Instructional Philosophy - s3.wp.wsu.edu · 11 Functions of Theory A theory is a set of scientific...
Transcript of Instructional Philosophy - s3.wp.wsu.edu · 11 Functions of Theory A theory is a set of scientific...
![Page 1: Instructional Philosophy - s3.wp.wsu.edu · 11 Functions of Theory A theory is a set of scientific principles used to explain a phenomenon Provides frameworks for interpreting research](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3bc40defe13835534545da/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Instructional
Philosophy
September 6, 2019
Rachel WongPrepared with Dr. Olusola Adesope
![Page 2: Instructional Philosophy - s3.wp.wsu.edu · 11 Functions of Theory A theory is a set of scientific principles used to explain a phenomenon Provides frameworks for interpreting research](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3bc40defe13835534545da/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
My Interests
Educational
Psychology
Spatial Learning Strategies
(Concept Maps, drawing etc.)
Multimedia Learning &
Adaptive Systems
Research Methods
(Meta-Analysis)
STEM Education- Evaluation- Assessment- Design
![Page 3: Instructional Philosophy - s3.wp.wsu.edu · 11 Functions of Theory A theory is a set of scientific principles used to explain a phenomenon Provides frameworks for interpreting research](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3bc40defe13835534545da/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
Learning
Objectives
![Page 4: Instructional Philosophy - s3.wp.wsu.edu · 11 Functions of Theory A theory is a set of scientific principles used to explain a phenomenon Provides frameworks for interpreting research](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3bc40defe13835534545da/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
At the end of this presentation,
attendees will be able to
Understand some evidence-based
theories of learning and instruction
Understand how learning theories
are applied in effective
administration of LC-DLMs
![Page 5: Instructional Philosophy - s3.wp.wsu.edu · 11 Functions of Theory A theory is a set of scientific principles used to explain a phenomenon Provides frameworks for interpreting research](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3bc40defe13835534545da/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
WHAT IS
LEARNING?
![Page 6: Instructional Philosophy - s3.wp.wsu.edu · 11 Functions of Theory A theory is a set of scientific principles used to explain a phenomenon Provides frameworks for interpreting research](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3bc40defe13835534545da/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
An enduring change in behavior as a
result of practice or other forms of
experience
Learning
Is...
![Page 7: Instructional Philosophy - s3.wp.wsu.edu · 11 Functions of Theory A theory is a set of scientific principles used to explain a phenomenon Provides frameworks for interpreting research](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3bc40defe13835534545da/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
That is, learning occurs when people are able
to do things as a result of what they learned
Behavioral change endures over a period of
time
◼ Temporary behavioral changes do not
count as learning
◼ Behaviors are strengthened or weakened
by their consequences
Learning occurs through practice or other
forms of experience, e.g. observation
(Bandura)
![Page 8: Instructional Philosophy - s3.wp.wsu.edu · 11 Functions of Theory A theory is a set of scientific principles used to explain a phenomenon Provides frameworks for interpreting research](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3bc40defe13835534545da/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Principles of Learning
![Page 9: Instructional Philosophy - s3.wp.wsu.edu · 11 Functions of Theory A theory is a set of scientific principles used to explain a phenomenon Provides frameworks for interpreting research](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3bc40defe13835534545da/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Learning
Is Change
Is Inevitable and Essential
Can be Resisted
Can Be Tacit and Incidental as well as Conscious
and Intentional
Is both a Process and a Product
Is Different at Different Points in Time
Principles of Learning
![Page 10: Instructional Philosophy - s3.wp.wsu.edu · 11 Functions of Theory A theory is a set of scientific principles used to explain a phenomenon Provides frameworks for interpreting research](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3bc40defe13835534545da/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Functions of
Theory
![Page 11: Instructional Philosophy - s3.wp.wsu.edu · 11 Functions of Theory A theory is a set of scientific principles used to explain a phenomenon Provides frameworks for interpreting research](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3bc40defe13835534545da/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Functions of Theory
A theory is a set of scientific principles used to
explain a phenomenon
Provides frameworks for interpreting research results
Generates new research through hypothesis testing
Hypotheses are testable assumptions (e.g., girls
are better at reading than boys)
Strengthened when hypotheses are supported
May need to be revised if data do not support
hypotheses
Hence, a theory of learning is a set of principles that
explain how learning occurs
![Page 12: Instructional Philosophy - s3.wp.wsu.edu · 11 Functions of Theory A theory is a set of scientific principles used to explain a phenomenon Provides frameworks for interpreting research](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3bc40defe13835534545da/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
There are several theories of learning
Cognitive Theories
Cognitive Information Processing Theory
Cognitive Load Theory
Social Theories
Social Cognitive Theory of Learning (observational)
Cooperative Learning
Social Cultural Theory of Learning
Situated Learning Theory (contextual)
Motivation
Behavioral Theories
Developmental Theories
Some Theories of Learning
![Page 13: Instructional Philosophy - s3.wp.wsu.edu · 11 Functions of Theory A theory is a set of scientific principles used to explain a phenomenon Provides frameworks for interpreting research](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3bc40defe13835534545da/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
Information
ProcessingTheory
![Page 14: Instructional Philosophy - s3.wp.wsu.edu · 11 Functions of Theory A theory is a set of scientific principles used to explain a phenomenon Provides frameworks for interpreting research](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3bc40defe13835534545da/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Working
MemoryResponse
Long Term
Memory
Sensory
Register
Information Processing Theory
![Page 15: Instructional Philosophy - s3.wp.wsu.edu · 11 Functions of Theory A theory is a set of scientific principles used to explain a phenomenon Provides frameworks for interpreting research](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3bc40defe13835534545da/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Information is processed and
stored in the human memory
We forget more than half of
what we’ve learned within
the 1st 1 hour after learning it
Within 1 day, humans forget ~
70% of what they learn,
especially through lectures
One way by which we minimize forgetfulness is by to
involve learners in the process
of learning
Information Processing Theory of Learning
![Page 16: Instructional Philosophy - s3.wp.wsu.edu · 11 Functions of Theory A theory is a set of scientific principles used to explain a phenomenon Provides frameworks for interpreting research](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3bc40defe13835534545da/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
How to minimize forgetfulness
Make learning meaningful for students
If you learn something, and it is important to
you, and you can connect it with many
things you already know (prior knowledge),
your memory retention will be very high
If you learn something, and it is not important
to you, and you do not connect it with
anything you already know, you will have
poor retention
Practice retrieval of the information
![Page 17: Instructional Philosophy - s3.wp.wsu.edu · 11 Functions of Theory A theory is a set of scientific principles used to explain a phenomenon Provides frameworks for interpreting research](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3bc40defe13835534545da/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Quote from Benjamin Franklin
17
Tell me and I’ll forget
Show me and I may remember
Involve me and I will learn/understand
Our LC-DLMs are
set up to involve
learners
![Page 18: Instructional Philosophy - s3.wp.wsu.edu · 11 Functions of Theory A theory is a set of scientific principles used to explain a phenomenon Provides frameworks for interpreting research](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3bc40defe13835534545da/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
Cognitive
LoadTheory
![Page 19: Instructional Philosophy - s3.wp.wsu.edu · 11 Functions of Theory A theory is a set of scientific principles used to explain a phenomenon Provides frameworks for interpreting research](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3bc40defe13835534545da/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
Amount of mental effort, usually working memory,
required to process a particular instructional element
during learning
Assumes a potentially unlimited long-term memory
holding interacting cognitive schemas as well as a
working memory that is severely limited when dealing
with novel information
Three types of cognitive load
Intrinsic
Extraneous
Germane
Cognitive Load is ADDITIVE:
i.e. Total CL = ICL+ECL+GCL
Cognitive Load Theory
![Page 20: Instructional Philosophy - s3.wp.wsu.edu · 11 Functions of Theory A theory is a set of scientific principles used to explain a phenomenon Provides frameworks for interpreting research](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3bc40defe13835534545da/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
Cognitive Load Theory
Total Cognitive
Load
IntrinsicExtrinsic
Germane
Natural
complexity of
information
Working
memory
resources
Way material
is taught or
presented
![Page 21: Instructional Philosophy - s3.wp.wsu.edu · 11 Functions of Theory A theory is a set of scientific principles used to explain a phenomenon Provides frameworks for interpreting research](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3bc40defe13835534545da/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
Cognitive Load Theory
Extrinsic
(poor design)
Intrinsic
(inevitable)
Germane(causes
learning)
![Page 22: Instructional Philosophy - s3.wp.wsu.edu · 11 Functions of Theory A theory is a set of scientific principles used to explain a phenomenon Provides frameworks for interpreting research](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3bc40defe13835534545da/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
Learning through the LC-DLMs is
fostered because: Visual cues in LC-DLMs will minimize cognitive
load and promote learning of conceptual
concepts.
The LC-DLMs aid in students retaining a
permanent mental geometric picture to
decrease the cognitive load on working
memory
Cognitive Load Theory with DLMs
![Page 23: Instructional Philosophy - s3.wp.wsu.edu · 11 Functions of Theory A theory is a set of scientific principles used to explain a phenomenon Provides frameworks for interpreting research](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3bc40defe13835534545da/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
Social
LearningTheories
![Page 24: Instructional Philosophy - s3.wp.wsu.edu · 11 Functions of Theory A theory is a set of scientific principles used to explain a phenomenon Provides frameworks for interpreting research](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3bc40defe13835534545da/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
Social Learning Theories were developed because
behavioral theories overlook the social influences of
learning
Learning occurs in social environments
Social-Cognitive Theory
Enactive and Vicarious learning
Efficacy beliefs
Situated Learning Theory
Community of Practice
Legitimate Peripheral Participation
Vygotsky’s Socio-Cultural Theory of Learning
Scaffolding
Zone of Proximal Development
![Page 25: Instructional Philosophy - s3.wp.wsu.edu · 11 Functions of Theory A theory is a set of scientific principles used to explain a phenomenon Provides frameworks for interpreting research](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3bc40defe13835534545da/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
Social Cognitive Theory (SCT)
“… much human learning occurs in a social
environment. By observing others, people acquire
knowledge, rules, skills, strategies, beliefs, and
attitudes. Individuals also learn from models the
usefulness and appropriateness of behaviors, and
they act in accordance with beliefs about their
capabilities and the expected outcomes of their
actions.”
(Schunk, 2012, p. 118)
![Page 26: Instructional Philosophy - s3.wp.wsu.edu · 11 Functions of Theory A theory is a set of scientific principles used to explain a phenomenon Provides frameworks for interpreting research](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3bc40defe13835534545da/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
Play Video on Social Cognitive Theory
Social Cognitive Theory (SCT)
![Page 27: Instructional Philosophy - s3.wp.wsu.edu · 11 Functions of Theory A theory is a set of scientific principles used to explain a phenomenon Provides frameworks for interpreting research](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3bc40defe13835534545da/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
Humans learn from their social environment through a series of triadic reciprocal interactions among
Personal, behavioral and environmental influences
Learning occurs enactively or vicariously
Social Cognitive Theory (SCT)
![Page 28: Instructional Philosophy - s3.wp.wsu.edu · 11 Functions of Theory A theory is a set of scientific principles used to explain a phenomenon Provides frameworks for interpreting research](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3bc40defe13835534545da/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Personal Factors
Environmental Factors
Behavioral Factors
Level of
Efficacy
• Task choice
• Persistence
• Effort
Information from
social environment
(peers and teacher)
![Page 29: Instructional Philosophy - s3.wp.wsu.edu · 11 Functions of Theory A theory is a set of scientific principles used to explain a phenomenon Provides frameworks for interpreting research](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3bc40defe13835534545da/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Reciprocal Interactions
Human behavior is guided by reciprocal
interactions among behaviors,
environmental variables, and personal
factors such as cognitions.
![Page 30: Instructional Philosophy - s3.wp.wsu.edu · 11 Functions of Theory A theory is a set of scientific principles used to explain a phenomenon Provides frameworks for interpreting research](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3bc40defe13835534545da/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
Environment
BehaviorPerson
Directions of
influence are not
always the same. At
any one time, a
different factor may
predominate.
Acts out
regularly in
class
Gets yelled at
by teacher and
ignored by
friends
Doesn’t
like school
Example of Reciprocal Interactions
Consider the example of a child who does not like school.
![Page 31: Instructional Philosophy - s3.wp.wsu.edu · 11 Functions of Theory A theory is a set of scientific principles used to explain a phenomenon Provides frameworks for interpreting research](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3bc40defe13835534545da/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
Enactive Learning (in SCT)
Learning from actually doing something
Learning from the consequences of one’s
actions
Behavioral consequences serve as sources of
information and motivation
Behaviors that are successful are retained
Behaviors that fail are refined or discarded
Behaviors motivate people to learn behaviors that
are of value and desirable, and to avoid learning
behaviors that are punishable
![Page 32: Instructional Philosophy - s3.wp.wsu.edu · 11 Functions of Theory A theory is a set of scientific principles used to explain a phenomenon Provides frameworks for interpreting research](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3bc40defe13835534545da/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
Vicarious Learning (SCT)
Learning by observing others
Observing or listening to models
Accelerates learning and helps people avoid
negative consequences
Motivating because people are more likely to
model successful behaviors
It is better to model successful behaviors
Crucial for mentoring and training
![Page 33: Instructional Philosophy - s3.wp.wsu.edu · 11 Functions of Theory A theory is a set of scientific principles used to explain a phenomenon Provides frameworks for interpreting research](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3bc40defe13835534545da/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
Cooperative
Learning
![Page 34: Instructional Philosophy - s3.wp.wsu.edu · 11 Functions of Theory A theory is a set of scientific principles used to explain a phenomenon Provides frameworks for interpreting research](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3bc40defe13835534545da/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
Cooperative Learning
Rectangular Task Activity
The collaboration effect is expected to be
more significant when solving complex
problems, in situations of far transfer (contexts
different from practice contexts) and for high
road transfer (contexts needing a
metacognitive effort and an active search
for connections).
![Page 35: Instructional Philosophy - s3.wp.wsu.edu · 11 Functions of Theory A theory is a set of scientific principles used to explain a phenomenon Provides frameworks for interpreting research](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3bc40defe13835534545da/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
Cooperative Learning
Complex problems are better solved
collaboratively
Used extensively in Problem-Based Learning
Desirable number in a collaborative group is
3 to 5
Essential elements of cooperative learning
Positive interdependence
Individual accountability
Group processing
Appropriate use of social skills
Promotive interaction
We encourage setting up LC-DLM sessions
using these principles & theories
![Page 36: Instructional Philosophy - s3.wp.wsu.edu · 11 Functions of Theory A theory is a set of scientific principles used to explain a phenomenon Provides frameworks for interpreting research](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3bc40defe13835534545da/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
Cooperative Learning with LC-DLMs
![Page 37: Instructional Philosophy - s3.wp.wsu.edu · 11 Functions of Theory A theory is a set of scientific principles used to explain a phenomenon Provides frameworks for interpreting research](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3bc40defe13835534545da/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
Thank You!