Institutionalized Gangs. Most Gangs in the World are found in Latin America, Africa, and South Asia.
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Transcript of Institutionalized Gangs. Most Gangs in the World are found in Latin America, Africa, and South Asia.
![Page 1: Institutionalized Gangs. Most Gangs in the World are found in Latin America, Africa, and South Asia.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649e545503460f94b4a3d2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Institutionalized Gangs
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Most Gangs in the World are found in Latin America, Africa, and South Asia
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Urbanization in Lagos
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Maras in San Salvador
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Two Kinds of Gang
• Interstititial- groups of youth that are socialized to the streets and come and go. Typically composed of adolescents; products of urbanization and poverty
• Institutional- groups of youth that are socialized to the streets but persist over decades. Typically composed of both adolescents and adults; products of more complex social processes
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Institutionalized Gangs Are Similar to other Groups of Armed Young Men and typically have high rates of violence
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Gang Are Institutionalized When They
• Persist despite changes in leadership (e.g. killed, incarcerated, matured out)
• Have organization complex enough to sustain multiple roles of its members
• Can adapt to changing environments (e.g. police repression) without dissolving
• Fulfill some needs of their community (economy, security, services)
• Organize a distinct outlook of their members (sometimes called a gang subculture) often with a “literature” and/or “laws and prayers.”
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Most institutionalized gangs “organize crime” but are not necessarily hierarchical
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Conditions for Gang Institutionalization
• Poverty - Necessary but not Sufficient
• Racial, Ethnic, or Religious Exclusion and Resistance Identity
• Underground Economy
• Social Catastrophe- civil war, displacement, and demoralization
• Defensible Spaces
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Conditions for Gang Institutionalization-1
• Poverty - Necessary but not Sufficient
• Racial, Ethnic, or Religious Exclusion and Resistance Identity
• Underground Economy
• Social Catastrophe- civil war, displacement, and demoralization
• Defensible Spaces
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Poverty often means youth gangs but not necessarily violence or institutionalized gangs
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Poverty in Chicago
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Chicago’s Ghetto 1910- 2000
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Poverty, Race, and Homicide Coincide Spatially
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Conditions for Gang Institutionalization-2
• Poverty - Necessary but not Sufficient
• Racial, Ethnic, or Religious Exclusion and Resistance Identity
• Underground Economy
• Social Catastrophe- civil war, displacement, and demoralization
• Defensible Spaces
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Walls of Exclusion in the West Bank
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Chicago’s Wall of Exclusion
• Robert Taylor Homes and Stateway Gardens along with an eight lane highway formed one of the largest walls in the world seperating Irish Bridgeport from Black Bronzeville
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Nigeria’s Bakassi Boys
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UDF- Nationalist Militia or Drug Gang?
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Maori Gangs in New Zealand have persisted for decades
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Conditions for Gang Institutionalization-3
• Poverty - Necessary but not Sufficient
• Racial, Ethnic, or Religious Exclusion and Resistance Identity
• Underground Economy• Social Catastrophe- civil war, displacement, and demoralization
• Defensible Spaces
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Chicago’s Black Gangster Disciples and the “New Concept”
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In Medillin, both cartels and para-militaries recruit youth gangs
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Conditions for Gang Institutionalization-4
• Poverty - Necessary but not Sufficient
• Racial, Ethnic, or Religious Exclusion and Resistance Identity
• Underground Economy
• Social Catastrophe- civil war, displacement, and demoralization
• Defensible Spaces
![Page 25: Institutionalized Gangs. Most Gangs in the World are found in Latin America, Africa, and South Asia.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649e545503460f94b4a3d2/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Cape Flats Displacement = Violence
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Chechnya Refugee Children
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Where the State is Weak, Groups of Armed Young Men take over
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Arkan and his Tigers Began the Process of Ethnic Cleansing
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Projects Today, Condos Tomorrow
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From Vertical to Horizontal Ghettoes
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Displacement for SomeLattes for Others
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Conditions for Gang Institutionalization-5
• Poverty - Necessary but not Sufficient
• Racial, Ethnic, or Religious Exclusion and Resistance Identity
• Underground Economy
• Social Catastrophe- civil war, displacement, and demoralization
• Defensible Spaces
![Page 33: Institutionalized Gangs. Most Gangs in the World are found in Latin America, Africa, and South Asia.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649e545503460f94b4a3d2/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Defensible Spaces of Rio’s Favelas
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Defensible Spaces in Chicago
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Conclusion
• Two kinds of Gangs - vast majority are temporary youth gangs
• Dealing with these gangs is a variation in dealing with wayward youth; tactics vary with local conditions. But these are kids
• Gangs institutionalize only in certain conditions; such gangs cannot be rooted out by repression and require different, broader tactics
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Very low rates of violence make me question whether the conditions for gang
institutionalization are present
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What is most important is to understand the conditions of gang institutionalization and
violence in your specific locale and country
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Thank You
http://gangresearch.net