Instituto Ayrton Senna Sustainable Inclusive Growth in ... · CÁTEDRA Instituto Ayrton Senna...

CÁTEDRA

Instituto Ayrton Senna

CÁTEDRA


BrasíliaOctober, 2017

Ricardo Paes de Barros (IAS/Insper), Diana Coutinho (IAS),Marina de Cuffa (IAS/Insper), Samuel Franco (OPE Sociais),

Beatriz Garcia (Insper/IAS), Rosane Mendonça (UFF),Laura Müller Machado (IAS/Insper), Camila Soares (IAS/Insper)

Sustainable Inclusive Growth in Brazil: Past Achievements

and Challenges Ahead

CÁTEDRA


Achievements1

CÁTEDRA


1. Achievements

CÁTEDRA


1. Achievements

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015

pe

rce

nta

ge o

f th

e p

op

ula

tio

n b

elo

w t

he

ext

rem

e p

ove

rty

line

Evolution of the Extreme Poverty in Brazil

MDG

Reduction in extreme poverty 4 times faster

than required by the MDG

MDG met 10 years in

advance

CÁTEDRA


1. Achievements

38,7 38,339,4

36,9

34,2

29,7

28,0

25,223,8

20,6

18,017,0

15,3

17,1

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

pe

rce

nta

ge o

f th

e p

op

ula

tio

n b

elo

w t

he

po

vert

y lin

e

Evolution of Poverty in Brazil

Reduction in poverty 2,5 faster than required to

reduce to 1/2 in 25 years

CÁTEDRA


1. Achievements

38,7 38,339,4

36,9

34,2

29,728,0

25,223,8

20,6

18,017,0

15,317,1

38,7 38,7

41,139,5

37,5

34,533,5

31,8 31,1

28,626,7

25,5 24,7

26,9

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

pe

rce

nta

ge o

f th

e p

op

ula

tio

n b

elo

w t

he

po

vert

y lin

e

Evolution of Poverty in Brazil

With reductionin inequality

without reduction in inequality

11,8

21,6

Almost ½ of the reduction in poverty is due to the reduction in inequality

CÁTEDRA


1. Achievements

0,0%

0,5%

1,0%

1,5%

2,0%

2,5%

3,0%

3,5%

4,0%

4,5%

5,0%

First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eigth Ninth Tenth

Average annual growth rate of the labor income per worker by tenths of the income distribution: Brazil, 2001-2015

CÁTEDRA


1. Achievements

-1,5%

-1,0%

-0,5%

0,0%

0,5%

1,0%

1,5%

2,0%

2,5%

3,0%

3,5%

4,0%

4,5%

5,0%

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

ave

rage

an

nu

al g

row

th r

ate

(%

)

percentile of the income distribution

Average annual growth rate of labor income per worker by percentile

CÁTEDRA


1. Achievements

4,0%

5,0%

6,0%

7,0%

8,0%

9,0%

10,0%

11,0%

12,0%

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

1700

1800

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

un

em

plo

yme

nt

rate

Mo

nth

ly a

vera

ge e

arn

ings

(R

$ o

f 2

01

4)

Evolution of the Main Brazilian Labor Market Indicators II

Average Earnings

UnemploymentRate

R$1,731real wage

increase 44%in 10 years

R$1,199

9,0%

unemolyment rate declined almost two

percentage points in 10 years

7,0%

CÁTEDRA


1. Achievements

36,0

37,5

39,0

40,5

42,0

43,5

45,0

46,5

48,0

49,5

51,0

52,5

54,0

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

650

700

750

800

850

900

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

pe

rce

nta

ge o

f th

e la

bo

r fo

rce

in t

he

fo

rmal

se

cto

r

Min

imu

m w

age

(R

$ o

f 2

01

5)

Evolution of the Main Brazilian Labor Market Indicators I

Minimum Wage

Degree of Formalization

R$440

R$872real minimum wage doubled

in 20 years

the degreee of formalization increased

10 percentage points 41%

51%

CÁTEDRA


1. Achievements

Determinantes Brasil 2001 Brasil 2015 Diferencial Contribuição

Renda per capita 52 118 6,0% 100%

Porcentagem de adultos 51% 60% 1,1% 13%

Renda nào derivada do trabalho por adulto 24 85 9,6% 56%

Taxa de ocupação (%) 48% 40% -1,3% -12%

Remuneração do trabalho por ocupado 161 279 4,0% 43%

Fonte: estimado com base na Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD).

Determinantes do diferencial da renda per capita do 1º Décimo: Área Total

CÁTEDRA


1. Achievements





Taxa de ocupação (%) 52% 44% -1,2% -12%



Determinantes do diferencial da renda per capita dos 20% mais pobres:

Área Total

CÁTEDRA


1. Achievements





Taxa de ocupação (%) 54% 48% -0,9% -11%



Determinantes do diferencial da renda per capita dos 40% mais pobres:

Área Total

CÁTEDRA


1. Achievements





Taxa de ocupação (%) 60% 58% -0,2% -7%



Determinantes do diferencial da renda per capita: Área Total

CÁTEDRA


It is possible to sustain this

rate of poverty reduction2

CÁTEDRA


2. It is possible to sustain this rate of poverty reduction

0,20 0,22 0,24 0,26 0,28 0,30 0,32 0,34 0,36 0,38 0,40 0,42 0,44 0,46 0,48 0,50 0,52 0,54

Denmark

Slovak Republic

Slovenia

Norway

Czech Republic

Iceland

Finland

Belgium

Sweden

Austria

Netherlands

Switzerland

Germany

Hungary

Poland

Luxembourg

Ireland

France

Korea

Australia

Italy

New Zealand

Spain

Estonia

Portugal

Greece

United Kingdom

Israel

United States

Turkey

Mexico

Brazil

Gini Coefficient

Income Inequality in High and Middle Income Countries: 2012

Inequality remains very high

CÁTEDRA


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

po

rce

nta

gem

da

ren

da

tota

l (%

)

Evolução da porcentagem da renda das famílias apropriada pelos 40% e 50% mais pobres no Brasil

40% mais pobre

50% mais pobre

Evolution of the percentage of the total income going to the poorest 40% and 50% in Brazil

Per

cen

tage

of

tota

l in

com

e (%

)

Bottom 50%

Bottom 40%


CÁTEDRA


15,0

15,5

16,0

16,5

17,0

17,5

18,0

18,5

19,0

19,5

20,0

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

pe

rce

nta

ge o

f G

DP

Evolution of the Brazilian Primary Federal Expenditures as a Percentage of GDP: 2002-2014

Federal Primary Expenditures are increasing 0,4 percentage

points per year

Severe Fiscal Imbalance


CÁTEDRA


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Taxa

de

cre

scim

en

to a

nu

al (

%)

porcentagem de países

Distribuição dos países de acordo com o gasto governaental como porcentagem do PIB

Brasil

72%

41%

Distribution of countries according to total government expenditure as a percentage of GDP

Tota

l go

vern

men

t ex

pen

dit

ure

as

per

cen

tage

of

GD

P

Percentage of countries


CÁTEDRA


0,35

0,36

0,37

0,38

0,39

0,40

0,41

0,42

0,43

0,44

0,45

0,46

0,47

0,48

0,49

0,50

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

coef

icie

nte

de

Gin

i

Evolução do grau de desigualdade salarial entre os empregados públicos (estatutários) e os empregados com carteira no setor privado: Coeficiente de Gini. 2001-2014

Funcionários públicos estatutários

Empregados com carteira no setor privado

Evolution of the wage inequality among employees in the public and private sectors

Gin

ico

effi

cien

t

Employees in the Public Sector

Employees in the Private Sector


CÁTEDRA


Required growth and

inequality reduction3

CÁTEDRA


3. Required growth and inequality reduction

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

po

vert

y le

vel (

%)

Balanced growth (%)

Impact of balanced growth on poverty: Brazil, 2015

CÁTEDRA







Taxa de ocupação (%) 60% 58% -0,2% -7%



Determinantes do diferencial da renda per capita: Área Total 17 years

CÁTEDRA



0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

16%

18%

20%

0% 20% 40% 60%

po

vert

y le

vel (

%)

growth in factors determining per capita income

Impact on the level of poverty of increasing the level of factors determining per capita income

proportionof adults

nonlabor income

laborincome

CÁTEDRA


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

po

vert

y le

vel (

%)

reduction in inequality (%)

Inpact of inequality reduction on poverty: Brazil, 2015


CÁTEDRA


0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70

ine

qu

alit

y re

du

ctio

n (

%)

growth rate (%)

Iso-poverty: combinations of growth and inequality reductions leading to a reduction in poverty to one-half


CÁTEDRA


Better Targeting4

CÁTEDRA


4. Better Targeting

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 110% 120% 130% 140% 150%Excl

usi

on

Err

or

(% o

f to

tal p

rogr

am e

xpe

nd

itu

res

targ

ete

d u

sin

g

rep

ort

ed in

com

e)

Inclusion Error (% of total programa expenditures targeted using reported income)

Inclusion and Exclusion Errors Associated with the Current "Bolsa Família" Program Targeting Mechanisms

ReportedIncome

Fixed value for all current beneficiaries

Possibilities using anincome predictor

97%

86%

79%

34%100%

“Bolsa Família” Targeting System based on reported income has

very serious flaws

CÁTEDRA


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85

po

rce

nta

gem

da

po

pu

laçã

o a

bai

xo d

a lin

ha

de

po

bre

za (

%)

Evolução da porcentagem da população abaixo da linha de pobreza por faixa etária: Brasil, 2014

Média

2x

6x

Age Profile of the Extreme Poverty Rate

Per

cen

tage

of

the

‘po

pu

lati

on

bel

ow

the

extr

eme

po

vert

y lin

e

Age

Mean

4. Better Targeting

CÁTEDRA


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

Primeiro Segundo Terceiro Quarto Quinto Sexto Sétimo Oitavo Nono Décimo

Po

rce

nta

gem

de

cri

ança

s d

e a

té 3

an

os

em

cre

che

Evolução da taxa de frequência a creche pública para crianças de 0 a 3 anos, segundo os décimos da distribuição de renda: Brasil, 2015

Fonte: Estimativas produzidas a partir da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD).

Private

Public

Access to Daycare Centers (children up to 3 years old) by tenths of the income distribution: Brazil, 2015

pe

rce

nta

ge o

f ch

ildre

n u

p t

o 3

ye

ars

old

First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth

4. Better Targeting

CÁTEDRA


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

po

rce

nta

gem

de

cri

ança

s d

e a

té 3

an

os

de

idad

e q

ue

fr

eq

ue

nta

m c

rech

es

(%)

Evolução da porcentagem de crianças de até 3 anos de idade frequentando Creches: 2001-2013

10% mais pobres

10% mais ricos

14 p.p.

7 p.p.

Evolution of the access to daycare centers (children up to 3 years old) by tenths of the income distribution: Brazil, 2001-2013

per

cen

tage

of

child

ren

up

to

3 y

ears

old

4. Better Targeting

CÁTEDRA


Balanced growth of

earnings and

productivity

5

CÁTEDRA


5. Balanced growth of earnings and productivity

Nota: Renda deflacionada com INPC; PIB com deflator implícito do PIB.Fonte: Renda, Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD/IBGE); PIB, Sistema de Contas Nacionais (SCN/IBGE).

80

85

90

95

100

105

110

115

120

125

130

135

140

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Crescim

entoacumuladodesde2001

Produ vidadedoTrabalhovs.RendadoTrabalhoBase:2001(sériesreais)

Remuneraçãomédiadotrabalho

PIBportrabalhador

18p.p.

Labor Productivity and Real Labor Income(2001=100)

Acc

um

ula

ted

gro

wth

sin

ce 2

00

1 Real Labor Income

Labor Productivity

CÁTEDRA


80

85

90

95

100

105

110

115

95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115

RemuneraçãodoTrabalho(1996=100)

Produ vidadedoTrabalho(1996=100)

CrescimentodaRemuneraçãodoTrabalhovsCrescimentodaProdu vidadedoTrabalho(1996a2003)

1996

2003

Nota: Produtividade definida como PIB real/trabalhadores; Remuneração deflacionada com INPC; Produtividade com deflator implícito do PIB.Fonte: Remuneração, Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD/IBGE); Produtividade, Sistema de Contas Nacionais (SCN/IBGE).

Growth in Labor Productivity and Real Labor Income: 1996 to 2003

Lab

or

Inco

me

(19

96

=10

0)

Labor Productivity (1996=100)

Alignment or misalignment?


CÁTEDRA


80

85

90

95

100

105

110

115

95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115

RemuneraçãodoTrabalho(1996=100)

Produ vidadedoTrabalho(1996=100)

CrescimentodaRemuneraçãodoTrabalhovsCrescimentodaProdu vidadedoTrabalho(1996a2003)

1996

2003

2003

Nota: Produtividade definida como PIB real/trabalhadores; Remuneração deflacionada com INPC; Produtividade com deflator implícito do PIB.Fonte: Remuneração, Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD/IBGE); Produtividade, Sistema de Contas Nacionais (SCN/IBGE).

Growth in Labor Productivity and Real Labor Income: 1996 to 2011

Lab

or

Inco

me

(19

96

=10

0)

Labor Productivity (1996=100)

Alignment or misalignment? 2011


CÁTEDRA


75

80

85

90

95

100

105

110

115

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

(19

96

=10

0)

The Evolution of Labor Productivity and Real Average Earnings in Brazil: 1996-2011

Real average labor earnings

Labor average productivity

(GDP per worker)

Imbalance or Alignment Between Labor Productivity and Labor Earnings?


CÁTEDRA


Productive Inclusion6

CÁTEDRA


6. Productive Inclusion

80

82

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

lab

or

forc

e p

arti

cip

atio

n fo

r m

en

ag

ed

25

to

29

ye

ars

old

(%

)

Evolution of the Brazilian labor force participation rate among men aged 25 to 29 years-old, by their educational

level: 1992-2014

Functionally illiterate

5 to 9 years of schooling (complete primary education)

Secondary education

Generating Persistent Poverty? Labor Marker Difficult in Absorbing

Very Low-Skilled Youth

CÁTEDRA



30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

turn

ove

r ra

tes

(% o

f th

e la

bo

r fo

rce

pe

r ye

ar)

Evoluton of Turnover Rates among Brazilian Formal Employees: 2003-2015

All workers

Low wage( 2MW) workers

Excess Turnover

CÁTEDRA



0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Tho

usa

nd

s U

S$ (

20

05

) p

er

wo

rke

r p

er

year

The Evolution of the Average Labor ProductivitySelected countries: 1950-2011

Japan

Korea

Argentina

Brazil

Chile

China

Source: SAE/PR based on the Penn World Tables. Labor productivity as GDP/worker (Real GDP at constant 2005 national prices).

CÁTEDRA



0

10.000

20.000

30.000

40.000

50.000

60.000

70.000

80.000

0 10.000 20.000 30.000 40.000 50.000 60.000 70.000 80.000

Lab

or

Pro

du

ctiv

ity

in 2

01

1

(US$

(2

00

5)

pe

r ye

ar p

er

wo

rke

r)

Labor Productivity in 1980 (US$ (2005) per year per worker)

Ratio between labor productivity in 1980 and 2011

Brazil

Korea

Source: SAE/PR based on the Penn World Tables. Labor productivity as GDP/worker (Real GDP at constant 2005 national prices).

China

CÁTEDRA



0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5

Uruguai

Brasil

Chile

Bolívia

Paraguai

Colômbia

Venezuela

Suriname

Equador

Peru

Argentina

Taxa anual de crescimento da produtividade média do trabalho na América do Sul (2001-2011)

América do Sul, Brasil excluído

average annual growth rate (%)

Latin America without Brazil

Average annual growth rate in labor productivity: Latin America 2001-2011

CÁTEDRA



-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Zimbabwe

Madagascar

Liberia

Comoros

Ivory Coast

Central African Republic

Gabon

Togo

Benin

Guinea

Guinea-Bissau

Burundi

Cameroon

Niger

Swaziland

Senegal

Gambia

Mali

Mauritania

Namibia

Djibouti

Congo - Brazzaville

Kenya

South Africa

Egypt

Botswana

Tunisia

Malawi

Congo - Kinshasa

Cape Verde

Sao Tome and Principe

Burkina Faso

Sudan

Mauritius

Lesotho

Morocco

Zambia

Uganda

Sierra Leone

Tanzania

Ghana

Mozambique

Rwanda

Chad

Ethiopia

Nigeria

Angola

Equatorial Guinea

Taxa anual de crescimento da produtividade média do trabalho na África (2001-2011)

África

Brasil

Average annual growth rate in labor productivity: Africa 2001-2011

average annual growth rate (%)

CÁTEDRA


Connectivity between

education and

economic activity7

CÁTEDRA


7. Connectivity between educationand economic activity

8,0

8,5

9,0

9,5

10,0

10,5

11,0

11,5

12,0

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013

gan

ho

pe

rce

ntu

al d

e r

em

un

era

ção

po

r an

o a

dic

ion

al d

e

esc

ola

rid

ade

(%

)

Evolução dos diferencias de remuneração por nível educacional

Evolution of the wage differentials by educational level

Earn

ings

gai

n d

ue

to

on

e ad

dit

ion

al y

ear

of

ed

uca

tio

n (

%)

CÁTEDRA



In Chile, over the past 30 years,

productivity growth has been

$ 3,000 per additional year of

workforce schooling.

Ave

rage

La

bo

r P

rod

uctivity –

GD

P p

er

wo

rker

(Th

ou

sa

nd U

S$

(P

PP

) 1

99

0)

Average schooling on adult population (successfully concluded grades)

Evolution of schooling in adult population

and labor production (1980-2010)

CÁTEDRA



Ave

rage

La

bo

r P

rod

uctivity –

GD

P p

er

wo

rker

(Th

ou

sa

nd U

S$

(P

PP

) 1

99

0)


Type I: Countries where productivity grows $ 3,000 per additional year of workforce schooling



CÁTEDRA



Ave

rage

La

bo

r P

rod

uctivity –

GD

P p

er

wo

rker

(Th

ou

sa

nd U

S$

(P

PP

) 1

99

0)




Type II: Countries where productivity grows $ 4,000 per additional year of workforce schooling

CÁTEDRA



Ave

rage

La

bo

r P

rod

uctivity –

GD

P p

er

wo

rker

(Th

ou

sa

nd U

S$

(P

PP

) 1

99

0)




Type III: Countries where productivity grows $ 7,000 per additional year of workforce schooling

CÁTEDRA



Ave

rage

La

bo

r P

rod

uctivity –

GD

P p

er

wo

rker

(Th

ou

sa

nd U

S$

(P

PP

) 1

99

0)




Type 0: Countries where productivity doesn’t grow with additional year of workforce schooling

CÁTEDRA


Over the past 25

years, Brazil has

undergone an

unprecedented

educational

expansion. More

than 90% of the

countries had a

lower progress

in this period

than Brazil.

Fonte: Human Development Data (http://hdr.undp.org/en/data).


Annual progress of average schooling of the working

age population over the past 25 years by country

Countries distribution

Annualpro

gre

ss

ofavera

ge

shoolin

g(y

ears

ofschoolin

g)

CÁTEDRA




Over the past 25

years, Brazilian

growth has been

slow. Less than

40% of the

countries had

lower economic

growth in that

period than

Brazil.

Annual growth rate of GDP per capita over

the past 25 years by country


Annualgro

wth

rate

ofG

DP

per

capita (

GD

P/h

abitant)

CÁTEDRA


In Brazil, growth

in schooling has

not been

accompanied by

significant growth

in labor

productivity.

More than 2/3 of

the countries

have translated

schooling into

productivity

better than

Brazil.



Ratio between productivity and schooling

progress over the past 25 years by country


Ration

betw

een

pro

ductivity

and

schoolin

gpro

gre

ss

(%)

CÁTEDRA


If Brazil had the

same capacity to

translate

education into

productivity as

either Turkey or

Korea, Brazilian

economic growth

would have been

two to three

times faster than

it was over the

last 25 years.



Annual growth rate of GDP per capita over

the past 25 years by country


Annualgro

wth

rate

ofG

DP

per

capita (

GD

P/h

abitant)

CÁTEDRA


Ageing8

CÁTEDRA


8. Ageing

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

32

34

36

38

40

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060

Dis

trib

uiç

ão d

a p

op

ula

ção

(%

)

Evolution of the percentage of old-age population: Brazil, 1990-2060

At least 60 years old


Source: SAE/PR based on population records and projections from IBGE

2014

CÁTEDRA


8. Ageing

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060

pe

rce

nta

ge o

f th

e p

op

ula

tio

n (

%)

Evolution of the Distribution of the Brazilian Population by Age Groups: 1900 to 2060

Under 15 years old


Between 15 and 59 years old

2014

Source: SAE/PR based on population records and projections from IBGE

Less than 15 or at least 60 years old

CÁTEDRA


8. Ageing

Source: Growing old in an older Brazil : implications of population aging on growth, poverty,public finance and service delivery / Michele Gragnolati, et al. Washington D.C.: The World Bank, 2011. p. 12.

Number of years for population 65+ to increase from 7% to 14%

Brazil is aging almost

six times faster than did France

21 years

115 years

CÁTEDRA


8. Ageing

Ratio between per capita public expenditure with the elderly and the youth: 2010

ratio

CÁTEDRA


8. Ageing

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85

po

rce

nta

gem

da

po

pu

laçã

o a

bai

xo d

a lin

ha

de

po

bre

za (

%)

Evolução da porcentagem da população abaixo da linha de pobreza por faixa etária: Brasil, 2014

Média

2x

6x

Age Profile of the Extreme Poverty Rate

Per

cen

tage

of

the

po

pu

lati

on

bel

ow

the

extr

eme

po

vert

y lin

e

Age

Mean

CÁTEDRA


Discrimination9

CÁTEDRA


9. Discrimination

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

55%

60%

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Evolution of the percentage of blacks 30 to 34 years old

Total

University

26 p.p

19 p.p

26 p.p

CÁTEDRA


9. Discrimination

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

55%

60%

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Evolution of the percentage of blacks 30 to 34 years old

Total

UniversityGraduate

26 p.p

19 p.p

26 p.p

4 p.p

14 p.p

CÁTEDRA


9. Discrimination

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

po

rcen

tage

m d

a p

op

ula

ção

neg

ra n

o g

rup

o

Evolução da Representatividade da População Negra na População Total e entre os Dentistas

35 p.p.

38 p.p.

População Total

Dentistas

Evolution of the percentage of blacks

Total population

Dentist

Pe

rcen

tage

of

bla

cks

CÁTEDRA

Instituto Ayrton SennaCÁTEDRA


www.insper.edu.br/catedras/instituto-ayrton-senna/

CÁTEDRA


Núcleo Ciência para Educação

https://www.insper.edu.br/catedras/instituto-ayrton-senna/

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