the animation In this section provide, interactivity options for all the

parameters/components of the concept.

For example:

Numerical values to change the state of the component: By providing input boxes

Drag and drop of components: To test the comprehension of the users

Movement of objects: To explain the action of the components

Provide the boundary limits of the parameters, which will

enable correctness of the results of the experiment.

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4Interactivity option

numberDetails of

interactivityImage /

DiagramText to be displayed

Boundary limit

1 The user can move the ‘balloon’ of gas in the resonator

When the balloon is placed in high pressure region, it would shrink and its temperature will rise (it will become red). When moved to low pressure region, it expands becoming cold (blue)

....

gas

Interactivity and Boundary limits1

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Consider a plume being released from a chimney. Displayed are the ways in which it disperses. It is controlled entirely by the stability of the atmosphere.

Interactivity option number

Details of interactivity Text to be displayed

1 First indicate the stability of the atmosphere as per the graph. Red line: ALR and Yellow line : ELR. This is stable condition.Then show the pattern of plume dispersion.

Fanning plume with very low dispersion when atmosphere is stable.

Image(Don’t show notations like gamma)



2 First indicate the stability of the atmosphere as per the graph. Red line: ALR and Yellow line : ELR. This is unstable condition.Then show the pattern of plume dispersion.

Looping plume with high dispersion when atmosphere is unstable.




3 First indicate the stability of the atmosphere as per the graph. Red line: ALR and Yellow line : ELR. This is neutral condition.Then show the pattern of plume dispersion.

Coning plume when atmosphere is neutral. Dispersion only due to existing environmental forces like wind and buoyancy.




4 First indicate the stability of the atmosphere as per the graph. Red line: ALR and Yellow line : ELR. This is inversion condition.Then show the pattern of plume dispersion.

Fumigation when there is temperature inversion. At the region where inversion starts (i.e. from the grey horizontal line), the atmosphere acts as a lid, forcing the pollutants downwards. Occurs especially in early winter mornings, when most of the air pollution disasters have occured


INSTRUCTIONS SLIDE

Questionnaire to test the user

A small, (5 questions) questionnaire can

be created in the next slide, to test the

user's comprehension.

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questionnaire.

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concept taught in this animation.

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Questionnaire1. The value of ALR is

Answers:

a) (-10)ºC per 1km b) (-1)ºC per 10m

c) (-1)ºC per 1km d) (-1)ºC per 1m

2. ELR< ALR indicates that atmosphere is

Answers:

a) stable b) unstable

c) neutral d) in temperature inversion

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3. Air quality is best when air is

Answers: a) stable b) unstable

c) neutral d) in inversion

4. Neutral conditions result in which type of plume?

Answers: a) fanning b) coning

c) fumigation d) looping

5. Inversion results in which type of plume?

Answers: a) fanning b) coning

c) fumigation d) looping

INSTRUCTIONS SLIDE

Links for further reading

In the subsequent slide, you can provide

links, which can be relevant for the user

to understand the concept further.

Add more slides in necessary

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Links for further reading1

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http://data.piercecollege.edu/weather/stability.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapse_rate#Environmental_lapse_rate

http://apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/classes/met130/notes/chapter18/plumes2.html

Thank you

INSTRUCTIONS SLIDE

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