Instaclustr’s Open Source Tools for Apache Cassandra · Instaclustr’s Open Source Tools for...
Transcript of Instaclustr’s Open Source Tools for Apache Cassandra · Instaclustr’s Open Source Tools for...
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Instaclustr’sOpen Source Toolsfor Apache CassandraAdam Zegelin, Co-founder @ [email protected]©Instaclustr Pty Limited, 2019
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/usr/bin/whoami
Instaclustr• Managed Cassandra, Spark, Kafka & Elasticsearch in the cloud
• AWS, Azure, GCP & SoftLayer
• 24x7x365 support
• Provide support for private DC/on-prem
• Manage and support ~3k+ nodes.
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Agenda
• Instarepair & cassandra-sstable-tools
• Cassandra Kerberos Plugin
• Cassandra LDAP Plugin
• Backup & Restore Tool
• Cassandra Exporter for Prometheus
• Cassandra Operator for Kubernetes
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Instarepair• Repairs for when repairs don’t work
• Leverages read repair
• Pause and resume
• Throttle
• https://github.com/instaclustr/instarepair/
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cassandra-sstable-tools• Repairs for when repairs don’t work
• Leverages read repair
• Pause and resume
• Throttle
• https://github.com/instaclustr/instarepair/
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Cassandra Kerberos Authenticator• Application single sign-on for Cassandra CQL users.
• Cassandra plugin & Client driver extensions.
• GSSAPI SASL mechanism & JAAS
• Supports transit protection/Kerberos QoP
o TLS not required for auth
• Open-source (v.s. DSE)
• Cassandra 3.0.x and 3.11.x
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Usage• Unique DNS + reverse DNS for each node.
• Kerberos 5 KDC server.
• Kerberos client libraries installed on each node.
• NTP configured on nodes and KDC.
• JCE Unlimited Strength Policy files installed (Oracle JVM only).
• Kerberos service principals and keytabs for each node.
• Install JAR into C* classpath ($CASSANDRA_HOME/lib)
• Set authenticator in cassandra.yaml:
o authenticator: com.instaclustr.cassandra.auth.KerberosAuthenticator
• Switch clients to use KerberosAuthProvider
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Cassandra Kerberos Authenticator (cont.)
• Authenticator:https://github.com/instaclustr/cassandra-java-driver-kerberos/
• Java Driver extension:https://github.com/instaclustr/cassandra-java-driver-kerberos
• Introduction blog post:https://www.instaclustr.com/kerberos-authenticator-for-apachecassandra/
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Cassandra LDAP Authenticator• Verify usernames/passwords against LDAP/AD
o Centralized user management.
• Username/password sent in plain text to C*
o Enable client → node TLS.
• Credentials cached (using C* built-in cache)
o Prevents LDAP server overload.
• Supports Cassandra 2.2, 3.0.x, 3.11.x
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Usage• Checkout from Git and compile (no releases yet, sorry!)• Place built JAR into C* classpath ($CASSANDRA_HOME/lib)• Modify ldap.properties, specifying:
o LDAP server address
o Service account details
• Set authenticator in cassandra.yaml:o authenticator: com.instaclustr.cassandra.ldap.LDAPAuthenticator
• No application code changes necessary
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Cassandra LDAP Authenticator• Authenticator
https://github.com/instaclustr/Cassandra-ldap
• Introduction blog post:
https://www.instaclustr.com/apache-cassandra-ldap-authentication/
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Cassandra Backup & Restore Tool• Backup and restore
• Take snapshots
• Uploads snapshots to cloud storage or remote file systems
o AWS S3, Azure Blob Storage, GCP Cloud Storage
• Transfer throttling
• Schema and token range backups
• Automatic “de-duplication”
o SSTables that already exist in the destination are skipped.
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Cassandra Backup & Restore Tool (cont.)
• Used by
o Instaclustr managed service
o Many customers
o Instaclustr Cassandra K8s operator
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Cassandra Backup & Restore Tool (cont.)
• Get it here:
https://github.com/instaclustr/cassandra-backup
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Cassandra Prometheus Exporter• Exporter of Cassandra metrics
o Aka, a scrape target for Prometheus
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Prometheus • Systems monitoring and alerting toolkit
• Multi-dimensional data model + PromQL = powerful querie
• Pull-based collection over HTTP
• Time series metrics databa
• CNCF projec
• Defacto standard for K8s monitoring
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Cassandra Prometheus Exporter (cont.)
• FAST
• Runs in-process (JVM Agent)
• Bypasses JMX
o JMX is slow
o Really slow and burns CPU
• Easy to use
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Existing Exporters• Generic
o don’t know about Cassandra specific metrics
o EstimatedHistograms, etc.
• Not everything is available as a Dropwizzard metric/Metric Mbeano Failure detector stats (endpoint PHI, etc.)
o Gossip stats
• Don’t follow Prometheus best practiceso Produce “garbage”
o No labels, all metrics under one family, etc.
o Hard to query
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Did I mention fast?
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Cassandra Prometheus Exporter (cont.)
• Schema size is no longer a concern.• Clean metrics/hand-tuned output.
o Easy to query & work with.
o Maps JMX attributes → labels + custom labels.
o i.e., table_type (index, view, etc.) – only query stats for views!
o Groups appropriate metrics into families.
o Scales/transforms values where appropriate.
o Prometheus has common units (seconds, bytes, etc.)
o Maps metrics to appropriate Prometheus types (counters, meters, etc.)
• Handles Cassandra’s histograms (inc. EstimatedHistograms), timers, etc.
• Prometheus text + custom JSON format supported.o Easy (enough) to add more.
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Cassandra Prometheus Exporter (cont.)
• Metrics collected using Java Streams.o Allows parallel collection.
o Lower memory usage.
• Light-weight Netty HTTP server.o Originally Jersey (JAX-RS) was used, but too much overhead.
o Custom Netty handlers that stream metrics (chunked) to socket.
• Optimized text exposition format stream writer:o Labels stored pre-formatted and UTF-8 encoded.
o Slowest part is Float → text conversion!
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Cassandra Version Compatability2.x Not yet!
Pull requests appreciated
3.x Yes
3.11.x Yes
4.0 Work started
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Usage1. On each node:
a. Download latest release JAR and install into $CASSANDRA_HOME/lib
b. Edit cassandra-env.sh, and append:
JVM_OPTS="$JVM_OPTS -javaagent:$CASSANDRA_HOME/lib/cassandraexporter-agent-<version>.jar"
c. (Re)start Cassandra
2. On Prometheus host:a. Add Cassandra nodes as scrape targets to prometheus.yml
3. Query, graph, and fascinate the executives (and monitor your cluster)
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Cassandra Prometheus Exporter• Get it here:
https://github.com/instaclustr/cassandra-exporter
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Cassandra Operator for Kubernetes• It’s an Operator for running Cassandra on K8s!
HUH?!!
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on Containers and K8s
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Containers• Not virtual machines.
o Sometimes called “lightweight VMs”.
• Processes running on a host.
• Leverage kernel features to “fake the world”.
• Like chroot on steroids.
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Containers (cont.)
• Provide processes an alternate view of:o Filesystem
o Network
o Other processes
o Resource limits
o … and more
• Docker, rkt, containerd, K8s all provide sane defaults + tooling.o Make containers behave somewhat like Vms.
o Images, management, etc...
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Containers (cont.)
• A separation of concerns.
o Bundle dependencies (libraries, runtimes, userland tools) into one image.
o Good for deployment.
• Reproducible artefacts that are the same across all environments.
• Simple package management.
• A building block for a microservices architecture.
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Containers (cont.)
• Cassandra in a container? Sure!
But:
o Use host networking.
o Mount a XFS volume into the container.
o Data persistence.
o Some host tuning required:
o sysctls
§ tcp & virtual memory tuneables
o disk IO scheduler & read ahead
o disable swap
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Kubernetes• Service for running and managing containers.
• Across a cluster of servers.
• Runs anywhere (all major cloud providers, on-prem)
• Clean room implementation of Borg by Google.
• Google is one of many contributors
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Kubernetes (cont.)
• Manages dependent/related containers
• Manages storage
• Distribution of secrets (keys, certs, etc)
• Monitoring application health
• Replication & scaling
• Load balancing
• Version updates
• RBAC!
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Kubernetes (cont.)
• It won the “war”:
o AWS EKS
o Google Cloud Kubernetes Engine
o Azure Kubernetes Service
o Red Hat OpenShift
o Pivotal Kontainer Service
o CoreOS
o Mesosphere
o Docker Swarm
… and more
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Cassandra Operator for Kubernetes (cont.)
• Simplifies provisioning and management of Cassandra on K8s
• Cassandra-as-a-Service on top of Kubernetes
• Instaclustr in a box
• Scale safely
• Backups
• Repairs
• Security (encryption, certs, user management)
• Out-of-the-box Prometheus integration (monitoring)©Instaclustr Pty Limited, 2019
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Cassandra Operator for Kubernetes (cont.)
• A custom resource definition (CRD) allows end users to create“Cassandra”
objects in Kubernetes.
o Contains configuration options for Cassandra
o e.g. node count, JVM tuning options, security settings, etc.
• The Controller listens to state changes on the Cassandra objects.
• Modifies/creates resources to match:
o StatefulSets
o Services
o Secrets & ConfigMaps
o Prometheus ServiceMonitors
… and more.©Instaclustr Pty Limited, 2019
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• Get it here:
https://github.com/instaclustr/cassandra-operator
Cassandra Operator for Kubernetes (cont.)
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• Instarepair & cassandra-sstable-tools
• Cassandra Kerberos Plugin
• Cassandra LDAP Plugin
• Backup & Restore Tool
• Cassandra Exporter for Prometheus
• Cassandra Operator for Kubernetes
Summary
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Adam Zegelin
Co-founder @ Instaclustr
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