INSIGHT Module - Glaucoma 101 - COS -...

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Transcript of INSIGHT Module - Glaucoma 101 - COS -...

Page 1: INSIGHT Module - Glaucoma 101 - COS - SCOcos-sco.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Module4-Glaucoma101.pdf · Whenwe look at the glaucoma continuum, we have to ask ourselves, at what

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Page 2: INSIGHT Module - Glaucoma 101 - COS - SCOcos-sco.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Module4-Glaucoma101.pdf · Whenwe look at the glaucoma continuum, we have to ask ourselves, at what

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What are some of your opinions of this definition?

COS Evidence Based Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Glaucoma in the Adult Eye:“Glaucoma is a clinical term referring to a variety of conditionswith the common feature of an optic neuropathy (i.e.,glaucomatous optic neuropathy [GON]) characterizedby a distinctive loss of retinal nerve fibres and optic discchanges. Loss of this neural tissue can lead to an irreversibleloss of visual field (VF), usually beginning paracentrally,but becoming complete if the disease is unchecked.” Page S8, paragraph 1.

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Baltimore Eye SurveyBaseline IOP     % of POAG     Cumulative %</=15                   13                  1316‐18                    24                  3719‐21                    22                  5922‐24                    19                  7825‐29                    10                  8830‐34                     9                   97>/= 35                  3                   100

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OAG is still the more common form of glaucoma in the Asian populations however, the presence of narrow angles is supposedly greater than it is for non-Asian populations. As we become more diligent about assessing the angle, we are finding more narrow angles in non-Asian populations.

You will hear this emphasized at other points in this module, and throughout other modules in this program, and that is to assess the angle.

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What are some of the traditionally stated risk factors for glaucoma?

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A recent meta analysis of the population based trials provides us with the following Odds Ratios and Likelihood Ratios for 4 risk factors and 4 clinical findings.

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When we look at the glaucoma continuum, we have to ask ourselves, at what point do we want to make the diagnosis and depending on the stage at which the diagnosis is made, how aggressively do we want to treat?  There are circumstances under which a diagnosis of glaucoma is made but the decision is not to treat.  Conversely, there may not be any glaucoma but risk factors may influence us to treat.

There will be those with risk factors for glaucoma who do not develop glaucoma, and we want to minimize the number of these people whom we treat unnecessarily.

On the other hand there will be those who do not have risk factors for glaucoma but actually have the condition and we want to minimize the number of these people in this category who are undiagnosed.  We can do this by paying attention to evidence of RNFL loss eg ON head change, VF change (SAP, SWAP, Matrix VF), RNFL thickness change (OCT/HRT(confocal scanning laser tomography)/GDxVCC(scanning laser polarimetry)). 

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15 June, 2015

D Jinapriya BSc, MD, FRCSC

Approach to Open Angle Glaucoma Management

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Yes, this patient has glaucoma.

It highlights that without any information about risk factors (IOP, age, race, FHx, CCT, myopia status, angle status) a diagnosis can be made.

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Would you lower this patient’s IOP?

What triggered you to treat?

This case highlights that without any objective evidence of glaucoma, there are risk factor assessments that may lead us to lower IOP.

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These last two cases highlight the point that in some cases the risk factors are irrelevant to making the diagnosis because the objective findings are so obvious.  In other cases, while there may not be any objective evidence of glaucoma, the risk factors are so high that treatment is warranted.

Risk factors for glaucoma may influence your decision to treat but they don’t help with making the diagnosis of glaucoma; the diagnosis is based on objective evidence of RNFL loss (either in RNFL testing or in subsequent changes to the optic nerve).  However, risk factors are used as modifiers for target setting.

Rule out mimickers: NAION can result in an arcuate defectMacular pathology can mimmick paracentral scotomasPRP will decrease RNFL values and cause visual field defectsOptic disc pit can look like a notch and cause a VF defectCompressive optic neuropathies

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In making the diagnosis of glaucoma it is critical to determine whether the angle is open or closed.  It is also important to revisit the angle as your patient ages.  Patients with ACDs close to 3mm are most at risk of progressing to a closed angle state as they age.  Those with PXF are at risk of increased zonular weakness and a rise in the lens.  

Whether IOP target setting for a glaucoma that is diagnosed in the face of a closed angle should be the same targets as would be set for an open angle glaucoma remains unknown.  But for now the answer is yes.

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In making the diagnosis of glaucoma it is critical to determine whether the angle is open or closed.  It is also important to revisit the angle as your patient ages.  Patients with ACDs close to 3mm are most at risk of progressing to a closed angle state as they age.  Those with PXF are at risk of increased zonular weakness and a rise in the lens.  

Whether IOP target setting for a glaucoma that is diagnosed in the face of a closed angle should be the same targets as would be set for an open angle glaucoma remains unknown.  But for now the answer is yes.

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Close monitoring is necessary because IOPs are quite labile and can go quite high resulting in quick progression between visits.

PXF:Lens removal does not decrease the glaucoma risk.Harder to get IOPs under control than typical POAG.Wider diurnal fluctuations than typical POAG.Not as steroid responsive as typical POAG.Very responsive to ALT (no data for SLT) but treatment effect doesn’t last as long as typical POAG.

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Actively look for objective findings of these conditions rather than waiting for them to be so obvious that you notice them.

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3 theories:1) Degenerative microfibrillopathy: overexpression of MRNA for elastin microfibrillar

components leading to excessive synthesis and production of elastin microfibrils and aggregation into typical mature pseudoexfoliation fibers.

2) Basement membrane proteoglycan3) Related to primary amyloidosis

Susceptibility to PXF may be inherited in an autosomal dominant manner with transmission primarily being maternal.

PXF material has been found in extrabulbar tissue including conjunctiva, extraocularmuscles, orbital septa, posterior ciliary arteries, vortex veins, central retinal vessels passing though the optic nerve sheaths, lung, heart, liver, gallbladder, skin, kidney and cerebral meninges.

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Many geographic and ethnic differences: prevalence varies from country to country and even region to region within some countries.Geographic and ethnic differences are important with PXF prevalences worldwide varying from 0% in Inuit populations (Alaska, Greenland, Canada) to 38% in Navajo populations in Arizona USA.  It is highly prevalent in Iceland, Greece and Scandinavian countries.In Sweden 75% of OAG is PXG, 60% in Norway and 26% in Denmark, 47% in Mediterranean Turkey, 45% in Northwest Spain.

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Sampaolesi’s line: inferior pigment deposition, anterior to Schwalbe’s line.

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Figure on left is a transmission electron micrograph demonstrating accumulation of PXF material in the juxtacanaliular tissue along the inner wall of Schlemm’s canal.

Figure on the right is a scanning electron micrograph of the inner surgace of the trabecularmeshwork showing PXF deposits in the uveal pores.

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What does this picture show? Mid‐peripheral iris transillumination defects: PDS

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What does this picture show?  Iris border TIDs: PXF

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Krukenburg Spindle.

DDx Krukenberg Spindle:PDSPXFTraumaIris infarction (e.g. zoster, ACG)TumorUveitis

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Corneal light wedge used to identify Schwalbe’s line.

Blood in Schlemm’s Canal DDx:1. Hypotony2. ↑EVP3. Oculodermal melanocytosis (Nevus of Ota)4. NF5. Congenital ectropion uveae6. Secondary to gonioscopy7. Nanophthalmos

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Corneal light wedge used to identify Schwalbe’s line.

Blood in Schlemm’s Canal DDx:1. Hypotony2. ↑EVP3. Oculodermal melanocytosis (Nevus of Ota)4. NF5. Congenital ectropion uveae6. Secondary to gonioscopy7. Nanophthalmos

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Normal Angle

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Heavily, and evenly pigmented TM.

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Heavily, and evenly pigmented TM.

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Scheie’s stripe or Zentmayer’s line: pigment on the periphery/equator of the lens capsule.

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Sampaolesi’s line: pigment deposition inferiorly that is anterior to Schwalbe’s line.

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Sampaolesi’s line: pigment deposition inferiorly that is anterior to Schwalbe’s line.

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Reverse pupillary block seen in PDS.  This happens when blinking and with accomodation.  This is resolved by a PI.  However, at this time we don’t have evidence that a PI changes the glaucoma prognosis so it isn’t yet recommended in the Canadian Glaucoma Guidelines.

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Scheie’s stripe = Zentmayer’s line: pigment deposition on the peripheral posterior lens capsule

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PXFPDSPost hyphemaMelanomalyticChronic uveitisPost traumaRaceDark iris pigmentPost PIAgingDM

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C is the correct answer.  The IOP is irrelevant to the stage of disease.  The CDR provides an indication of the severity of disease but it is relative to the size of the ONH; RFNL rim values would have been useful to put the CDR into context. B, C, D have MDs that fall into the moderate category.  The VF defect being within 10 degrees of fixation is the only feature presented that qualifies as objective evidence of an advanced stage. 

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Approach to Open Angle Glaucoma Management

15 June, 2015

D Jinapriya BSc, MD, FRCSC 54

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60 white female with early glaucoma OD based on 0.65 CDR, early superior nasal step, and inferior RNFL loss and base line IOP of 22mmHg and no glaucoma OS based on 0.50 CDR, no VFD, no RNFL damage and IOP of 20mmHg.  What are your target IOPs?

OD:  IOP has to be lower than 21mmHg or at least 25% lower than the baseline IOP.  In this case 21mmHg is not enough because it is not at least 25% lower than the baseline IOP.  The target IOP OD should be 5.5 mmHg lower than the baseline of 22mmHg.  Therefore the target for OD should be <17.OS:  IOP can be set to < 25mmHg or given that there is glaucoma in the fellow eye, a more aggressive target IOP range can be chosen.  In this case that more aggressive IOP target would be a 20% reduction from baseline, which is 16mmHg.

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60 y.o. Black male with moderate PXG OD based on CDR 0.75, inf RNFL loss and early superior with a baseline IOP of 21mmHg.  OS has early PXG with CDR 0.65, inf RNFL loss and a nasal step with a baseline IOP of 21mmHg.

OD:  Even though this is moderate disease, there are some risk factors that would make us modifiy the initial target IOP (Black race, PXF).  As such the IOP target should the standard of an advanced disease (< 15 with at least a 30% reduction).  30% reduction from 21 is 6.3 mmHg.  Therefore the IOP target OD is <15.OS:  There is early disease but again there are modifiers making the IOP target that of a moderate disease (<18 with at least a 30% reduction).  30% from 21mmHg is 6.3mmHg.  Therefore the target OS is <15.

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60 y.o. Black male with advanced PXG OD based on a 0.90 CDR, superior + inferior RNFL loss, inferior and superior arcuates (MD ‐14D) and baseline IOP is 26mmHg.  OS has early PXG with CDR 0.65, sup RNFL loss, inferior nasal step (MD ‐4D) and baseline IOP 21mmHg.

OD:  IOP has to be lowered by 30% or be less than 15 mmHg.  30% is 7.8mmHg.  Therefore in this case the target is <15 mmHg.OS:  IOP has to be lowered by 25% or be less than 21mmhg.  25% is 5.25mmHg.  Therefore the IOP target is <16mmHg.

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“Unacceptable pressures” may be more palatable than “target IOPs” for some.Target IOPs may bring with it legal implications if those pressures are not met and disease progression occurs.  Therefore it may be more palatable for us to accept that lower IOPs decrease the risk of progression, the lower the IOP the lower the risk of progression and often this means hitting targets in the low teens.Let’s assume that our ideal is to have the target IOP at 12mmHg.  This table provides a potential algorithm of monitoring for progression based on whether the target of 12mmHg is reached and if not then modifying the frequency of follow up to catch progression as early as possible.

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Pull the trigger = surgery

This table depicts an approach to glaucoma progression that takes into account the degree of glaucoma damage at the onset of progression.

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