INSTITUTIONAL AND DISCURSIVE OPPORTUNITY STRUCTURES

MARCO GIUGNI

(Universidad de Ginebra)

Con la colaboración y financiación de:

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

POLITICAL OPPORTUNITY STRUCTURE

• Individual rights

• Cultural group rights

• General political opportunity structure

• Specific political opportunity structure

INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS

• Access to short-term permits

• Access to long-term permits

• Access to family reunion

• Access to nationality

• Labor market access

• Welfare state access

• Anti-discrimination rights

• Political rights

CULTURAL GROUP RIGHTS

• Cultural requirements to access the community

• Language programs

• Schooling

• Religion

• Media

• Labor market: group rights

GENERAL POLITICAL OPPORTUNITY STRUCTURE

• Configuration of powers

• Participatory mechanisms

SPECIFIC POLITICAL OPPORTUNITY STRUCTURE

• Degree of development of immigrants’ integration policy at the local level

• Political representation of immigrants

• Attitude of local powers towards minority/immigrants organizations

• Attitude of local powers towards organizations whose activity is specialized in/has an impact on immigration/integration issues

• Political audience of anti-immigrant and radical right parties

• Some examples of the use of our indicators to ‘map’ the openness of POS in each city for different dimensions.

• Capacity to plot cities, but also distinguish between different migrant/ethnic groups within each city, whenever relevant.

• +1= most open, 0=neutral, -1=most closed

ACCESS TO SHORT-TERM PERMITS

Access to short-term permits

Zurich (Italians)

0,2London -0,6 Madrid 0

Milan -0,2

Lyon (Algerians

and general) 0,8

Budapest -0,6 Lyon (Italians) 1Lyon (Tunisians)

0,6

Zurich (Turks and

Kosovars) -0,2

-1 0 1

ACCESS TO LONG-TERM PERMITS

Access to long-term permits

Lyon 0,67Zurich (Italians and

general) -0,5

London -0,17 Madrid 0,17

Milan 0

Budapest 0

Zurich (Turks and

Kosovars) -0,67

-1 0 1

FAMILY REUNION

Family reunion

Zurich -0,2

London 0

Madrid -0,2

Milan 0,4

Lyon (Algerians and

general) 0,4

Budapest 0

Lyon

(Tunisians) 0

Lyon (Italians) 0,6

-1 0 1

ACCESS TO NATIONALITY

Access to nationality

Zurich -0,4 London 0,8

Madrid (LA and

general) 0,4

Milan 0

Lyon -0,2 Budapest (EH and

general) 0,2

Budapest (Chinese and Muslims) 0

Madrid (Moroccans) 0

WELFARE STATE ACCESS (ALL MIGRANT STATUSES)

Welfare state access - all types of migrant status

Zurich (Turks and

Kosovars) 0

London -0,33

Madrid 1

Milan 0

Lyon (Algerians

and Tunisians) 0,67Budapest -0,33

Lyon (Italians) 1

Zurich

(Italians) 0,33

-1 0 1

POLITICAL RIGHTS

Political rights

Zurich -1

London 1

Madrid -1

Milan -1

Lyon (Algerians

and Tunisians) -1Budapest 0 Lyon (Italians) 0,5

-1 0 1

CULTURAL REQUIREMENTSCultural requirements (access to permits

and naturalization)

Zurich 0,33

London -0,33

Madrid 1

Milan 1

Lyon 0,33

Budapest (EH and

general) 1

Budapest (Chinese

and Muslims) 0,33

-1 0 1

RELIGION: ISLAM

Religion: Islam*

Zurich 0,33London 0,67

Madrid 0,33

Milan -0,17

Lyon -0,33

Budapest 0,83

-1 0 1

CONFIGURATION OF POWERGeneral POS: configuration of powers at the national and local

levels

Zurich 0,33

London 0 Madrid 0,33

Milan -0,33

Lyon -0,33

Budapest 0,17

-1 0 1

PARTICIPATION MECHANISMS

General POS: participation mechanisms

Zurich -0,03

London (Hackney and Haringey) -0,5

Madrid 0,27

Milan 0,43

Lyon (general + some cities) 0,4

Budapest 0,47

London (Camden and Islington) 0

Greater Lyon 0,57

Caluire-et-Cuire (Lyon urban area) -0,4

London (general)

-0,25

-1 0 1

IMMIGRANTS’ INTEGRATION POLICIES

Specific POS: development of immigrants' integration policies

Zurich 1

London 0,5 Madrid 0,75

Milan 0,5

Lyon (general), Lyon city and Villeurbanne 0

Budapest -0,75

Others cities of the Lyon urban

area -0,75

-1 0 1

POLITICAL REPRESENTATION OF IMMIGRANTS

Specific POS: political representation of immigrants (councils/boards, political parties)

Zurich 1London 0,33Madrid -0,5

Milan -1*

Lyon city -0,33

Budapest -1

Others cities of the Lyon urban

area -1

-1 0 1

DISCURSIVE POS

• Goal: to measure POS that is not just based on institutional policies and practices, but also at the level of discourses and public representations.

• Methods: analysis of claims-making through newspaper reports.

• Results: only preliminary, but interesting contrasts between institutional & discursive POS.

• Interpretation also +1/-1.

DISCURSIVE POS BY CITY(preliminary results, pending several cities)

DISCURSIVE POS BY ACTOR(all cities together)

NATIONAL/SUBNATIONAL (INSTITUTIONAL POS)

NATIONAL/SUBNATIONAL (DISCURSIVE POS)

SHARE OF MIGRANT ACTORS IN CLAIM-MAKING