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Principles of Sociology (SOCL 201)
Exam #1—Spring 2012
Possible Essay Questions
• Instructions: Answer the following essay
questions accurately and fully. Use
sentences, write clearly, use original
examples, and do not use abbreviations.
• (10 points possible each essay.)
•
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Essay #1
• 1. The sociological perspective, as a way
of thinking about the world, includes the
ideas expressed by the “sociological
imagination” from C. Wright Mills, “the
beginner’s mind” from Bernard McGrane,
and the concept of “culture shock” from
anthropology. Define and give examples of
each of these three terms. Identify and
discuss what all three of these concepts
have in common.
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Essay #2
• Compare and contrast conflict theory with
structural functionalism. Pay special
attention to the way that each theory views
social change.
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Essay #3
• Sociologists do research using qualitative
methods and quantitative methods.
• Describe the characteristics and an
example of each approach. Describe how
both qualitative and quantitative methods
could be used to study why people divorce.
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• Science
• A logical system that bases knowledge on
direct, systematic observation
• Scientific Sociology
• The study of society based on systematic
observation of social behavior
• Empirical Evidence
• Information we can verify with our senses
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Research
1. Curiosity???
2. Create a Question
3. Response (yes or no, male or female, #)
4. Make a prediction about how people
will answer the question.
5. Collect data
6. Analyze data
7. Report results
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The Scientific Approach
• “Science” derived from Latin ‘to know”
• Way of asking & answering questions
• Scientific thinking reduces emotional
reactions
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k2MhMsLn9
B0&feature=related (Holy Grail)
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The Scientific Approach
• Max Weber coined the phrase “value-free
sociology”
• Researchers should identify facts
without allowing their own personal
beliefs or biases to interfere:
• Religion
• Racism
• Sexism
• Social class
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Overview of Research
Methods
• Quantitative Research: Converts information
about the social world into numbers that can be
studied mathematically. Characteristics:
• Systematic
• Objective
• Deductive
• Generalisable
• Numbers
• Examples: U.S. Census; GSS
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Overview of Research
Methods • Qualitative Research: Uses non-numerical
data to understand social life:
• Texts
• Interviews
• Photos
• Recordings
• Examples: Anne Frank’s Diary; Political
Speeches
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Qualitative Research
• Characteristics:
• Systematic
• Subjective
• Inductive
• Not generalisable
• Analyze Words
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The Scientific Method
• Literature Review
• Hypothesis
• Variables
• Operational Definitions
• Helps determine
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Steps of the Scientific Method
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company
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• Concept
• A mental construct that represents some part of the world
• Variable
• A concept which changes from case to case
• Measurement
• A procedure for determining the value of a variable in a specific case
• Operationalize
• Stating exactly what is being measured
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Example
• Concept
• A mental construct that represents some part of the world (Deception)
• Variable
• A concept which changes from case to case (Frequency of lying)
• Measurement
• A procedure for determining the value of a variable in a specific case (How often…)
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Example
• Operationalize
• Deception=Responses to questions about
frequency of various types of lies
• White lies
• Lies to protect partner
• Lies to protect self
• Lies that might end the relationship
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Cause and Effect
• Scientists refer to the cause as the:
• Independent Variable
• And the effect as the
• Dependent Variable
• Understanding cause and effect is valuable
because it:
• Allows researchers to predict how one
pattern of behavior will produce another
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Dependent & Independent
Variables (Example)
• Dependent Variable=Frequency of lying
• Range: Never (1) to All the time (7)
• Independent Variables:
• Love
• Trust
• Commitment
• Dependency
• Expressiveness
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Correlation & Causation
• Correlation: A relationship between two
variables (they change together)
• Causation: A relationship where one
variable causes another variable to
change
• Spurious Correlations: Two variables
appear to be correlated, but relationship
caused by a third variable
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2/2/12 Spurious Correlation
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Three Criteria for Causation
1. Correlation
• Positive (Ice cream consumption increases; Crime
increases)
• Negative (SES increases; Infant mortality rate decreases)
2. Time Order
• Cause must occur before the Effect
• Independent variable Dependent Variable
3. Other possible causes eliminated
• No spurious correlations
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Research Methods
How do we gather data?
• Several research methods
• Each has benefits & limitations
• Which method works best?
• Depends on your project
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Ethnographic Methods
• Studying people in their own
environments
• To understand the meanings
they give to their activities
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Ethnographic Methods
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FIdN8N
Kjqts&feature=related
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Ethnographic Methods
• Ethnography usually has two steps:
1. Observe a social setting
2. Researcher creates a written
account (field notes) of activity
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Ethnographic Methods
• In participant observation
• Researcher both:
• Observes and
• Becomes a member of social
setting (participates)
• Fraternity
• AA
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Interviews
• Interviews: Direct, face-to-face
contact with respondents
• Can generate large amounts of data
• Researcher identifies target
population
• Selects a sample of people to
interview
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Interviews
• Interviews: open-ended questions or
closed-ended questions:
• Open-ended questions let respondents talk
as much as they’d like about the question
• What do you think about gay marriage?
• Closed-ended questions give respondents a
choice of answers
• “I support gay marriage” yes or no
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Surveys
• Questionnaires administered to a sample
of respondents selected from a target
population (Quantitative data)
• Survey research tends to look at:
• Large-scale social patterns
• Political opinions
• Marriage rates, divorce rates, crime rates
• Analyzes data using statistics
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Experimental Methods
• Experiments: Tests of specific
variables and effects
• Performed in a controlled setting
• Laboratory
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Experimental Methods
• Experiments often involve:
• Experimental & Control Groups
• Experimental group:
Participants receive the
experimental treatment or
intervention
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Experimental Methods
• Control group: Participants
receive no intervention
• Compare experimental
and control group results
• Did intervention have an
effect?
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Experimental Design
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Existing Sources
• Existing Sources:
• Data already collected by earlier
researchers:
• U.S. Census
• FBI Uniform Crime Report
• National Health Interview Study
• GSS
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Content Analysis
Verbal print media - newspaper, magazines,
books, plays
Visual media - videos, television, film
Visual print media - drawings, cartoons
Artistic productions - painting, sculpture,
music
Personal documents - autobiographies,
letters, and diaries
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Conducting Sociological
Research: Ethics • Most universities have an institutional
review board (IRB)
• Group of scholars who review and
approve their colleagues’ research
proposals
• Make recommendations for protecting
human subjects