Insider Trading (Federal Law). Insider trading regulation in the US Classic insider trading:...
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Transcript of Insider Trading (Federal Law). Insider trading regulation in the US Classic insider trading:...
![Page 1: Insider Trading (Federal Law). Insider trading regulation in the US Classic insider trading: –Fraudulent silence under Section 10(b) –duty of trust or.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013012/5697c0141a28abf838ccd69d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Insider Trading (Federal Law)
![Page 2: Insider Trading (Federal Law). Insider trading regulation in the US Classic insider trading: –Fraudulent silence under Section 10(b) –duty of trust or.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013012/5697c0141a28abf838ccd69d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Insider trading regulation in the US
• Classic insider trading: – Fraudulent silence under Section 10(b)– duty of trust or confidence to “abstain or disclose”– When can insider trade? Rule 10b5-1
• Tipping liability: – know or should know that – tipper has breached duty for improper personal benefit
• Misappropriation liability:– Fraud on source “in connection with” securities trading– Maintain integrity of securities markets– When is there fiduciary relationship? See Rule 10b5-2
![Page 3: Insider Trading (Federal Law). Insider trading regulation in the US Classic insider trading: –Fraudulent silence under Section 10(b) –duty of trust or.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013012/5697c0141a28abf838ccd69d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: Insider Trading (Federal Law). Insider trading regulation in the US Classic insider trading: –Fraudulent silence under Section 10(b) –duty of trust or.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013012/5697c0141a28abf838ccd69d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Rule 10b-5
Securities Exchange Act of 1934 Act § 10
It shall be unlawful for any person ...
(b) To use or employ, in connection with the purchase or sale of any security ... any manipulative or deceptive device or contrivance in contravention of such rules and regulations as the Commission may prescribe
![Page 5: Insider Trading (Federal Law). Insider trading regulation in the US Classic insider trading: –Fraudulent silence under Section 10(b) –duty of trust or.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013012/5697c0141a28abf838ccd69d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The framework …
(imputing a duty not to trade)
![Page 6: Insider Trading (Federal Law). Insider trading regulation in the US Classic insider trading: –Fraudulent silence under Section 10(b) –duty of trust or.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013012/5697c0141a28abf838ccd69d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Chiarella v. US (US 1980)
“Good news”
Insider
Acquiror Inc
Non-public, material info(takeover plans)
Shareholders
shareholders
Target Company
Pandick Press
Chiarella
![Page 7: Insider Trading (Federal Law). Insider trading regulation in the US Classic insider trading: –Fraudulent silence under Section 10(b) –duty of trust or.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013012/5697c0141a28abf838ccd69d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Justice Powell:
"... silence in connection with the purchase or sale of securities may operate as fraud actionable under § 10(b) ... But such liability is premised upon a duty to disclose arising from a relationship of trust and confidence between parties to a transaction.”
.... duty to disclose ... guarantees that corporate insiders, who have an obligation to place the shareholder's welfare before their own, will not benefit personally through fraudulent use of material, nonpublic information.
![Page 8: Insider Trading (Federal Law). Insider trading regulation in the US Classic insider trading: –Fraudulent silence under Section 10(b) –duty of trust or.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013012/5697c0141a28abf838ccd69d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Expanding the framework …
(tipping and trading on tips)
![Page 9: Insider Trading (Federal Law). Insider trading regulation in the US Classic insider trading: –Fraudulent silence under Section 10(b) –duty of trust or.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013012/5697c0141a28abf838ccd69d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Dirks v. SEC (US 1983)
“Bad news”
Clients dump stock
What theory?
Equity Funding
Non-public, material information(massive accounting fraud)
Investors / shareholders
Dirks (and clients)
Secrist
![Page 10: Insider Trading (Federal Law). Insider trading regulation in the US Classic insider trading: –Fraudulent silence under Section 10(b) –duty of trust or.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013012/5697c0141a28abf838ccd69d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Tipping liabilityJustice Powell:
... a tippee assumes a fiduciary duty to the shareholders of a corporation not to trade on material nonpublic information only when the insider has breached his fiduciary duty to the shareholders by disclosing the information to the tippee and the tippee knows or should know that there has been a breach.
Whether the "tip" was a breach of the insider's fiduciary duty [depends on] whether ... the insider receives a direct or indirect personal benefit that will translate into future earnings.
![Page 11: Insider Trading (Federal Law). Insider trading regulation in the US Classic insider trading: –Fraudulent silence under Section 10(b) –duty of trust or.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013012/5697c0141a28abf838ccd69d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Applying the framework …
(was there a tip?)
![Page 12: Insider Trading (Federal Law). Insider trading regulation in the US Classic insider trading: –Fraudulent silence under Section 10(b) –duty of trust or.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013012/5697c0141a28abf838ccd69d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
SEC v. Stewart (2003 …)
“Bad news”
Sells stock
Imclone
Non-public, material information(FDA plans to deny drug application)
Stock market
Martha Stewart
(at airport)
SamWachtal(CEO)
Faneuil(ass’t)
![Page 13: Insider Trading (Federal Law). Insider trading regulation in the US Classic insider trading: –Fraudulent silence under Section 10(b) –duty of trust or.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013012/5697c0141a28abf838ccd69d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Further expanding the framework …
(misappropriation of confidential info)
![Page 14: Insider Trading (Federal Law). Insider trading regulation in the US Classic insider trading: –Fraudulent silence under Section 10(b) –duty of trust or.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013012/5697c0141a28abf838ccd69d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
US v. O’Hagan (US 1997)
“Misappropriation”
Buy, buy, buyInsider
Grand Met
Non-public, material info(plan to make tender offerTo Pillsbury shareholders)
Shareholders
Shareholders
Pillsbury
Dorsey &Whitney
O’Hagan
Option sellers
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Misappropriation Theory
Justice Ginsberg:
The "misappropriation theory" holds that a person commits fraud "in connection with" a securities transaction, and thereby violates § 10(b) and Rule 10b-5, when he misappropriates confidential information for securities trading purposes, in breach of a duty owed to the source of the information. See Brief for United States 14. Under this theory, a fiduciary's undisclosed, self- serving use of a principal's information to purchase or sell securities, in breach of a duty of loyalty and confidentiality, defrauds the principal of the exclusive use of that information.
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Misappropriation Theory
Justice Ginsberg:
[The "in connection with the purchase or sale of [a] security"] element is satisfied because the fiduciary's fraud is consummated, not when the fiduciary gains the confidential information, but when, without disclosure to his principal, he uses the information to purchase or sell securities. The securities transaction and the breach of duty thus coincide. This is so even though the person or entity defrauded is not the other party to the trade, but is, instead, the source of the nonpublic information.
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Clarifying the framework …
(the SEC steps into the fray)
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SEC Rules
• Rule 10b5-1: state of mind when trading “on the basis” of material, nonpublic information– “aware” (“conscious knowledge”)– Pre-existing trading plans
• Rule 10b5-2: duty to source in business/personal relations– Agree to maintain confidentiality– Practice of sharing known confidences– Spouse, parent, child, sibling – unless no
confidentiality• Regulation FD: no special access for analysts