Institute of Parasitology (IPZ) Medical and Vetsuisse...
Transcript of Institute of Parasitology (IPZ) Medical and Vetsuisse...
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Durch Arthropoden übertragene Pathogenein der Schweiz:
neue Arthropoden, neue Pathogene, neue Liaisons (aber immer noch das selbe alte Land)
Alexander MathisVektor Entomologie Gruppe
Institut für Parasitologie Vetsuisse und Medizinische Fakultät
Institute of Parasitology (IPZ)Medical and Vetsuisse Faculty
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Arthropods at IPZ:
• Research projects (e.g. sheep scab, Babesia spp.)
• Teaching (Veterinary and Medical Faculty UZH)
• Identification (diagnostic unit)
• 2006: Report on veterinary entomology in Switzerland (FVO) (Authors: Mathis and Deplazes)
Conclusion: ‚knowhow is scant and scattered‘
• Since 2007: National reference laboratory for epizootic-associated vectors (FVO)
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Vector entomology in Switzerland
2006: „Knowhow is scant and scattered“
2007: National Reference Laboratory for Epizootic-Associated Vectors: IPZ University of Zurich (FVO)
2009: Centre National de Référence pour les Maladies Transmises par les Tiques, Université de Neuchâtel (FOPH)(Dr. O. Péter)
2010: Start-up conference ‚Swiss Vector Entomology Group‘
Initiative: P. Müller, C. Lengeler (Swiss TPHI); F. Schaffner, A. Mathis (IPZ UZH); Christoph Hatz (IFSPM UZH/STI);Peter Lüthy (ETHZ)
Invite/involve all potentially interested Swiss research groups
Institute of Parasitology (IPZ)Medical and Vetsuisse Faculty
Vector Entomology Group
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Alexander Mathis, Prof. Dr. sc nat ETH
Francis Schaffner, Dr., PhD, senior research associate, entomologist
Christian Kaufmann, Dr., PhD, postdoc, entomologist
Irene Steinmann, veterinarian, doctoral student Claudia Tritschler, master student (veterinarian)Alexandra Blaser, maser student (veterinarian)Stefanie Wagner, master student (biologist)
Jeannine Hauri, technician
Funding FVO; Forschungskredit/Investitionskredit UZH, EU (EDENext) (current grant proposals: SNF, UZH)
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Arthropod-borne pathogens in Switzerland: new arthropods, new pathogens, new liaisons
(but the same old country)
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1) Big surprise: subtropical Babesia bigemina in fatal disease outbreak in cattle
2) Spillover of a cattle parasite to chamois?
3) The ‚oriental eyeworm‘ on the way: exploiting an extraordinary insect vector
4) Asian invasion: emergence of Aedes japonicus
in Central Europe
5) Indigenous midges as vectors of the African bluetongue virus
1) Big surprise: Babesia bigemina in fatal disease outbreak in a cattle herd in Chur
• cattle herd (›300 animals) of an animal trader
• 29 animals died
• clincal signs: fever, anorexia, agalactia, dullness, anaemia and occasionally hemoglobinuria
• Anaplasma marginale, A. phagocytophilum, Babesia sp. and Theileria sp. (tick-borne pathogens)
• all animals culled (ruling by the FVO)Hofmann-Lehmann et al., JCM 42:3775-80, 2004
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Fatal disease outbreak in a cattle herd in Switzerland
Fatal disease outbreak in a cattle herd in Switzerland
Ectoparasites:
- few Ixodes ricinus
- massive infestation with sucking lice Haematopinus eurysternus
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Fatal disease outbreak in a cattle herd in Switzerland
Identification by PCR/sequencing:
Babesia bigemina
first identification in Central Europe
large Babesia sp.
B. bigemina: reports from Europe
CHUR
Mediterranean
Spain
Por
tuga
l
France
Germany
Austria
Great Britain
Chur
Tick vectors of B. bigemina: Boophilus spp., Rhipicephalus evertsi
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Genotyping of Babesia bigemina isolates
Isolates from Switzerland (Chur), Italy, Spain, Turkey, Kenya, Zimbabwe, Mexico
Genotyping at three loci– rDNA ITS2; rap1c; gp45
Swiss isolate: distinct from Italian isolates
clustering with a Spanish isolate (no isolatesfrom the Balkans available)
(Hilpertshauser et al., 2007)
Survey on the occurrence of Babesia spp. in Switzerland
• identification of Babesia spp. from clinical cases (n=13) in cattle in Switzerland (PCR/sequencing)
No B. bigemina (all B. divergens)
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Survey on the occurrence of Babesia spp. in Switzerland
Ticks (2017) collected from cattle
– morphological identification
99.2% Ixodes ricinus, D. marginatus, H. punctata
Boophilus spp., R. evertsi (known vector species of B. bigemina) not found
Dermacentor sp.Haemaphysalis sp.
Ixodes sp.(Hilpertshauser et al., 2006)
Survey on the occurrence of Babesia spp. in Switzerland
Ticks (2017) collected from cattle
– PCR-detection of Babesia spp. in collected ticks
4 Babesia spp. identified in 26/700 ticks, (B. divergens/capreoli, B. major, Babesia EU1, Babesia CH1)
no B. bigemina
Dermacentor sp.Haemaphysalis sp.
Ixodes sp.(Hilpertshauser et al., 2006)
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Big surprise: Babesia bigemina in fatal disease outbreak in a cattle herd in Chur
• B. bigemina and its tick vector species not established in Switzerland
• The way of introduction remains obscure
introduction of infected ticks (imported fodder)?
2) Spillover of a cattle parasite to chamois?
(in collaboration with Marie Pierre Ryser, Institute of Animal Pathology, BE)
Sources: Internet
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Spillover of a cattle parasite to chamois?
• adult chamois found dead in two regions from the Swiss alps
Gantrisch BE (2175 m)Tösstock ZH (1154 m)
Spillover of a cattle parasite to chamois?
• adult chamois found dead in two regions from the Swiss alps
• game wardens: increased mortality in recent years
• pathology: haemolytic anaemia
• blood smear:
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Spillover of a cattle parasite to chamois?
Tentative diagnosis: blood agent
• Anaplasma spp.: negative
• Babesia spp.: positiveSequencing (400 bp 18S rRNA gene):
99.6-100% identity with GenBank entries
B. divergens (many): cattle
B. capreoli (1): roe deer
B.divergens/capreoli-like organism
Babesia divergens in cattle in Switzerland
2004, IPZ
2005/06, IPZ
2002, IPB
2006/07, IPZ; B. divergens/capreoli-like in dead chamois
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Babesia divergens/capreoli-like in chamois
1) The cattle track (Tösstock area)
No indication for cattle infections with Babesia spp.
• Survey (local farmers, vets): – clinical disease not known in cattle
• Cattle (n=430) IFAT; PCR (Schmid et al., 2008)
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Babesia divergens/capreoli-like in chamois
1) The cattle track
No indication for cattle infections with Babesia spp.
• Survey (local farmers, vets): – clinical disease not known in cattle
• Cattle (n=430) IFAT; PCR (Schmid et al., 2008)
2) The roe deer track
Prevalence in healthy roe deer:
26% (12/46) (Hoby et al., 2008)
24.6% (55/223) (Michel et al., 2010)
Genotyping B. divergens/capreoli-like: rDNA locus
rDNA ITS ITS 1 ITS 2 28S
Cattle JUCattle GRRoe deer ZHRoe deer BEChamois ZH
Cattle, CH
Roe deer, east CHRoe deer, west CHChamois, east CH
(Schmid et al., 2008)
B. capreoli
B. divergens
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Elevation range of wild ungulates (48 chamois, 46 roe deer) from the Tösstock and Gantrisch area
(Hoby et al., 2009)
negative positive negative positiveBabesia capreoli Ixodes ricinus
B. capreoliroe deer 12/46; chamois 1/48
Elevation range of wild ungulates (48 chamois, 46 roe deer) from the Tösstock and Gantrisch area
(Hoby et al., 2009)
Spillover of B. capreoli from roe deer to chamois in overlapping habitat in the foothills of the Alps
negative positive negative positiveBabesia capreoli Ixodes ricinus
Habitat range
Roe deer
Chamois
frequent occurrence of chamois and roe deer on pastures
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Risk for spread of B. capreoli to alpine chamois?
(Hoby et al., 2009)
negative positive negative positiveBabesia capreoli Ixodes ricinus
Habitat range
Roe deer
Alpine chamois habitat1800-3000 m
Ticks
B. capreoli: Outlook
Very closely related (serology, genetics) with cattle
B. divergens, but distinct host specificity and
pathogenicity
• Determinants of pathogenicity
(metagenomics; proteomics; metabolomics)
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3) The ‚oriental eyeworm‘ on the way: exploiting an extraordinary insect vector
Thelazia callipaeda‚Oriental eyeworm‘Nematode
Phortica spp. (5 mm)
Fruit fliesDrosophilids
Zoophilic behaviourFeeding on lacrimal secretions
Distribution of Thelazia callipaeda‚Oriental eyeworm‘
China: 1910 (dog), 1917 (human)
Thailand, India, Indonesia, Taiwan, Japan, Korea
2008 human thelaziosis (Italy, France)
1989
2003
2007
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The ‚oriental eyeworm‘ is also a Swiss eyeworm
Thelazia-prevalences
dogs (6.2%)
cats (n=5)
foxes (11.1%)(black: shot foxes)
Malacrida et al. 2008
Retrospective analysis:First 2 cases in dogs in 2000
Cross-sectional studyCanton Ticino:
Extrapolation: total 1055 infected dogs in Ticino
Phortica drosophilid flies within and outside a recently identified endemic area of the eye worm (Thelazia callipaeda) in Switzerland
Catching methods
Netting around bait (2 h)
eye of dog bag filled with overripe fruit
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Phortica drosophilid flies within and outside a recently identified endemic area of the eye worm (Thelazia callipaeda) in Switzerland
Catching methods
Evaluation of passive traps
1.5 l PET bottles, baited with overripe fruit
entry
Phortica drosophilid flies within and outside a recently identified endemic area of the eye worm (Thelazia callipaeda) in Switzerland
Phortica catches (May-Nov.)
Site 1 (Gentilino): N=674
Site 2 (Bodio): N= 980
Site 4 (Airolo): N=1
Site 5 (Zürich): n=40Zurich
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Genetic analysis of Phortica flies from Switzerland
Dendrogramm of Phortica spp. from Ticino and Zurich based on partial mt coxI gene sequences:
Phortica from Ticino and Zurich genetically indistinguishable
Roggero et al. (2010)
Spread of Phortica-transmitted Thelazia eyeworms?
Southern Ticino (high abundance of Phortica)Yes
North of the alps (low abundance of Phortica)Occasionally
First case of autochthonous transmission of Thelazia callipaeda in a dog in Baden-Württemberg!
Genotype different from the one in Southern Europe.
(Magnis et al., 2010)
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4) Asian invasion: emergence of Aedes japonicus in Central Europe
Emergence of Ae. japonicus in Central Europe
• July 2008: complaints about insect nuisance (canton Aargau); mosquito specimen resembling Ae. albopictus (tiger mosquito)
• Same area from which Ae. albopictus was reported in 2007 based on photography of incomplete insect
Distribution of Ae. albopictus, January 2008
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Emergence of Ae. japonicus in Central Europe
• July 2008: complaints about insect nuisance (canton Aargau); mosquito specimen resembling Ae. albopictus (tiger mosquito)
• Same area from which Ae. albopictus was reported in 2007 based on photography of incomplete insect
• Morphology, mt COXI sequence: Aedes japonicus (first finding in Switzerland)
Ae. japonicus: diagnostic characters of adults
Black and white mosquito, usually large, similar to Ae. albopictus, but differs in ornamentation of:
- mesonotum- palpi extremity - fourth tarsomere
Ae. albopictus
Ae. japonicus
Cx. pipiens
Ae. albopictus Ae. japonicus
Workshop Bestimmungsübungen, Samstag(Francis Schaffner: Neues zu Culicidae)
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Ae. japonicus: diagnostic characters of adults
Ae. albopictus
Ae. japonicus
Cx. pipiens
Ae. albopictus Ae. japonicus
Tigermücke in Wohlen9. Sept. 2007
Aedes japonicus
‘Asian bush mosquito’
Aedes (Finlaya) japonicus (Theobald, 1901) (=Ochlerotatus japonicus sensu Reinert et al. 2004)
Breed in rock pools as well as in artificial container habitats
Eggs: resistant to desiccation, winter diapause
Native range: Japan, Korea, China
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Ae. japonicus – an invasive vector species
Transported by human activities, e.g. used tyre trade
Known as an invasive species
www.issg.org
Ae. japonicus – recent territorial expansion
• Intercepted in New Zealand (1993, 1998 & 1999) (Laird et al. 1994; Fonseca et al. 2001)
• First established outside its native range in the USA in 1998, spread to 22 states incl. Hawaii, and parts of Canada (Williges et al., 2008)
• Europe:
– France (Normandie), 2000: detected on a platform for imported used tyres (then eliminated) (Schaffner et al., 2003)
– Belgium, since 2002: established, but so far only on two storages of used tyres (Versteirt et al., 2009)
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Ae. japonicus – vector role
Vector role under natural conditions unknown
• Laboratory vector of several
arboviruses e.g. JEv, WNv
• WNv regularly detected in
field-caught Ae. japonicus
• Feeds on mammals and birds
(good bridge vector candidate)
WNv
Ae. japonicus in Central Europe: field investigations
Focus on larval collections in potential breeding sites
flower vases in cemeteries particularly useful
• Most of the checked cemeteries
(86.6%, n=134) provided 3 or
more vases containing water
• Vases generally positive when
the species is present (91.2 %, n=34)
• Cemeteries easily accessible
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Mosquito species collected in man-made breeding sites, Switzerland, 2008
Ae. geniculatus 9Ae. japonicus 160
An. maculipennis 5An. plumbeus 36
Cs. annulata 3Cs. longiareolata 3
Cx. pipiens, Cx. hortensis 501Cx. territans 1Cx. torrentium 3
617 / 3542 investigated breeding vessels with mosquito larvae
Distribution of Ae. japonicus in Central Europe 2008
Country Switzerland (Canton) Germany (Kreis) France (Dép.)
Administrative unit (NUTS3) AG BL BS BE LU SZ SO ZG ZH Lörrach Waldshut Haut-Rhin Total
Ae. japonicus present 29 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 3 0 2 0 38
Ae. japonicus absent 22 6 1 2 5 2 6 1 30 4 3 3 85
Total no 51 8 1 2 6 2 7 1 33 4 5 3 123
Tab.: Investigated municipalities per country and administrative unit level 3
Ae. japonicus in CH in area of approx. 1,400 sq km
present in bordering Germany (Baden-Württemberg)
Fig.: Positive and negative sites observed in the investigated area (CH, DE and FR),Aug. 14th to Nov. 6th, 2008
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Abundance of mosquito species
Vase index = percentage of cemetery vases with mosquito larvae
Vases All mosquitoes Ae. japonicus Cx. pipiens, Cx. hortensis
no total
no pos. mean index no pos. mean index no pos. mean index
Ae. japonicus present (n=33)
833 193 29.1 118 21.4 96 11.8*
Ae. japonicus absent (n=93)
2186 244 10.0 n.a. n.a. 231 9.4
Whole studied area 3019 437 15.0 118 5.6 327 10.0
Tab.: Occurrence of mosquitoes in vases in cemeteries pos. = mosquitoes present
* significantly lower index values compared to index values for Ae. japonicus (Friedman-test: P<0.01; post hoc test: p<0.05)
Ae. japonicus, if present, is more abundant in vases than the most common species Cx. pipiens
Aedes japonicus in Switzerland: a threat to native biodiversity?
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Distribution of Ae. japonicus in Central Europe 2009
Distribution of Ae. japonicus in Central Europe 2009
Country Switzerland G F
Administrative unit (NUTS3) AG BL BS BE LU NW SH SO SZ ZG ZH Lö Wh H-R Total
Ae. japonicus present 29+3 2+1 0 0 1+1 0 0 1+1 0 0 3+7 0 2 0 38+13
Ae. japonicus absent 21 7 1 2 7 2 1 6 5 2 26 4 3 3 91
Total no 53 10 1 2 9 2 1 8 5 2 36 4 5 3 142
Tab.: Investigated municipalities per country and administrative unit level 3, 2008-09
2009: 50 municipalities investigated
13 new positive
Territorial extension in all direction
Ae. japonicus in CH in area of approx. 2,500 sq km
Winterthur
Wädenswil
Pratteln
Lucerne
Egerkingen
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Distribution of Ae. japonicus in Central Europe 2010
Schaffhausen
Schänis
Allschwil
Sarnen
Biel
Aedes japonicus: Summary and outlook
First finding of proliferation and spread of an invasive mosquito in Central Europe.
Invasive and vector potentials render this species a potential threat for animal and human health.
Need for further studies:
Dispersal/pattern of expansion, introduction site(s)
Vector capacity in the local environment (host preference, abundance, vector competence, e.g. West Nile virus)
Control
(Funding requested from national and international agencies)
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5) Indigenous midges as vectors of the African bluetongue virus
Culicoides spp. (biting midges)
Ceratopogonidae, Culicoides spp.(biting midges)
Smallest haematophagous insects(‚no-see-ums‘)
1-3 mm
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Foto Susanne Schneider
Insect bite hypersensitivity
Ceratopogonidae, Culicoides spp.(biting midges)
Nuisance
Ceratopogonidae, Culicoides spp.(biting midges)
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Vectors
•Bluetongue virus
•African Horse Sickness virus
•Toggenburg Orbivirus
•Epizootic Haemorrhagic Disease virus
Ceratopogonidae, Culicoides spp.(biting midges)
Expansion of African BTV vector C. imicola northwards?
Native vectors of BTV !!!
Bluetongue in Europe
Bluetongue 2006
Bluetongue 2007/2008
??
?
? ? ?
prior
1998
after
1998
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“Bluetongue disease vectors (Culicoides spp.): Defining parameters which determine ‘vector free periods/areas’ in CH”
– Entomological monitoring
– Develop standardized Culicoides vector identification
Research project funded by FVO (no. 1.08.10)
Montoring of midges in Switzerland:choice of trapping sites
EU grid (45 x 45 km)
45 km
Swiss Federalism (26 cantons)
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Trapping sites in the 12 Swiss climatic regions
(Trans-) JuraMidland(Pre-, High-, Inner-) AlpsSouthern Switzerland
ZHBS
BE
GE
Trapping sites in the 12 Swiss climatic regions
• 12 farms with livestock
• Trapping weekly– Overnight
• All year round
• 3 years
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Trapping of Culicoides spp.
• Onderstepoort blacklight traps
Morphological identification
Sorting of Culicoides spp.:
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Morphological identification of Culicoides spp.
• Obsoletus group
– C. obsoletus– C. scoticus– C. dewulfi– C. chiopterus
• Pulicaris group
– C. pulicaris– C. impunctatus– C. punctatus– C. grisescens– C. newstaedi– ...more
• Other Culicoides
Develop standardised molecular vector identification
(multiplex real time PCR, MALDI-TOF)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Jan Feb Mrz Apr Mai Jun Jul Aug Sep
2008
Nu
mb
ers
of
Cu
lico
ides
Total Culicoides spp.Obsoletus groupPulicaris groupOther Culicoides
Monthly average of trapped Culicoides spp. in Dittingen (BL) (altitude 364 m)
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Jun Jul Aug Sep
2008
Nu
mb
ers
of
Cu
lico
ides
Total Culicoides spp.
Obsoletus groupPulicaris group
Other Culicoides
Monthly average of trapped Culicoides spp. in Juf (GR) (altitude 2126 m)
June 08
Monthly average of trapped Culicoides spp. in Switzerland, 2008
270 M.ü.M. 360 M.ü.M.
420 M.ü.M. 500 M.ü.M.
630 M.ü.M. 670 M.ü.M.
1010 M.ü.M.940 M.ü.M.
1710 M.ü.M.
1560 M.ü.M.1110 M.ü.M.
2130 M.ü.M.
Kaufmann et al., 2009; Tschuor et al., 2009
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Percentage of Culicoides groups with increasing altitude
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Novazz
ano
Dittin
gen
Comm
uguy
Gra
nges
Wäd
ensw
il
Müh
leth
urne
n
Châtea
u d'O
ex
Engelb
erg
Chaum
ont
Davos
Samed
anJu
f
Cu
lico
ides
(%
)
Obsoletus group
Pulicaris group
Other
Altitude: 270 m 2130 m
Kaufmann et al., 2009
Culicoides spp. in Switzerland
Vector-free period: 15 December 2008 to 20 April 2009
No midges-free zones in all of the agriculturally utilized areas (including alpine summer pastures)
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BTV Vectors in Central Europe
No co-evolution of European midge vectors and African BTV
Co-evolution vs. ‚ecological fitting‘
(Colonization of novel environments by exploiting few conserved features)
Unpredictable outcome of novel vector-pathogen associations in new environments
Culicoides spp.: What we need to know
...host preferences
Resting places...
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Culicoides spp.: What we need to know
Breeding places...
Emergence traps
Soil samples
Defined breeding substrates
Establish colonies of indigenous species (alpine, lowland origin)
Culicoides spp.: What we need to know
Bionomics, vector competence, vector capacities ...
C. nubeculosus colony (Pirbright)
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Toggenburg-orbivirus TOV (Barbara Thür, IVI): - midges collection/identification - virus pre-propagation in midges
Insect bite hypersensitivity (Eliane Marti, Institut of Clinical Research, Uni BE)
Identification of responsible antigens in colony-reared and wild-caught midges
Culicoides collaborative projects
Durch Arthropoden übertragene Pathogene in der Schweiz:
neue Arthropoden, neue Pathogene, neue Liaisons (aber immer noch das selbe alte Land)
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Arthropod-vector pathogen host
- Babesia bigemina cattle
Ixodes ricinus ticks Babesia capreoli chamois
Phortica variegata flies Thelazia eye worm dog, cat, fox
Aedes japonicus mosquito ?
Culicoides spp. midges bluetongue virus ruminants
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Durch Arthropoden übertragene Pathogene in der Schweiz:
neue Arthropoden, neue Pathogene, neue Liaisons (aber immer noch das selbe alte Land)
79
Durch Arthropoden übertragene Pathogene in der Schweiz:
neue Arthropoden, neue Pathogene, neue Liaisons (aber immer noch das selbe alte Land)
80
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Durch Arthropoden übertragene Pathogene in der Schweiz:
neue Arthropoden, neue Pathogene, neue Liaisons (aber immer noch das selbe alte Land)
Verdankungen
UniversityZurichUZH