CUSTOMARY FISHING REGULATION 27A IWI/AUTHORISED REPRESENTATIVES PRESENTATION.
Inspection and investigation ver 27a
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1 Kay Associates Inspection and Investigation Inspection and Investigation Copyright November 1998 - 2005 Inspection and Investigation for Forest Roads Inspection and Inspection and Investigation for Investigation for Forest Roads Forest Roads Kay Associates Kay Associates Kay Associates [client name] [client name] Location Location – – [name] [name]
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Transcript of Inspection and investigation ver 27a
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Copyright November 1998 - 2005
Inspection and Investigation for
Forest Roads
Inspection and Inspection and
Investigation forInvestigation for
Forest RoadsForest Roads
Kay AssociatesKay AssociatesKay Associates
[client name][client name]
Location Location –– [name][name]
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A G E N D AA G E N D AClassroom Classroom -- Day 1Day 1�� 8.00am 8.00am –– Start Start -- ClassroomClassroom
�� 10am 10am –– CoffeeCoffee
�� 12noon 12noon –– LunchLunch
�� 2pm 2pm –– CoffeeCoffee
�� 4pm 4pm -- EndEnd
Field Field –– Day 2Day 2� 8am - Field Trip to Jamieson Cr
� 12noon – Bag Lunch
� 4.30 – Return to marshal point
Inspection and InvestigationInspection and Investigation
for Forest Roads for Forest Roads
Instructor: Eric L KayEric L Kay
SafetySafety• Room exitsRoom exits
•• First aidFirst aid
•• Emergency medical Emergency medical
evacuation Proceduresevacuation Procedures
•• Ambulance Ambulance -- 911911
Self introductionsSelf introductions
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� Morning –� Providing a short review of past and current Road
Construction methods and techniques, (including plans, profiles, cross sections & mass haul and a case study of reinforced road construction)
� Thorough understanding of the vital elements of a road
lead to a better understanding of the investigation process
� Afternoon – Visual presentation of road
construction, maintenance and deactivation.
� Review with a strong focus on minimizing site degradation and an in depth overview of environmental concerns and issues
� Learning to recognize the “red flags” that warn of potential problems with a view to prevention of detrimental occurrences rather than a reactionary one.
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on Day 1, ClassroomDay 1, Classroom
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Day 2, Field trip
� Is a strong re-enforcement of the
classroom discussion on accepted
Road Engineering, Construction and
Maintenance practices and procedures,
with a strong emphasis on the practical
investigation of road related issues.
� Class field exercises; �Problem road layout and design.
�Stream crossing risk assessment exercise.
�Mock role playing of an investigation process.
A major focus of the field trip is water management,
soils stability, environmental impact reduction, controlling and managing costs.
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“Even with full cooperative planning certain day-by-day
realities have to be addressed”
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We need to delve deeply into aWe need to delve deeply into a
complex & interwovencomplex & interwoven picturepicture
CONNECTIONSCONNECTIONS
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-- InstructionInstruction
-- TrainingTraining
-- AwarenessAwareness
Management
Supervisors Workers
Commitment
Counting growth rings
Field training
Classroom
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Some key areas of concernInspection and InvestigationInspection and Investigation
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� Management of sediment sources;
� day to day regular work areas
� end haul disposal sites
� culvert installation
� culvert repair and maintenance
� cut slopes
� fill slopes
� ditches (erosion/cleaning)
� ROAD SURFACES
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Some key areas of concernInspection and InvestigationInspection and Investigation
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� Prevention of large environmental
impacts
� Landslides
� Damage to streams
� Damage to wetlands
� Damage to riparian areas
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Lilloet, BCWadi slide, Port McNiel, BC
Rivers Inlet, Restoration
Cost of repair / restorationCost of repair / restoration
Other Costs?
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Some key areas of concern
� The use of poor armouring materials
• Rock size selection
� Poor armouring work
• Inlet
• Outlet
• Discharge slope
• Poor compaction of;
• Fill material
ditch block Sidecast
Inspection and InvestigationInspection and Investigation
� The use of poor materials for;
• backfill
• ditchblock
• Armour
� CULVERTS
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B 10 9
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Oyster River, Vancouver Island
Isabel Island, Solomons
Culvert FailuresCulvert Failures
Armoured Ford, Kelowna BC9
• Common Faults• Undersized
• Plugged
• Damaged• Improperly installed
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� .
Clulvert installation issues
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� Cleaning
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Some key areas of concern
– The use of poor armouring materials
• size selection
• geotextiles
– Poor armouring work
• stream banks
• abutments
• channel
• water energyKay & Associates
– The use of poor materials for;
• backfill
• armour
– Poor compaction of;
• fill material
• ballast
• surfacing
Inspection and InvestigationInspection and Investigation
� BRIDGES 10Case Study
Powerpoint:
“Riparian Areas”
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Some key areas of concern� Cut slopes;
– Unstable angle of repose
– Overhanging rocks and stumps
– Management of seepage
� What are others?
– _____________
– _____________
– _____________
� Sidecast & Fill
problems;
– Long spoil slopes
– Fill placed in an unstable manner
– Fill placed ON unstable material
� Incorrect location;
– Culverts
– Landings
– Spoil sites
Inspection and InvestigationInspection and Investigation
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� Plans� Optimized for the harvesting equipment.
� Optimized for the loading and hauling equipment.
� Optimized for the equipment that will be used for road construction.
� Road location optimized for disposal of waste materials.
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� Road location optimized for access to road-building materials.
� Road location optimized for lowest-cost construction procedures.
� Road optimized for least environmental impact.
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Prevention in all phases;Prevention in all phases;
•• PlanningPlanning
-- AssessingAssessing
-- Written plansWritten plans
-- FundingFunding
•• ConstructionConstruction
•• MaintenanceMaintenance
•• DeactivationDeactivation
Periodic Inspections Periodic Inspections
Are part of prevention!Are part of prevention!
Negative Negative
IMPACTSIMPACTS
Slide event
Stabilized with grass seed
Site today
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Grading
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� Use grader to crown, inslope, or outslope
road to manage surface water (and
sediment)
� Roads continually lose surfacing
materials to dust and rain, lowering the
road, and exposing sub-grade
� Improper grading continually widens the
road, impacting on wetlands and
watercourses
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Road sub-surface
� Vibratory Compactor Roller
� Case SV208, Sheepsfoot roller
� Used for Sandy Soils
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Champion 605T Automatic, 12' Molboard
Road Maintenance
� Options for Grader Blade cutting edges
� Regular or curved cutting edge
� Serrated edge (ice blade)
� Carbide tipped
� Olofsfors
AB P 300
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• Calcium/Magnesium
Chloride
• Lignum based products
• Enzyme products
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� Understanding; � Maps, Plans, Profiles, Cross sections,
Mass haul diagrams
� Special instructions
� Geotechical Reports
� Aerial photographs
� Other?________________
Road Construction PlanningInspection and InvestigationInspection and Investigation
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� Actually relating the plans to physical features in the field (orientation)
–– Group exercise Group exercise –– Field demonstrationField demonstration
� Aerial photographs as an aid to inspection and investigation
� Road layouts that can be improved
(consideration of all alternate solutions
and their values/negatives)
Road Construction PlanningInspection and InvestigationInspection and Investigation
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on Road Location and Design
� Water
management
� Slope stability
� Minimize environmental impact
� Costs
“a road in
the right
place is”
15Encompasses;
� Harvest species
� Harvesting
method
� Log transport
� Good to Build
� Good to Log
� Good to Maintain
� Good to Deactivate
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�Drawn true to scale and show;
– Road Centerline
– Station numbers
– Reference points
– Culvert locations
– End haul areas (and disposal sites)
– Ground slopes in percentage
– Contour lines
Reading and Understanding Plans
Inspection and InvestigationInspection and InvestigationIn
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�Vertical distance is exaggerated 10 times for visual effect and easier measuring
�Heavy gradeline is road
�Dotted line is the actual ground surface line Measured at the centerline
and indicates the need to cut or fill
�Grade Percentage, shown as + or -(e.g.. +8%)
Reading and Understanding ProfilesInspection and InvestigationInspection and Investigation
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�They are a “slice” taken out of the hillside to show the road in an “end on” view
�Dotted line is the actual ground surface line
�Cuts and Fills are indicated
�Cut and fill slope angles are shown
Reading and Understanding Cross Sections
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Reading and Understanding
Mass Haul diagrams
�They are a graphical representation of;
• volume
• direction
• distance
that material must be moved
Inspection and InvestigationInspection and Investigation
Class exercise
:
Class exercise
:
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�When a detailed work plan has been formed, or a report from a professional for;
– End Haul
– Stream crossings
– Riparian areas
– High risk or hazard
– Unstable ground
Special instruction areasInspection and InvestigationInspection and Investigation
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on Optimum road location
� Locate road on bench to consider;
� Harvesting system (or systems)
� Stable disposal of sidecast material
� The use of sliver fills to dispose of excess material
� The need to generate rock for roadbuilding Ie. ballast, capping or rip-rap
� Locate to reduce material handling Ie. balanced cut and fill, or moving only for short
distances back or forward
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on Current accepted road construction
practices and techniques:
� Overlanding
� Balanced cut & fill(partial bench cuts)
� Full bench cuts � Sliver fills� Endhauling� Road sub-grade
� Construction; � Methods� Equipment
� Materials� Expertise� Training� Supervision
� Road capping (surfacing) materials
� Compaction
� Borrow pits, Quarries, Spoil sites, Waste areas
� Tote roads
� Snow/Ice roads
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Managing Costs
$230,000 / km
$150,000 / km
$127,000 / km
16.4 cu m
9.1 cu m
11.0 cu m
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Water - Depth and VelocityDouble the depth =
4 times the velocity =
Moves 64 times in size/weight
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Polyethylene used to
allow growth of grass
for ditchline armour
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Settling ponds Settling times (1m depth)
•Coarse silt – .2 hr
•Medium silt – 1.3 hr
•Fine silt – 14 hr
•Clay – 5 days
Times are approximate,
temperature of 5° C and assume
no turbulence.
Silt – 0.05mm to 0.002mm
Clay – < 0.002mm
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� High degree of strength
Longitudinally / Laterally
� Opening size is chosen to support the
ballast material in a pyramid fashion.
� This pyramid action distributes user
weight over a larger area.
� Thinner layer of ballast is required.
Managing Costs
Geogrids
Inspection and InvestigationInspection and InvestigationIn
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Managing Costs
Geotextiles
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� Provide a separation layer between
Subgrade and Ballast
� Prevents the migration of fines
E.g. pumping-upward and
contaminating the ballast and
surfacing materials.
� Thinner layer of ballast is required.
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Overhanging vegetation• Shade (water temperature / Hiding)• Nutrients (debris, bugs, insects etc)• Habitat for insects and bugs• Protection for animals/rodents & access to waterway
Large and medium boulders for;• Resting places out of water energy flow• Hiding places from predators
Root systems providing;• Bank erosion control• Bottom scour(deeper water)• Habitat for Animals, rodents, aquatic species
Floodplain for;• Energy dissipation in high-water events• Deposition of beneficial sediments
Gravel bars for fish values (multiple-graded material)
Waterways Key Environmental ElementsIn
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� Miss-direction of water - Culvert; location / inlet / outlet
� Ditches - Controlling energy
� Ditches – when is it better not to have a ditch.
� Lack of armour (what constitutes good armour)
� Seepage and piping water from cut slopes (piping water and internal sediment transport)
Water management
Inspection and InvestigationInspection and InvestigationIn
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� Ponding water behind the road
� Water hydrology and types of erosion; Sheet, Rilling and Gullying
� Sediment generation from; Road surface, Ditchlines, Cut slopes, Fill slopes
� Vegetation as tool for control in the movement of sediment (see bioengineering exercise)
� Sediment Control – Silt fences, Hay bales, Settling ponds, Check dams (see “Planning for Installation, Maintenance and Removal of Silt Fence)
Water managementIn
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� Use control device BEFORE sediment enters a waterway (ditchline or stream)
� Do not use in running water such as a ditch or stream!
Sediment Control Sediment Control –– Silt fence Silt fence
–– Hay balesHay bales
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on Check-dams – Correct hay bale use.
Horseshoe shape is critical
• Ensure to provide
erosion protection
(armour) at
discharge
•Trapped Sediment
• Vegetated
• Regular Inspection and
Maintenance Required
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Water managementWater managementIn
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� Monitor and Maintain!!!
� Removal of accumulated sediment when 1/2 height on silt fence
� Plan for removal
� Of silt fence
� Of accumulated sediment
Sediment Control – Silt fences, Hay bales
See powerPoint; – Silt fence/Hay bales
Water managementWater managementIn
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Common issues
� Culvert; location / Sizing / Length
� Culvert; poor base preparation (materials and compaction)
� Culvert; poor materials used for; Backfill/ditchblock/armour
� Rip-rap placement
� Fillslope materials encroachment
� Ditchline discharge location
� Erodible fill – stream/wetland/lake
� Provisions for silt and sediment control
Inspection and InvestigationInspection and Investigation
Water CrossingsIn
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for culvert locations
Actual culvert location
Natural drainage
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Provisions for silt and sediment control
See PowerPoint:“Stream Crossing
Water Management”
and
See PowerPoint:
“Armoured Fords”
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� Crossing installation – Skew, Ditch
block, Structure length, base compaction, _________
� Armour(inlet, outlet & discharge)
� Quality and compaction of backfill
� Were detailed plans followed during installation?
� Prioritize crossings to investigate / not investigate
Water Crossings
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Culvert shape
Bridge design
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� Road deactivation should take into consideration:
� a) provisions for safe fish passage and protection of fish habitat at the crossing, and up and downstream of the structure; and
� b) provisions for control of silt and sediment at stream crossings.
Inspection and InvestigationInspection and Investigation
Water Crossings
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�� Retains moistureRetains moistureRaindrop protectionRaindrop protectionWind protectionWind protectionRetains warmthRetains warmthDecay provides nutrientsDecay provides nutrientsSeed rooting protection Seed rooting protection
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Control – Mulch
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� Oyster River, Glacial till.
� Continuous sediment generating source and costly road maintenance problem.
� Oversteep –Continually failing, will not re-vegetate until it reaches a stable angle of repose.
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Issues
� Perched material - berms
� Natural angle of repose
� Buried organics /LWD on steeper slopes
� Duff layer under fill acting as a slip layer
� Placing of fill material that may be easily erodible
� Best to;
� “Key in” fill material for road support
Slope Stability - Fill slopes
Inspection and InvestigationIn
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River Bio-Bio
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on Cut Slope - sediment generator - Solutions
� Remove failing headscarp: Eg. Explosives / Spider excavator (see PowerPoint: “Removing Headscarps for Cut-slope Stabilization” )
� Slope back to angle of repose (Seldom is a viable solution)
� Provide internal drainage (Gravel / Synthetics / Live pole drains)
� Cut off water source (surface / subsurface) (see PowerPoint “Contour Drainage for Slope Stabilization”
� Install full or partial retaining wall (buttressing) (reduce apparent slope angle)
� Use Bio-engineering techniques for stabilization assistance (see PowerPoint “BioEngineering” and also handout material)
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CASE STUDY(35mm slide presentation)
Foley Creek FSR Engineered Fill Slope
using Geogrids
Slope Stability - Fill Slopes
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Slope Stability - Cut Slopes
� Natural angle of repose
� Consolidated and unconsolidated
material
� Over-steepening V/S sloping back
�Some materials behave better when
vertical
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Geogrid
Cut Slope - buttressing
Existing slope line
100+%
New stable slope angle~60%
Live willow stakes
Conifers
Gabion baskets three high
Decreased ditchline size (or eliminated)
Geogrid
Drainage underneath gabion baskets. Eg. installation of a French Drain. Note: may need to also install a pipe to provide extra carrying capacity!
Drainage under road. Eg. installation of multiple culverts, Rock Drains or a Blanket Drain where there is a need to not concentrate water energy.
Typical slope treatment for stabilization using gabion
baskets to reduce apparent slope angle and using bioengineering techniques in conjunction to effect a
green solution that will provide for slope stability and
effective sediment control.
Live willow-wattling. Note: Stakes installed 90° to slope
Headscarp removed
63Kay Associates
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French
Drains
(rock-
drains)
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Climate� Climate areas
� Eg. Maritime, Hyper-maritime etc.
� Local climatic
patterns
� Slope aspects
� Microclimates
Inspection and InvestigationIn
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Road Maintenance�Brushing
�Maintaining ditchlines
�Culvert maintenance
�Road surfacing materials
�Compaction
�Grading practices
Inspection and InvestigationIn
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Soil Disturbance
�Harvesting
�Resource extraction
�Skid trails
�Planting
Inspection and InvestigationIn
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�Grass seeding and fertilizing -- Quality control (Dry and Hydro seeding)
�Erosion control blankets VS Bonded fiber matrix
�Planting of Conifers
or Hardwoods for
stabilization
Inspection and Investigation
RevegetationIn
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RevegetationInspection and Investigation
�Need for on-going inspection
� Infill planting
�Periodic re-fertilizing
B 77
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36
�Cut and fill slope support.
– Live staking, Wattling, Brush layering,
� Instream erosion protection
– Bank protection
�Water seepage management
– Live pole drains
Bio-engineeringInspection and Investigation
Optional35mm Slides
Tray 2
See:
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37
�Sediment control and Sediment traps
– Live staking, Wattling, Brush layering
�Combining bio-engineering with hard engineering
Bio-engineeringInspection and Investigation
Optional35mm Slides
Tray 2
See:
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�� Types and common failure Types and common failure problemsproblems
�� OPTIONAL OPTIONAL -- Refer to handout Refer to handout and / orand / orOptional Optional powerpointpowerpoint presentationpresentation
�� LandformsLandforms
�� Rock identification keyRock identification key
�� The effects of the Ice ages on Chile The effects of the Ice ages on Chile (diagrams of ice flows)(diagrams of ice flows)
�� Fault linesFault lines
�� Groundwater resourcesGroundwater resources
�� Tectonic platesTectonic plates
ROCK
Inspection and Investigation
.
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on Inspection and InvestigationInspection and Investigation
ROCKROCK�� Blasting Blasting
�� Understanding blasting recordsUnderstanding blasting records
•• Class exerciseClass exercise
�� Class and Field discussion on Class and Field discussion on
examples of;examples of;
•• Good / Bad blasting controlGood / Bad blasting control
•• FlyrockFlyrock (minimizing)(minimizing)
•• Overbreak Overbreak (controlling overbreak)(controlling overbreak)
Option: Play blasting CDOption: Play blasting CD
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Mineral soils
Organic soils
�Knowledge of soils
– Organic / Mineral
– How they were derived
�How do they affect road stability?
�How do they affect slope stability?
�Seek professional advise on soils stability
Inspection and InvestigationIn
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on “I hear the fish are
biting,,, we should
wet a line this
weekend!”
“The most effective method of avoiding landslide
problems is to avoid building roads in areas that
are likely to be unstable – use geotechnical advise.
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Formations
� Sensitive landscape
� Cave ProtectionInsp
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Pozo de las Ánimas
Foto Rodolfo Rogelio Rocha
PiedraPiedra calizacaliza
cavernacaverna
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FormationsIn
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� Easily damaged by:
– Contamination
– Fire
– Heavy equipment
– Altered hydrology
KarstFormations
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44
Road related disturbances
Inspection and Investigation
�� FillslopesFillslopes
�� CutslopesCutslopes
�� MidslopesMidslopesSee PowerPoint:
“RED FLAGS”
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Locating the clues;
�Telltale signs to find the route of the water that may
have been associated with the event.
�Signs that materials may have been left at risk(eg
oversteepend cut or fill slope material, large berms)
�Possible human actions that may have a relationship
to the failure (before and after the event)
�Sub-standard construction practices or maintenance
practices that may have led to the failure
�Poor timing of operations Ie. wrong season
�Failure to secure the site in anticipation of expected
rainfall.
Road related disturbancesFillslopes, Cutslopes & Midslope
Inspection and Investigation
See PowerPoint:
“Red Flags”
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Looking for clues after mitigative actions have been taken
�When clues have been obliterated by mitigative or remedial works
-Persisting with further & more intensive investigative techniques-Broadening the investigation area-Inclusion of experts
Road related disturbances
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� Chemical contamination� Looking for the possible sources of suspected water and/or ground contamination
�Shop sites�Field work-sites �Fuel & Oil storage-sites�Disposal sites�Transport spills
� Outlining the extent of the contaminated area
Kay & Associates
Contamination
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on Using spill kit
� Using pads
� Use protective gloves & eyeware
� Soak up oil by placing on surface
� When saturated (full of oil), place in
leak-proof bags and container.
� Dispose of in an approved manner
� see handout for more detailed
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� Using booms
� Prior to start of work, place across stream in quietest possible water downstream from the worksite.
� HINT - If water is turbulent, angle the boom across stream and direct oil to a back-water.
� HINT - Allow for rise and fall of water flow.
� In the event of a spill, use pads to absorb oil.
Using spill kitIn
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on Raveling Raveling –– Solutions?Solutions?
Recognizing that Recognizing that
remedial works can remedial works can
sometimes be more sometimes be more
detrimental than an detrimental than an
existing situationexisting situation
a) Sloping back .b) Toe support .c) Engineered retaining wall.d) Water management .
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� When there are prolonged periods of saturation
� BEFORE ! sediments are started to be transported
� Others ____rain on snow__ ?
� When there are expected periods of high saturation
Wet weather shut down indicators
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86Kay Associates
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STOP work;� During prolonged saturation
periods
� During intense weather systems
� Before negative effects are experienced
� When you can not follow the plan
– interpretation situation
– changed site materials
– changed conditions
– incorrect materials
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onRoads are an integral part of the harvesting phaseRoads are an integral part of the harvesting phase
88Kay Associates
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CONSIDER;
� When to seek advice from a professional
� Water quality sampling
� Evidence gathering
– Photo
– Video
– Interviews
Professional best practicesIn
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BREAKOUT SESSION
� See excerpts from “Culvert Inspection” training course
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� FIELD DAY – General notes to all attendees;
� The field portion can be physically intensive.
� Recommended to bring;� Brown bag lunch Appropriate clothing for anticipated
weather
� Rain gear & Appropriate boots
� Visi-vest or cruisers vest Hard hat
� Optional� Sunto(inclinometer), Binoculars, notebook
� Safety;� We will be driving on and working on active haul roads,
please observe all safety precautions.
� Please observe standard safety procedures for MOF
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“Never tell people how to do things”
“Tell them what to do and they will
surprise you with their ingenuity”
General George S Patton.
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Kay Associates
End,End,
Instructor: Eric L Kay
Copyright November 1998 - 2015
Inspection and Investigation Inspection and Investigation
for Forest Roadsfor Forest RoadsIn
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Telephone: 1 250 337-5095
