Institutions + Public Places:Behavior Settings, Roles, and Power

Arch 3711 // Lecture 08.1

ANNOUNCEMENTS

LAST WEEK: Interim Reviews

What feedback did you get from your critics and how could it be used to improve your project?

What pieces are being added for the third check-in next week?

What is your current thesis?

What are the aspects of each environment that would be helpful in proposing the new environment of similar program to yours as outlined in the project brief?

How you defining and what are your criteria?

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DUE THURSDAY: One Copy – Paper 2 Draft

INTERIM GRADE REPORT: Weight + Development

REVISING YOUR CRITICAL THOUGHTS

Underline thesis

Revise citations & Bibliography - APA Style

Outline your paper

Critical Writing- Read to analyze the text

(Wood- types of claims/evidence)- Edit and revise (re-read, spell

check)- Critical voice, not judgmental

- Argue using evidence- Cite evidence (Smith, 1999, p. 50)- Primary Sources, then secondary

-AvoidIntroducing paper with general

statements that do not get to the point

Unsubstantiated opinion From Gwen Hyman & Martha Schulman Thinking on the Page, Blue Ash OH: Writers Digest books, p 80

Constructing Institutions & Individuals: The Role of Environments Communicating Power + Roles

+ Behavior Settings: Theater Analogy

+ Institutions as Communicative Devices

+ Examples of Institutions: Prisons, Schools, Workplaces

+ Hospital as a Stage-Exercise

Behavior Setting analogous to a performance

SetsActionRolesPropsCostumes

Domains of Control &

Institutionality-institutional

settings tend to have many residents

-many institutional buildings have gaps in

gradient

-large public buildings have public territory on the interior

-freestanding house full range of territorial gradient

Mor

e In

stitu

tiona

lM

ore

Hom

elik

e

InteriorExterior

Gaps in Gradient

Lecture 06.1

ConstructingInstitutions

Office BuildingsClaude-Nicolas Ledoux, Theatre de Besancon, 1775-84. View of theatre as reflected in the human eye

DEFINITIONS OF INSTITUTIONS

DEFINITION OF INSTITUTION

1. An organization established for the promotion of a particular objective, usually for some public, educational, charitable, or similar purpose.

2. The building devoted to such work.

3. An organized pattern of group behavior, well-established and accepted as a fundamental part of a culture such as the family unit, citizenship, etc.

DEFINITION OF INSTITUTION

1. An organization established for the promotion of a particular objective, usually for some public, educational, charitable, or similar purpose.

2. The building devoted to such work.

3. An organized pattern of group behavior, well-established and accepted as a fundamental part of a culture such as the family unit, citizenship, etc.

DEFINITION OF INSTITUTION

1. An organization established for the promotion of a particular objective, usually for some public, educational, charitable, or similar purpose.

2. The building devoted to such work.

3. An organized pattern of group behavior, well-established and accepted as a fundamental part of a culture such as the family unit, citizenship, etc.

Institutions are:

Human constructs passed on/evolving over time

Shared and Understood

Constantly being reconstituted

Reinforced through designed environments

IMPLICATIONS OF THE DEFINITION OF INSTITUTION

Environmental Implications of the definition

1. Support of Institutional Behaviors/ Activities

2. Communication of Expected Behaviors

3. Communication of Expected Roles

4. Communication of Attitudes and Values (symbols cue memory associations)

Bourdieu writes:

The most successful ideological effectsare those which have no need of words, and ask no more than complicitous silence. It follows, incidentally that any analysis of ideologies in the narrow sense of "legitimating discourses" which fails toinclude an analysis of the corresponding institutional mechanisms is liable to be no more than a contribution to the efficacy of those ideologies: this is true of all internal (semiological) analyses of political, educational, religious or aestheic ideologies which forget that the political function of these ideologies may in some cases be reduced to the effect of displacement and diversion, camouflage and legitimation, which they produce by reproducing - through their oversights and omissions, and in their deliberately or involuntarily complicitous silences - the effects of the objective mechanisms

Bourdieu,Pierre. 1977. Outline of a Theory of Practice, New York, Cambridge University Press, citing Lévi-Strauss 1968:34 as a source.

Bourdieu writes:

The most successful ideological effectshave no need of words,

Any analysis of ideologies which fails to include an analysis of the corresponding institutional mechanisms

is liable to be no more than a contribution to the efficacy of those ideologies:

The political function of these ideologies may be the effect of displacement and diversion, camouflage and legitimation, which they produce

in their deliberately or involuntarily complicitous silences

(complicitous= like an accomplice, a partner in wrong-doing)

INSTITUTIONS: POWER & ROLE

Roles (consider this classroom) premises/ environment fixed, adjustableHierarchy in roles, relationships

- access to resources (teacher, student, visitor, custodian)- control of action (professor, student)- control of territory (professor, student, custodian)

Institutions: Territoriality as a Device for Power

Territoriality “the attempt by an individual or group to affect influence or control people, phenomena and relationships by delimiting and asserting control over a geographic area”The Meaning of Territoriality (Sack, 1986 p. 19)

Creation of a territory (Sack, 1986, p. 21-2)

1. CLASSIFICATION BY AREA (studio, offices,exhibit)2. COMMUNICATION (through symbols, signs, etc.) 3. ENFORCEMENT (walls, rules, community agreement)

Lecture 06.1

ConstructingInstitutions

Office Buildings

EXAMPLES OF INSTITUTIONS

Lecture 06.1

ConstructingInstitutions

Office Buildings

PRISONS AND OTHER COMMUNAL DWELLINGS

Claude-Nicolas Ledoux, Theatre de Besancon, 1775-84. View of theatre as reflected in the human eye

Michel Foucault onPanopticism & Discipline

- Panopticon as Instrument of Discipline

Jeremy Benthams Panopticon

-The role of “the gaze” or supervision

- The concept of “disciplined bodies”

- Internalization of “appropriate”patterns of behavior

Michel Foucault on Panopticism

Design can constructsocial relationships, roles

Guard-Prisoner each role constructed in space

Buildings as Machines

Masked prisoners at Pentonville

Lincoln Prison Chapel

Isle of Pines Prison, built in 1932, Cuba

House of Industry, 1797

Justice and Detention Centre, 2005Leoben, Austria

Josef Hohensinn, Architect

www.latinpost.com

25

Higher Ground, 2012Minneapolis, MN

Cermak/Rhoades Architects

Lecture 06.1

ConstructingInstitutions

Office Buildings

SCHOOLS

2727

London, Royal Free School. Lancaster’s Schoolroom, 1811

Lambeth, EnglandAsylum for Female OrphansCirca 1700

Constructing Institutions- Schools

Attitudes toward Orphans -Worthy individuals & future citizens- Moral Education essential- Schools Associated with workhouses

Elementary School, Porto Valley, CA, 1957 (Callister & Rose architects)

29

Druk White Lotus SchoolHimalayas, Jammu-Kashmir, Ladakh, India

Aarup Associates, 2001

Key architectural features:

• Locally-available materials,

• Natural ventilation &

Passive solar heating;

• Minimises energy use

and emissions;

• Minimises water use;

• Refined and adapted

traditional techniques

to provide modern

solutions.

Lecture 06.1

ConstructingInstitutions

Office Buildings

OFFICE BUILDINGS

Frank Lloyd WrightLarkin Building

1904

Frank Lloyd Wright’s Larkin Building, 1904 - Plan

Mail Order Groups4th floor

Writer Operators2nd Floor

Work Areas

2. Constructing Institutions /Constructing the Individual

Herman Hertzberger CentraalBeheer

Insurance CompanyApeldoorn

Netherlands 1978

The Club – Venice, CaliforniaChiat/Day Advertising Agency / Frank Gehry, ArchitectTransactional Knowledge - Exchange between Individual + Group

The DenThe Hive

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ConstructingInstitutions

Office Buildings

PUBLIC PLACES

• Holland,Caroline , Andrew Clark, Jeanne Katz and Sheila Peace. 2007. Social Interactions In Urban Public Places, York, UK:Joseph Rouwntree Foundation, p 45

The ‘publicness’ of public places is conditional and contingent. Observations have shownthat however ‘public’ a place may be, whether or not it is accessible to you depends to alarge extent on who you are – your age, status, and sometimes gender; and the time ofday. Time of day matters because of who else may or may not be around; what serviceswill be available to you; whether you can get home by bus. Older people and childrenare particularly likely to feel marginalised or excluded at particular times of day for thesereasons.

Some people may be regarded as being ‘out of place’ in particular public spaces by thegeneral expectations of others or by the formal or informal management of these spaces.Examples include young people from other neighbourhoods hanging around… [certain parks]; street drinkers in the shopping centres; or unaccompanied young children in any of the town centre spaces. The acceptance of being in the right place can also extend to the smaller areas within a particular public space, evident, for example, in the complex processes of self-segregation in Vale Park described above.

Photo by Kippa Matthews for the Repoart

Lecture 06.1

ConstructingInstitutions

Musicians in streets near Yovoig Park in Tokyo Filipino guest workers, HSBC HQ, Hong Kong

Street vendors in Madric Street art by Latino residence in East Los Angeles

Lecture 06.1

ConstructingInstitutions

Office Buildings

Lecture 06.1

ConstructingInstitutions

Office Buildings

Community garden, Kujenga Pamoja (Together Philadelphia, The Village of Arts & Humanities We Build),

Fruitvale Transit Village, Oakland, CA, developed TAP, The Alley Project, transformed a Southwestwith the participation of Unity Council Detroit neighborhood

Hanoi in VietnamWho has access?

• Efroymson, Debra, TranThi Kiuw Thanh Ha,& Pham Thu Ha. 2009. Public Spaces: How They Humanize Dhaka, India: HealthBridge – WBB Trust. AFFORDANCES

Times Square opened up by Mayor Bloomberg (above), Hanoi Market (below)

IDS in 1975

Digital Content Library University of Minnesota College of Design

Lecture 06.1

ConstructingInstitutions

Office Buildings

IN-CLASS EXERCISE

CONSIDER THE HOSPITAL

How do we know what to do in different hospital environments?

What about the environment communicates those ideas to us?

In hospital setting- what are the roles, actions, sets, costumes, props?- what are the hierarchies between roles and how do they operate?- what are the territories, who controls them? How are they

communicated & enforced? How do they operate?

08.1 LECTURE TAKE AWAYS

It is important for designers to know what attitudes and roles they are communicating, supporting, perpetuating.

It is important to be able to read environments and be critical so useful attributes of settings are maintained and damaging attributes are not preserved in designs

In a democratic society, and in all societies, it is important to have public places that welcome all citizens and where people can gather for political action.

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DUE THURSDAY: One Copy – Paper 2 Draft

INTERIM GRADE REPORT: Weight + Development

Architecture 3711:Environmental Design & the Sociocultural Context

Lecture 05.1: Institutions & Public Places: Behavior Setting, Role & Power

Sack, Robert David. 1986. “The Meaning of Territoriality,” Human Territoriality. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 5-27, 220-223.

References

Bourdieu, Pierre. 1977. Outline of a Theory of Practice, New York, Cambridge University Press.

Duffy, Francis, Denice Jaunzens, Andrw Laing & Stephen Willis. 1998. New Environments for Working. London: Taylor & Francis.

Foucault, Michel. 1979. Excerpt from “Panopticism”. Discipline and Punish. New York: Vintage Press, 195-209.

Holland,Caroline , Andrew Clark, Jeanne Katz and Sheila Peace. 2007. Social Interactions In Urban Public Places, York, UK:Joseph Rouwntree Foundation

Sack, Robert David. 1986. “The Meaning of Territoriality,” Human Territoriality. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press,.

Constructing a Thatched Roof in Shirakagawa Japan (photo by JWR, 210)

How do institutions communicate power & role??