+

INDIVIDUALIZED and GROUP INSTRUCTION

Mark Fellizar

CED 213

+

INDIVIDUALIZED INSTRUCTION

Mark Fellizar

CED 213

+What is Individualized

Instruction?

a method of instruction in which content, instructional technology (such as materials) and pace of learning are based upon the abilities and interests of each individual learner. 

+What is Individualized

Instruction?

Ideally, the students would control the pace at which they progress through instruction and the materials they use would be suited to their cognitive skills and learning styles (Gagne et al., 1992).

+What is Individualized

Instruction?

Individualized instruction began in the early 1900s, and was revived in the 1960s.

+*The Keller Plan,

*Individually Prescribed Instruction, *Program for Learning in Accordance with Needs, and Individually Guided Education

are all examples of individualized instruction in the U.S. (Saettler, 1990).

+Keller Plan (1963)

Developed by F.S. Keller, a colleague of Skinner, the Keller plan was used for university college classes.

Main features of Keller Plan individually paced. mastery learning. lectures and demonstrations motivational rather than

critical information. use of proctors which permitted testing, immediate scoring,

tutoring, personal-social aspect of educational process.

(Saettler, 1990)

+Individually Prescribed Instruction (IPI) (1964) Developed by Learning Research and Development Center of the

University of Pitsburgh.

Lasted into the 1970s when it lost funding and its use dwindled

Main features of IPI: prepared units. behavioral objectives. planned instructional sequences. used for reading, math and science. included pretest and posttest for each unit. materials continually evaluated and upgraded to meet behavioral

objectives.

(Saettler, 1990)

+Program for Learning in Accordance with Needs (PLAN) (1967) Headed by Jon C. Flanagan, PLAN was developed under

sponsorship of American Institutes for Research (AIR), Westinghouse Learning Corporation and fourteen U.S. School districts.

Abandoned in late 1970s because of upgrading costs

Main features of PLAN schools selected items from about 6,000 behavioral objectives. each instructional module took about two weeks instruction and

were made up of approximately. five objectives. mastery learning. remedial learning plus retesting.

(Saettler, 1990)

+Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI)

Computer-assisted instruction was first used in education and training during the 1950s.

Early work was done by IBM

Despite money and research, by the mid seventies it was apparent that CAI was not going to be the success that people had believed. Some of the reasons are:

CAI had been oversold and could not deliver. lack of support from certain sectors. technical problems in implementation. lack of quality software. high cost.

+Distance education

a mode of delivering education and teaching, often on an individual basis, to students who are not physically present in a traditional setting such as a classroom.

provides "access to learning when the source of information and the learners are separated by time and distance, or both

+Benefits

Distance learning may enable students who are unable to attend a traditional school setting due to disabilities, handicaps, or sicknesses such as decreased mobility and immune system suppression to get a good education.

May provide equal access regardless of socioeconomic status or income, area of residence, gender, race, age, or cost per student.

+Criticism

Some students attempt distance education without proper training of the tools needed to be successful in the program. Students must be provided with training on each tool that is used throughout the program.

The lack of advanced technology skills can lead to an unsuccessful experience. Schools have a responsibility to adopt a proactive policy for managing technology barriers.

Kumon advocates the value of independent learning. Therefore individualized instruction is one of the fundamental factors of the Kumon Method. The key to individualized instruction is to study at the “just right” level, in which students can progress on their own without being specifically taught.

It is essential to start with content that allows children to easily obtain a perfect score at their current ability level. If children continue to study at their own pace at a level that is appropriate to their ability, they will catch up to their school grade level and eventually advance far beyond it.

Students start with their “just right” level and progress at their own pace

+

SMALL and LARGE GROUP

INSTRUCTIONMark Fellizar

CED 213

+SMALL GROUP INSTRUCTION

Defining Small Group Teaching

The term 'small group teaching', or 'small group learning' as it is often termed, means different things to different people. Some are familiar with the tutorial as being their experience of small group teaching.

+SMALL GROUP INSTRUCTIONThe tutorial is usually linked with a series of lectures and its role is to complement the lecture.

.

There is no magical number that defines a group as a Small Group. A lecturer used to taking 400 in a lecture would define 50 as a small group.

As there can be sub-groups within groups, it is hard to define small group.

In a discussion, where participation is assessed some students may not speak up in a group that begins to get bigger than 10 participants and in addition tutors would find it hard to assess participation by individuals.

+SMALL GROUP INSTRUCTION

+SMALL GROUP INSTRUCTION

•Often called a Dyad, it consists of one Student and One Instructor or Tutor

•Long been considered an ideal situation for teaching and learning

•The reason behind this is the flexible adjustment of instructional events

+SMALL GROUP INSTRUCTION

• Tutoring works best when the instruction is highly systematic

• Tutoring is highly effective because of the flexibility it provides in achieving precision of the instructional events

+SMALL GROUP INSTRUCTION

•Instructional groups of up to eight students are sometimes found in formally planned education and training courses. •This is done by elementary teachers in order to instruct students who have progressed to approximately the same point in their learning of a particular subject.

+SMALL GROUP INSTRUCTION

•Subsequent instructional events are conducted in such a group by calling on different students , using different examples

•Performance is followed by immediate feedback for the students in the group by taking turns.

+SMALL GROUP INSTRUCTION

•Called as “interactive communication”

•The order in which student initiates or responds to speech is not predetermined

+SMALL GROUP INSTRUCTION

•Often, one student responds to questions or remarks by another student

•The teacher may interpose remarks or questions and sometimes may call upon individual students to speak

+LARGE GROUP INSTRUCTION

• Largely employed in college or university teaching

+LARGE GROUP INSTRUCTION

•The instruction is assumed to be “good”, so it is up to the student to profit from it.

•Students should organize the events of instruction themselves

+LARGE GROUP INSTRUCTION

•Instructional readiness, intensity of motivation and alertness, and accessibility of relevant cognitive abilites vary from individual to individual •For this reason, instruction is relatively imprecise

•The lack of effectiveness of instruction can be overcome by a student`s self- instruction

+REFERENCES:

Saettler, P. (1990). The evolution of american educational technology . Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited, Inc.

Schunk, D. H. 2008. "Learning theories:An educational perspective", (5th Ed), pp.286-287Gagné,R.M The Idea of Schema 1987 p. 5

Richey, Rita C. The Legacy of Robert M. Gagné. 2000. 283-291.

http://www.usask.ca/education/coursework/802papers/mergel/brenda.htm

Gagne, R.M., Wager, W.W., Golas, K.G. & Keller, J.M. (2005). Principles of instructional design. Toronto, ON: Thomson Wadsworth.