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INSTITU
TE OF CO
MPU
TING TECH
NO
LOGY
Interaction of Academy and Industry in Computer Research
Ninghui Sun & Yungang BaoICT, CAS2008.10
Intel China Research Forum ‘08 – ICRC 10 Year Anniversary
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TECHNOLOGY
Today’s Topic
Turing Award
Nobel Prize
Commercial Benefits
Fundamental Research
Applied Research
Computer Research
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Sources of GDP Growth
IT Related Sources had increased to about 42% in GDP growth rate.
0.0
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1948-73 1973-89 1989-95 1995-04
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Labor Input Non-IT Capital Input IT Capital Input Non-IT Production IT Production
Source: Information Technology and the World
Economy, Dale W. Jorgenson and Khuong Vu,
Scandinavian Journal of Economics, December
2005.
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The Economic Impact of IT Economists have recognized the important role that information
technology (IT) can play in a country/region's development.
The IDC’s study found that spending on IT reaches $1.24 trillion in 2007 worldwide and IT drives significant growth in skilled jobs.
Source: The Economic Impact of IT, Software, and the Microsoft
Ecosystem on the Global Economy, IDC White paper,
October 2007.
Conclusion 1: Information technology (IT) has already played an important role in global development.
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What guarantee IT’s speed?
Car = IT industry Engine = Frontier Research Transmission = Technology Commercialization
Transmission
Engine
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Frontier Research
Fundamental Research (or Basic Research) Which is research carried out to increase understanding of fundamental principles.
Many times the end results have no direct or immediate commercial benefits. However, in the long term it is the basis for many commercial products and 'applied' research. (From wikipedia)
Applied Research Which is research accessing and using some part of the research communities'
(the academy's) accumulated theories, knowledge, methods, and techniques, for a specific, often state, commercial, or client driven purpose. Applied research is often opposed to pure research in debates about research ideals, programs, and projects.
High impact techniques in IT: Mouse, Internet, Micro-processor, TCP/IP, WWW, …
We adopt the term Frontier Research (FR) to present the effective computer research.
Source: Frontier Research: The European Challenge
High-Level Expert Group Report, February 2005
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Features in Computer Research Long-term
There is a long, unpredictable incubation period (10+ yrs) between initial fundamental research and commercial deployment.
Experimental work Experimental work plays an important role in IT research. Principal Investigator: visionary, risky, management
E.g., David Patterson, John Hennessey, ……
Unanticipated results The unanticipated results are often as important as the
anticipated results. E.g., e-mail & IM
Interaction of research ideas The interaction of research ideas multiplies their impact.
E.g. VLSI & RISC, Graphic & Network & Workstation.
Commercialization IT technologies are easier to be commercialized.
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Startup of Computer Research
1946 : The ENIAC was unveiled.
1961 : The IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center was founded.
1965 : The Department of Computer Science were founded in Stanford University and CMU.
The frontier research in computer science was booming…Years
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Source: Innovation in Information Technology,National Research Council Press, 2003.
The computer flourished through the frontier research of academy
and industry.
The relationship between academy
and industry seems complicated!
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How to classify the arrows?
Arrows between universities and companies
Arrows from FR to products and markets
Arrows from one technology to other technologies
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What do we learn?
University Company
Need 3~5 years
FR Products
Need 5~10 years
FR $1B Market
Need 10~15 years
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Conclusion 2: The interactions between Universities/Labs and Companies on FR advance IT’s development.
Conclusion 3: It takes 10+ years to make FR’s outcomes grow up to $1B markets.
Corollary 1: Never Fight Alone!
Corollary 2: Be patient!
Some Conclusions
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Universities’ Efforts in FR
$1B+ Industry1 Timesharing2 Client/ server3 Graphics4 Entertainment5 I nternet6 LANs7 Workstations8 GUI9 VLSI design
10 RI SC processors11 Relational DB12 Parallel DB13 Data mining14 Parallel computing15 RAI D disk arrays16 Portable comm.17 World Wide Web18 Speech recognition19 Broadband last mile
Total 7 2 2 3 2 5 1 2 4 1 3 1 3
From Berkeley View
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Companies’ Efforts in FR
$1B+ Industry1 Timesharing2 Client/ server3 Graphics4 Entertainment5 I nternet6 LANs7 Workstations8 GUI9 VLSI design
10 RI SC processors11 Relational DB12 Parallel DB13 Data mining14 Parallel computing15 RAI D disk arrays16 Portable comm.17 World Wide Web18 Speech recognition19 Broadband last mile
Total 9 5 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 …
From ICT View
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Conclusion 4: FR is a luxury human actions. University/Institute have inherent advantages in FR. Companies’ R&D mainly focus on product development.
Corollary 3: Except for IBM, Companies who take great zeal for FR may be split, purchased or disappeared.
Some Corollary
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Criteria of FR Contribution
Two general criteria to evaluate the FR’s contributions Paper Citations
CiteSeer, Google Scholar, Microsoft Libra Industry Impact
FR’s outcomes are adopted by industry directly.
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41 papers with high industry impact selected from 25 years of ISCA (ACM,1998)
Average citation ≈ 160.8 8 times of avg. citations of all ISCA papers (20.3).
Conclusion 5: Paper citation indicates industry impact
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University is the main force and has higher citations.
Papers ProportionAvg.
CitationAvg. Citation (Highest & Lowest Removed)
Company 7 17.0% 154.1 111.6
Univ. & Comp. collaboration 5 12.2% 129 120
Company Related 12 29.2% 143.7 120.3
University 29 70.8% 179.2 158.6
Conclusion 6: University focus on long-term fundamental research. Company focuses on short-term but pivotal research.
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Lifetime of Industry Impact
Computer industry makes fast progress dramatically, so the impact lifetime of FR varies.
Impact-Lifetime
Citation of “Active Message: A Mechanism for Integrated Communication and Computation”
Limin Xiao, Mingfa Zhu, Active Messages on the Dawning-1000 ,1996
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A Case Study: ICT
Phase 1: 1950s~1980s For missions of national strategy. No interaction.
Phase 2: 1980s~2000s ICT transferred the FR technology to China industry.
Single arrow.
Phase 3: Y2000 ~ Now Interactions of academy and industry have been arising in China.
More coordinates with international companies.
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103 机
第一台小型通用数字电子计算机First Computer in China1800 次 / 秒(磁心内存)1958 年 8 月
“ 有了”
19561958
夏培肃院士
第一台自行研制的晶体管大型通用数字电子计算机First Transistor Computer in China6 万次 / 秒(浮点)1965 年 6 月
109 乙机
晶体管
195619581960
1965
自行研制的晶体管大型通用数字电子计算机 (115KFlops)Contribute to Design of Atom Bomb/Satellite in China1967 年 9 月
109 丙机
“ 功勋机”
195619581960
19651967
第一批小规模集成电路通用数字电子计算机First LSI Computer in China 18 万次 / 秒1971 年 5 月
111 机
集成电路
195619581960
19651967
1971
大型向量中规模集成电路数字电子计算机中国最快的大型计算机Vector Computer 1000 万次 / 秒(向量)1983 年 11 月
757 机
向量机
高庆狮院士
195619581960
19651967
1971
1983
大型计算机系统Mainframe Computer2000 万次 / 秒(主处理机 + 向量机)1991 年 9 月
KJ8920 机
石油行业
195619581960
19651967
1971
1983
1991
联想式汉字微型机系统 Legend Personal Computer1987 年
LX-PC
倪光南院士
195619581960
19651967
1971
1983
1991
1987
Phase 2
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智能中心从这里起步Established in 1990
Supported by 863 High-Tech Program of China
李国杰院士LI Guojie
195619581960
19651967
1971
1983
1991
1987
1990
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Dawning-1195619581960
19651967
1971
1983
1991
1987
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1993
第一台 SMP 服务器First SMP Server in China 168 VAX MIPS1993 年 10 月
SMP
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Dawning-1000195619581960
19651967
1971
1983
1991
1987
1990
1993
1995 第一台 MPP 超级计算机中国最快的超级计算机First MPP Supercomputer in China 25 亿次 / 秒 1993 年 10 月
MPP
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Dawning-2000195619581960
19651967
1971
1983
1991
1987
1990
1993
19951998 第一台 Cluster 高性能计算机
First Cluster HPC in China 200 亿次 / 秒 1998 年 12 月
Cluster
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曙光 2000-II1117 亿次 / 秒 2000 年 1 月
195619581960
19651967
1971
1983
1991
1987
1990
1993
1995199820002004
曙光 30004032 亿次 / 秒 2001 年 2 月
曙光 4000-L3 万亿次 / 秒 2003 年 3 月
TOP10
曙光 4000-A11.2 万亿次 / 秒 2004 年 6 月
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195619581960
19651967
1971
1983
1991
1987
1990
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1995199820002004
2008
中国最快的高性能计算机The Fastest HPC in China 233.5 万亿次 / 秒 2008 年 11 月
Dawning-5000
Blade Cluster
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ORC: A successful joint project for frontier research
Interaction with Intel
Phase 3
INSTITUTE OF COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY Objective Provides a leading open source compiler of Intel Itanium
to the compiler and architecture research community
Joint efforts among Programming and System Lab (PSL)/ICRC, Intel CTG Advanced Compiler Technology (ACT) Lab, ICT Sharing IP (arch-independent and arch-dependent)
ORC 2.1 got better: 5% than ECC 7.0 and 30% than GCC 3.1
Open Research Compiler (ORC, 2000~2002)
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Contribution to Research Community
University groups using ORC U. Del, U. Minn, U. Ghent, Georgia Tech, U. Maryland, Rice U.,
U. Houston, Princeton U., TsingHua U., Peking U., U. Alberta, MIT, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, INRIA, UPC, CAS.
Industry Tensilica: compiler for extensible embedded processor STMicro electronics: compiler for embedded ST200 processor Intel: Research on Speculative multi-thread compiling
Over 15,000 downloads till now at
http://ipf-orc.sourceforge.net/
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What is ICT’s gain
More joint projects between ICT and Industry Shangri-la project (ICT & Intel) Open64 compiler project (HP, ICT, UDel, and
Tsinghua)
Papers Liu Yang, Sun Chan, G.R.Gao., Roy Ju, Guei-Yuan Lueh, Zhaoqing
Zhang, Inter-Procedural Stacked Register Allocation for Itanium Like Architecture ,Proc. of ACM SIGARCH International Conference of Supercomputing, San Francisco, CA, June 23th -26th, 2003.
Parallel compiler for multi-core and HPC
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China’s Puzzle
Frontier Research (adopted from world)
Applied Research
Technology Commercialization
What China has done in the past decades is filling gaps which means that developing the second-class technologies to meet the needs of the Chinese people.
-- Prof. Kai Li Princeton Univ.
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Suggestions
International companies treat the FR affairs with Chinese university/Institute not only as the Market Activities.
International collaboration is a significant and essential way for Chinese academy to reach world-class.
Industry should provide more supports for Chinese frontier research, especially facilities.
China Solving the Issues
proposed by International
Advanced Issues proposed by
China