Mineral SurveyCornerpage 5

An AncientRiddlepage 19

CommitteeReportspage 27

Professional Land Surveyors of Colorado Volume 38, Issue 3

INSIDEWheeler Monument page 5

August 2007

PROFESSIONAL LAND SURVEYORS OF COLORADO, INC. AFFILIATE - NATIONAL SOCIETY OF PROFESSIONAL SURVEYORS

MEMBER - COLORADO ENGINEERING COUNCILMEMBER- WESTERN FEDERATION OF PROFESSIONAL SURVEYORS

OFFICERS (2007-2008)

TOM T. ADAMSVICE PRESIDENT1210 24TH LANE

PUEBLO, CO 81006H: (719) 296-8262O: (719) 546-5454F: (719) 546-5410

JOHN B. GUYTONPRESIDENT

WFPS DELEGATEFLATIRONS, INC.

3825 IRIS AVENUE, STE. 395BOULDER, CO 80301

O: (303) 443-7001F: (303) 443-9830

ARTHUR W. HIPPSECRETARY-TREASURER

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR9660 WEST 56TH PLACE

ARVADA CO 80002H & O: (303) 424-8156

F: (303) 940-6061

DIRECTORS (2005-2008)

DIRECTORS (2005-2008)

DIANA E. ASKEW12322 S. WAMBLEE VALLEY ROADCONIFER, CO 80433H: (303) 838-7577O: (720) 946-0969F: (720) 946-0973

LAWRENCE T. CONNOLLY29210 HIGHWAY 160, UNIT DDURANGO, CO 81303H; (970) 759-4477O: (970) 385-6891F: (970) 385-6295

GARY D. GABLE6538 VIVIAN STREETARVADA, CO 80004H: (303) 422-0199O: (720) 946-0969F: (720) 946-0973

MICHAEL M. GREER7174 UNION STREETARVADA, CO 80004H: (303) 279-5452O: (303) 271-8787F: (303) 271-8706

DIRECTORS (2007-2010)

DOUGLAS R. BERLING11536 COMMUNITY CENTER DR, #87NORTHGLENN, CO 80233H: (303) 252-1861F (303) 252-1863

MICHEAL BOUCHARD929 CLIMAX LANEPUEBLO, CO 81006H: (719) 542-8055O: (719) 590-9194F: (719) 590-9111

RUSSELL CLARKCLARK LAND SURVEYING INC.119 NORTH WAHSATCH AVENUECOLORADO SPRINGS, CO 80903O: (719) 633-8533F: (719) 633-8822

ROGER D. NELSON19014 E. VASSAR DRIVEAURORA, CO 80013H: (303) 200-1078O: (303) 353-3916F: (303) 751-2581

WFPS DELEGATE (2007-2008)

DAVID C. DIFULVIOFARNSWORTH GROUP8055 EAST TUFTS AVENUE, SUITE 850DENVER, CO 80237O: (303) 692-8838F: (303) 692-0470

NSPS GOVERNOR (2007-2008)

WARREN D. WARDP.O. BOX 653 FRASER, CO 80442H: (970) 887-0462O: (970) 725-3347F: (970) 887-0463 DEDICATED TO THE IMPROVEMENT OF LAND SURVEYING EDUCATION AND PRACTICE.

SIDE SHOTS • 2

Dear Fellow Members,I recently had the opportunity to participate in the preservation of an important survey

monument located in Georgetown, Colorado. The George Wheeler survey party erecteda sandstone astronomical monument in June, 1873 as part of the Wheeler geographicalsurveys west of the 100th Meridian. William Wilson of the Historic Georgetown Board ofDirectors requested assistance from the PLSC to preserve this artifact. The PLSC wasmore than happy to commit funds to help preserve this historic survey monument. Theplan calls for a shelter to be placed over the Wheeler Monument, and a plaque that refer-ences the contributions of the PLSC will be installed.

The new Colorado Spatial Reference Network Chapter is up and running. It is work-ing to define and refine the CSRN role in the PLSC, and to support the installation andmaintenance of a virtual reference network in the Denver Metro area. CSRN held anopen house in late April, in which equipment manufacturers made presentations andanswered many questions. There should be a report from the Chapter President, RussClark, in this issue. I look forward to the success of this new chapter.

The Legislative Committee continues to be active. They have a number of items onthe agenda for consideration. Please see the report in this issue submitted by Roger Nel-son, committee chair.

The PLSC and the Southwest Chapter provided a combined $6,000 in surveying andmapping program funds: $3,000 to Fort Lewis College in Durango, and $3,000 to SanJuan College in Farmington, NM. $3,000 was first offered by the Southwest Chapter, andthey challenged the PLSC to match their funds. David Freienmuth and Parker Newbywere instrumental in organizing the gift.

We have a new, fun item in this issue that we hope to continue — it's a “name yourpeer” photo puzzle. After the last issue, we sent out a request for old photos of members— several were submitted and are included in this issue. There is no prize, but it's a lotof fun to see old pictures and try to figure out which people you know!

A new electronic member database is currently being implemented in order to updateand reconcile the Membership Roster for 2007. We will be updating mailing address,email address and other information for all members. Eventually, we hope to be able toprocess member changes, payments etc. through an online interface. Thanks to theefforts of Terry Sanders, Lisa Isom, Gaby Neunzert, and Art Hipp, this electronic data-base should be a success. Members of the Publications committee (Gene Kooper, EarlHenderson, Roger Kelley and myself) are working on the new roster. We will keep youposted on its progress.

The next Board of Directors meeting is scheduled for Friday, September 7th from6:00 to 10:00 P.M. at Pikes Peak Community College in Colorado Springs. The meetingwill be hosted by the Southern Chapter in conjunction with theirannual conference. Prior to the board meeting, a short workshopon Robert's Rules of Order will be presented. The class is open toBoard Members and chapter officers, and is scheduled for 4-5:30P.M. The instructor will also be attending our board meeting toassist us in applying the information. I hope to see you all there.

Sincerely,John B. Guyton, PLS

SIDE SHOTS • 3

Professional Land Surveyors of Colorado, Inc.

AFFILIATE—NATIONAL SOCIETY OF PROFESSIONAL SURVEYORS

MEMBER—COLORADO ENGINEERING COUNCILMEMBER—WESTERN FEDERATION OF

PROFESSIONAL SURVEYORS

OFFICERS (2007)

John B. GuytonPresidentFlatirons, Inc.

3825 Iris Avenue, Ste 395Boulder, CO 80301O: (303) 443-7001F: (303) 443-9830

Tom T. AdamsVice-President

1210 24th LanePueblo, CO 81006O: (719) 546-5454f: (719) 546-5414

ARTHUR W. HIPPExecutive Director

Secretary-Treasurer9660 West 56th Place • Arvada, CO 80002

(303) 424-8156 FAX: (303) 940-6061

2007 PLSC CHAPTER ORGANIZATION

CENTRAL COLORADO PROFESSIONAL SURVEYORSPresident Gene Kooper O: 303/989-5424Vice President Bill Buntrock O: 303/829-4047Secretary John M. Lautenschlager O: 720/865-3127Treasurer Kurt Ernstberger O: 303/443-7001

Directors: John Doty, Ann Oden, James Rihanek, Georgia SatterleeRobert Snodgrass, Anthony Syers, Randall Zanon

NORTHERN CHAPTER - PLSC, INC.President Steve Varriano O: 970/613-1447President Elect A. Ron Perkins O: 970/206-0301Sec’y-Treas. Rob Hintz O: 970/217-5412

Directors: Benny Salgada, Chad Washburn, Laine Landau, Lonnie Sheldon,

NORTHWEST 1/4 COLORADO LAND SURVEYORS

President Ridgway C. Moon O: 970/879-1987Vice President Gordon R. Dowling O: 970/276-3613Sec’y-Treas. John Noonan O: 970/879-4224

Directors: James Joy, Tom Effinger, Dave Ginther, Peter EppImmediate Past President: Lloyd Powers

SOUTHERN COLORADO PROFESSIONAL LAND SURVEYORS

President Terry Maw O: 303/858-0404Vice President Mark Johannes O: 719/633-8533Secretary Mike Bouchard O: 719/590-9194Treasurer Daniel Hanten O: 719/542-6672

Directors: Nathan Lira, Cory Sharp, Joseph Alessik,Shawn Richards, Tom Adams

SOUTHWESTERN CHAPTER - PLSC, INC.President Parker S. Newby O: 970/247-1705

Vice President Tom E. Au O: 970/3850563Secretary. David O. Freienmuth O: 970/385-6891Treasurer. Lawrence T. Connolly O: 970/385-6891

WESTERN COLORADO LAND SURVEYORSPresident Les Doehling O: 970/248-7072

Vice President Wayne Lizer O: 970/241-1129Sec’y-Treas. Jeff Fletcher O: 970/254-8649

Directors: Patrick Green, Kurt Shepherd, Dennis Shellhorn, Jon Kobylarz, Steve Hagedorn, Teresa Smithson, Udell Williams

Side Shots is the official publication of the Professional Land Surveyors of Colorado, Inc. and is published quarterly for the betterment of the surveying profession.

John B. Guyton Tom T. AdamsPresident Vice President

For Editorial Correspondence, write:ARTHUR W. HIPP

Executive Director and Editor9660 West 56th Place

Arvada, CO 80002303/424-8156

This publication is not copyrighted and articles may be reprinted with due credit.Statements made and opinions expressed are from the contributors and do not necessarily

express the official views of the Professional Land Surveyors of Colorado, Inc.Deadlines for editorials, articles, pictures and advertising are January 1, April 1, July 1 and October 1. All material received after the current deadline will appear

in the next issue of Side Shots.

We would like to invite anyone who is interested to advertise in our newsletter - Side Shots. Do you have something you want to sell, trade or buy? Why not use Side Shots for your

next ad. We can also reproduce business cards for advertising. All material must be sent to Arthur W. Hipp, 9660 W. 56th Place, Arvada, CO 80002, before the editorial deadline

(January 1, April 1, July 1 and October 1).

Current Advertising Rates:Business card size or less - Member $15.00; Non-member $20.00

One-Half Page - Member $75.00; Non-member $100.00Full Page - Member $150.00; Non-member $200.00

SIDE SHOTSA u g u s t J o u r n a l 2 0 0 7

Volume 38 Number 3

New This Quarter

■ Letter From The President ....................................................2

■ The Editor Sez ......................................................................4

■ Mineral Survey Corner..........................................................5

■ On the Cover – Georgetown Wheeler Monument ................5

■ Application for Membership or Renewal.............................13

■ In Memorium – Charles Albert White .................................18

■ An Ancient Riddle and a Gentle Modern Jabin the Ribs and the Puzzle is: How Did They Do It?...........19

■ Bureau of Land Management Letter...................................22

■ Chapter News .....................................................................23

■ Do You Recognize Your Peers? ..........................................28

■ PLSC Insurance Program...................................................34

■ Sustaining Members ...........................................................35

Committee Reports:

■ Legislative Committee Report ............................................27

■ PLSC Board of Directors Meeting Minutes.........................30

SIDE SHOTS • 4

The Editor Sez

Dear Friends & Surveyors:Well, it’s time again for a few

words from the Editor. My how timeflies! It’s a good thing that Side Shotsisn’t a monthly issue — I’d nevermake it!

This will be another large andimportant issue, with a number ofimportant contributions from our offi-cers and members. Please pay particular attention tothe historical/technical data presented by former survey-ing instructor G.M. Neunzert and the very interestingarticle by Mineral Surveyor and CCPS President GeneKooper. He graphically illustrates how complicatedthings can become in the real world.

My sad news this time is the passing of C. AlbertWhite, our distinguished author of several books and along-time member. Randall Zanan, the Chief BLM Sur-veyor at the Colorado State Office recounts his variedand exceptional career in the Obituary Article containedin this issue.

Years ago, in the 1970s when I was honored to beon the faculty of the Advanced Cadastral SurveyingCourses by the BLM/USFS in Marana, Ariz., I met AlWhite for the first time. Al was teaching various historycourses there and I was amazed at his remarkablememory of all the details of his various survey projects.He was enthusiastic in his sharing them with us. Al alsohad a keen sense of humor and would introduce me asthe BRAND X surveyor. After a while we became goodfriends and had many fascinating discussions.

Al was a great instructor and his generous natureresulted in giving to our Association (PLSC) the docu-ments for publication of his latest book to be used forraising funds for scholarships and general research. Hewas a fine man, an expert surveyor, and a good friend.He will be missed by all.

I hope your individual businesses are doing wellthrough the heat of the summer. I am ready for somecooling off.

Finally — we have 697 members at the presenttime and it really concerns me that 52 of you of havenot paid your 2007 membership dues as yet. We reallyneed your support, so take a minute and drop me acheck SOON! ■

Art Hipp

Invest In

Your FutureBy investing in our partnership

The Professional Land Surveyors of

Colorado, Inc. (PLSC) recently enteredinto a Partnership Agreement with Met-ropolitan State College of Denver.

The agreement will benefit everyone in

the real estate and surveying communi-ties who depend on quality surveyingwork to help their businesses thrive.

As part of the agreement, funding will

be provided to Metro on behalf of theschool’s Surveying and Mapping Pro-gram. The funding will help the programto achieve the highest academic stan-dards and ensure quality surveying workin Colorado for years to come.

Please send your donation to:Colorado Surveyors

Education Foundation, Inc.c/o Art Hipp

9660 West 56th PlaceArvada, CO 80002

Education is the Future!

SIDE SHOTS • 5

In the August 2006 issue ofSide Shots I illustrated a GeneralLand Office policy where, for priorapproved mineral surveys, thepatent description was required tobe shown on the plat and in the fieldnotes. The GLO policy that mandat-ed using the paper description overfound, original, and undisturbedmonuments was first enforced in aletter from the GLO Commissionerto the Colorado Surveyor General,dated June 17, 1899. The letterrequired an amended survey beconducted for Mineral Survey No.12577. As a result, the position ofthe senior conflicting claims shiftedby as much as 120 feet in theapproved amended survey. During

the five years that this policy heldsway, several other policy shiftswere implemented. One of thosenew policies prohibited lode claimlocators from placing their locationposts within the boundaries of lodeclaims that had either been patentedor entered prior to the location date.The entry date is defined as thedate that the patent applicant pur-chased the land at the local landoffice.

Before I delve into the specifics,first some background information.By the late 1890s, very little openground existed in the Cripple Creekmining district. Often, the remainingopen ground consisted of smallgaps and gores between previously

patented lode claims. One tech-nique employed to consolidate aclaimant's holdings in an area wasto claim the remaining fractions witha placer claim location. Thisallowed claimants to embrace theremaining open ground with multi-ple 10-acre aliquot blocks. Placerclaim locations can range in areafrom 20 acres for a single locator upto 160 acres for an association ofeight locators.

On January 1, 1899, JamesFox, et al., located the GrassyGulch Placer in the N1/2 of Sec. 21,T. 15 S., R. 69 W., Sixth P.M. It con-tained seven noncontiguous tracts

Mineral Survey CornerThe Grassy Gulch Placer Claim and

Its Impact on Lode Claim GeometriesBy Gene Kooper

On the cover of this issue is apicture of the Georgetown WheelerMonument. Pictured are the landowner, Bob Gibbs, several PLSCmembers and interested George-town-area residents. There were atotal of five Wheeler astronomicalmonuments erected in Colorado in1873 and one in 1874. The loca-tions are: Georgetown, ColoradoSprings, Hughes (near modern-day Brighton), Julesburg, Labran(near modern-day Florence), andTrinidad.

Instead of using a granitestone quarried in the Georgetownarea, the sandstone monumentwas quarried from a quarry nearLabran, Colorado. According toWilliam Wilson, a local historianand member of Historic George-town, Inc., there are only two otherWheeler monuments in existencetoday, the one in Trinidad and theother in Julesburg.

The Georgetown monumentwas used like a modern concretepillar to mount the astronomicalinstrument on. There is a 1”

square tapered hole, 4” deep inthe flat top that likely held theinstrument's mounting plate. Thestone is scribed on the south facewith:

U. S.MERIDIAN

ANDLATITUDE MARK

EXPLORATIONS WESTOF THE 100TH MERIDIAN

WAR DEPARTMENT

The north face is scribed:LONG.

LAT.U. S. ENGINEERS

1873

It is unknown why the latitudeand longitude were never scribedon the sandstone.

The astronomical observationswere done by Dr. F. Kampf in thelatter part of June, 1873. A reportdetailing the observations and theresults is entitled, “Results ofObservations Made by Dr. F.Kampf and John H. Clark in theDetermination of the AstronomicalCo-ordinates of Georgetown, Col-orado - SEASON OF 1873.” Thereport is included in the 1877 U.S.Government publication, “U.S.Geographical Surveys West of theOne Hundredth Meridian,” byGeorge M. Wheeler, Lieut. of Engi-neers, U.S. Army, in Charge.

Look for a more in-depth arti-cle in a future Side Shots issue. Itwill detail the methods used todetermine the latitude and longi-tude of the astronomical station.

On the Cover – Georgetown Wheeler Monument

Pictured: Standing (left to right): J.B. Guyton, Doyle Abrahamson, WarrenAndrews, Greg Markle. Kneeling (left to right): Bob Gibbs, Gene Kooper, DonnaMalleck, Mike Greer. Kneeling foreground: Bill Wilson

Continued page 6

SIDE SHOTS • 6

totaling 5.577 acres. The smallestof the tracts was a triangle with thelong side being only 36.7 feet andcomprising an area of 0.003 acres(see “Tract G Detail” in the first fig-ure). The mineral survey wasapproved by C. C. Goodale, the Col-orado Surveyor General on April15, 1899 with entry made October27, 1899. In a ruling dated January30, 1900, the GLO Commissionerasserted that the mining laws andregulations did not authorize two ormore noncontiguous fractions to beembraced in a single placer loca-tion. The fact that the sameclaimant owned all the lode claimsthat created the seven noncontigu-ous tracts was not material. TheCommissioner ruled that, “Thisoffice cannot therefore considersaid Grassy Gulch placer locationas a single location, but as sevenseparate locations each subject toseparate and distinct proceedingsfor patent.”

The applicants appealed the

GLO Commissioner's ruling to theSecretary of the Dept. of the Interiorand on July 25, 1900 Acting Secre-tary Ryan affirmed the GLO Com-missioner's decision. In 30 L. D.191, (Grassy Gulch Placer Claim)two or more noncontiguous tractscould not be embraced within a sin-gle placer location. Unfortunately,Mr. Ryan also took the opportunityto rule on an issue unrelated to theapplicants' appeal. Mr. Ryan's inter-pretation of an 1898 U.S. SupremeCourt decision from Mineral County,Colorado was the basis for declar-ing that lode claim boundaries mustbe treated the same as placerclaims and mill sites. Below is asketch of the Grassy Gulch PlacerClaim. Please note that Sur. No.10821, the “Jeanette” Lode did notgo to patent. The area embracedby Tract D would have otherwisebeen claimed by the Jeanette, if ithadn't been previously abandoned.

The case of Del Monte Mining& Milling Co. v. Last Chance Mining

& Milling Co., 171 U.S. 55 (May 23,1898) was interpreted by theDepartment in the Grassy GulchLand Decision as prohibiting thesetting of location posts upon theground of mining claims that wereeither patented or regularly pur-chased and entered prior to thedate of location. Mr. Ryan's logicalconclusion was that because thoselands had passed from the PublicLands to private parties, the GLOno longer controlled that land.Therefore, the Department couldnot require a locator to trespassupon lands controlled or owned byanother private party when stakinghis location.

The GLO Commissioner'sOffice determined that although theDepartmental decision concerned aplacer claim, it nonetheless appliedequally to lode claims. Numerousoffice letters were issued in themonths of August and Septemberto the various state and territorial

from page 5

Continued page 8

Continued page 8

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SIDE SHOTS • 8

Surveyors General. In a September5th, 1900 letter, Margaret Laeschand Monroe Chapman were notifiedthat an amended survey wasrequired for their mineral entry No.,685 of the Mattie B. lode claim inClear Creek County, Colorado. TheMattie B. lode is located one milesouthwest of Lawson on the southside of Clear Creek, approx. 1400feet above the valley. The next fig-ure is a sketch of the original platfor Sur. No. 13226, approved onSeptember 8th, 1899.

The plat shows five conflictswith prior approved mineral sur-veys. The Belle Abbie and GreatMogul were both entered 10 yearsbefore the Mattie B. was located. Inhis September 5, “N” letter (“N” isthe Minerals Division of the GLO),the Acting Commissioner, Mr.William Richards stated, “As shownon the plat and field notes cornerNo. 1 and a portion of lines 1-2 and6-1 are within said Belle Abbey (sic)claim, and corner No. 3 and a por-tion of lines 2-3 and 3-4 are withinthe Great Mogul claim. An amend-

ed survey will, therefore, berequired to eliminate all conflict withsaid excluded claims.” The Milling-ton and Hayes lode claims both hadsenior rights to the conflicts with theMattie B., but were entered after theMattie B. location of November 22,1890. Therefore, the conflicts areonly computed in the “Areas” sec-tion of the Mattie B. lode field notesand excluded from the shaded areaon the plat. Bodie, the remainingclaim depicted on the plat of Sur.No. 13226 (shown with dashedlines), was never patented and sub-sequently abandoned.

The Mattie B. original andamended mineral surveys are goodexamples to study the manner inwhich the Grassy Gulch PlacerClaim land decision impacted lodeclaim locations because three dif-ferent types of conflicts betweenlode claims are present in the sur-vey. Historically, surface conflictsbetween lode claim locations werepermitted to preserve the locator'sextralateral rights. Oddly, the DelMonte v. Last Chance Supreme

Court decision that Acting Secre-tary Ryan cited in support of hisGrassy Gulch Departmental deci-sion actually upheld the legal princi-ple of peaceable trespass on sur-face estates. Peaceable trespasswas often required to allow lodeclaim locators to fully embrace theremaining unappropriated minerallands and any associated extralat-eral rights as allowed under theFederal mining laws. The SupremeCourt stated, “[T]he location uponthe surface is not made with theview of getting benefits from theuse of that surface. The purpose isto reach the vein which is hidden inthe depths of the earth, and thelocation is made to measure rightsbeneath the surface. The area ofsurface is not the matter ofmoment; the thing of value is thehidden mineral below, and eachlocator ought to be entitled to makehis location so as to reach as muchof the unappropriated, and perhapsonly partially discovered and traced,vein as possible.” In the 1914 trea-

from page 6

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tise, Lindley on Mines, 3rd ed., theGrassy Gulch Placer decision iscited in § 448b entitled, “The Sur-face Covered by the Location.”Lindley included additional informa-tion on lode claim locations in § 363and § 363a which discuss surfaceconflicts with prior unpatented loca-tions, and prior patented lode, plac-er, mill site and agricultural landsrespectfully.

The Mattie B. was surveyedunder the 1895, “Manual of Instruc-tions for the Survey of the MineralLands of the United States.”Although the original mineral surveypermitted the Mattie B. lode line toextend across the Belle Abbieclaim, that practice was not permit-ted in the amended survey. Pages15 and 16 of the 1895 Manual illus-trate how lode claim locations mustbe truncated at the point where thelode line intersects a boundary lineof a senior claim. The illustrationbelow shows that the southern endline of Claim A was moved to line a-b which is at the point “x” where thelode line intersects the side line ofClaim B. However, this constructionmethod excludes the triangle a-c-xfrom the area embraced by Claim

A. To include the triangle a-c-x, theend line must be moved to line c-y.Additionally, to meet the require-ment that end lines must be nearlyparallel to protect any extralateralrights, the north end line of Claim Awould need to be rotated until it wasparallel to line c-y.

The last figure is a sketch ofSur. No. 13226 Amended, approvedon January 8th, 1901. It shows thatthe lode line was shortened by405.5 feet due to its conflict with theend line of the Belle Abbie lode.The Belle Abbie lode was notshown on the amended surveybecause its patent description posi-tion failed to abut the end line 8-1 ofthe Mattie B by a mere 0.5 feet.The drafting convention for the offi-cial plats was to show the lines ofother claims that adjoined or over-lapped the lines of the survey. Fornearby claims that showed no con-flict, only a single tie between thetwo surveys would be shown on theplat. This overly detailed mannerthat the Deputy followed in handlingthe conflict provides hints to theretracement surveyor about the truenature of the conflict. I haveretraced several U.S. Deputy Miner-al Surveyors that truncated the lodeline where it actually crossed thesenior line as defined by its foundmonuments. The official plat, how-ever, was required to show thepatent description positions of the

prior approved surveys. The patentdescription position was calculatedafter measuring the tie to the samerectangular land corner or U.S.Location Monument described inthe prior survey. An unexpectedbenefit of this practice to theretracement surveyor is that mineralsurveys done in this era ofteninclude real ties to multiple rectan-gular land corners. One example isMineral Survey No. 16431 locatedon Mt. Bross. W. H. Powless, theU.S. Deputy Mineral Surveyor madeties to three Quarter corners andthree Section corners, instead ofthe customary tie to a single rectan-gular land corner.

The amended plat shows thatthe prior conflict with the GreatMogul was eliminated by settingthree new corners (Cors. 3, 4, & 5)on the patent description boundaryof the Great Mogul and at the inter-section with the original lines 2-3and 3-4 of the Mattie B. survey.Whereas the conflicts with the BelleAbbie and Great Mogul were elimi-nated by moving the boundary ofthe Mattie B., the conflicts with theMillington and Hayes were noted inthe “Areas” section of the field notesand on the amended survey plat.The reason the Bodie lode is shownon both plats is because Deputieswere instructed to show all conflictswith prior approved surveys regard-

SIDE SHOTS • 10

Continued page 17

SIDE SHOTS • 11

A masterful documentation and historical perspective of each initial surveyingpoint for federal public lands in the United States. Published in 9x12 format, InitialPoints of the Rectangular Survey System features a 4-color section with more than130 photos depicting monuments and landmarks.

C.Albert White's second book,

INITIAL POINTSOF THE RECTANGULAR SURVEY SYSTEM

C. Albert WhiteMr.White's first book,A History of the Rectangular Survey System,published by the BLM in 1983, is considered the definitive workon the U.S. Public Land Survey System.Arguably the most distin-guished authority on the history of nineteenth and twentiethcentury public lands surveying,White began his career with theGeneral Land Office in 1946. Both as BLM and a private survey-or, he applied his zeal to a wide range of activities.White'sexpertise represents a bridge between the wisdom and expe-rience of the American heritage of land settlement and thecontemporary uses of surveying technology.

Published by the Colorado ProfessionalLand Surveyors Educational Foundation,Inc., a non-profit foundation, Initial Pointsof the Rectangular Survey System isundertaken in the spirit of, and dedicationto, Mr.White's remarkable contributionsto his field. Net proceeds from its sale willbe returned to the educational founda-tion.

Name ____________________________________________________________

Address_____________________________________________________________

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Send check to:Initial Pointsc/o The Publishing House, P.O. Box 215, Westminster, CO 80036-0215. Tel. 303-428-9529; Fax 303-430-1676

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SIDE SHOTS • 13

Name _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Home Address ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Employer _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Business Address _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

E-mail Address _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Fax Number ____________________________

Class of Membership Desired: Voting ________ Associate ________ Retired _________

* Student ________ Sustaining ________

* Specify School________________________________________________________________________________(See reverse side of this form for definition of membership categories)

Colorado Registration Number _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

❑ PLS ❑ PE-PLS ❑ PE ❑ LSIT

List the committees on which you would be willing to serve:(See reverse side of this form for a list of standing committees)

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

I hereby make application for membership in the Professional Land Surveyors of Colorado, Inc. and agree to abide bythe Constitution and By-Lays of the organization:

Date ___________________________ Signature ____________________________________________________

Amount submitted with this application (there is no initiation fee): $

❑ Check ❑ Credit Card

If paying by credit card:

Credit Card Name _____________________________________

Name on Card________________________________________

Signature ____________________________________________

Card Expiration Date___________________________________

Amount Paid by Credit Card _____________________________

Return this Application to:Arthur W. Hipp, PLS

Exec. Dir. PLSC, Inc.9660 West 56th Place

Arvada, CO 80002

Are you a member of A.C.S. M.? ❑ Yes ❑ NoMay we send you an A.C.S. M. membership application? ❑ Yes ❑ No

APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP OR RENEWAL

Your choice of PLSC Chapter Affiliation:(Chapter Membership is “at large” and is notrequired but encouraged)

Central (CCPS) ❑ $20

Northern (NC/PLSC) ❑ $20

Northwestern (NW1/4CLS) ❑ $20

Southern (SCPLS) ❑ $20

Southwestern (SWC/PLSC) ❑ $20

Western (WCLS) ❑ $20

Please check you Chapter choice(s) andenclose the appropriate amount.

LAST FIRST M.I.

CITY STATE ZIP CODE TELEPHONE

CITY STATE ZIP CODE TELEPHONE

SIDE SHOTS • 14

SIDE SHOTS • 15

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SIDE SHOTS • 17

from page 10

less of which claim controlled thearea in conflict or if the priorapproved survey was later aban-doned and now open ground again.It was the responsibility of thepatent applicant to determine whichconflicts listed in the approved fieldnotes to exclude from the patentapplication. The patent lists oneitem not included in the official fieldnotes; the conflicts actually exclud-ed from the patent.

The practice promulgated bythe Grassy Gulch Placer decisionlasted barely six months before thepractice was appealed to the Secre-tary of the Interior. The land deci-sion that overruled the GrassyGulch Placer decision was pub-lished in the same volume as theGrassy Gulch decision! On January31, 1901, Interior Secretary EthanAllen Hitchcock issued the HideeGold Mining Co. decision (30 L. D.420) that reinstated the previous

practice of locating lode claims. Itproperly concluded that, “The loca-tion lines of a lode mining claim areused only to describe, define andlimit property rights in the claim,and may be laid within, upon oracross the surface of patented lodemining claims for the purpose ofclaiming the free and unappropriat-ed ground within such lines and theveins apexing in such ground, andof defining and securing extralateralunderground rights upon all suchveins, where such lines are estab-lished openly and peaceably, anddo not embrace any larger area ofsurface, claimed and unclaimedthan the law allows.”

As to the disposition of theGrassy Gulch Placer, the applicantsmodified their patent application toonly include the largest of the seventracts rather than have the applica-tion administratively cancelled. Thepatent was issued on July 15, 1903

for only Tract B that contained anarea of 3.737 acres instead of theoriginal 5.577 acres. The final dis-position of the Grassy Gulch Placerreaffirms the importance ofresearching the patent in addition tothe plat and field notes. Patentrecords for mineral lands are avail-able at both the Public Room of theColorado BLM State Office in Lake-wood, CO and the county Clerk andRecorder Office. General informa-tion on placer claims can be foundin the Snow Flake Placer decision,(37 L. D. 250). It was issued onNovember 14, 1908 and is refer-enced in the 1975 BLM publication,“Public Lands Surveying - A Case-book.” Background materials,including color images of the plats,the full texts of the referenced DOILand Decisions, and the U.S.Supreme Court decision are avail-able from the author by emailinghim at ekooper@uswest.net.■

I N M E M O R I U M

Charles Albert White was born June 4, 1926 on afarm in Sebeka, Minnesota. He was one of fivebrothers and three sisters. Al began his careerwith the General Land Office (now the BLM)in 1946. The job took him over most of thewestern United States. He was on a sur-vey crew in Alaska when he entered themilitary during the Korean War. Heserved in Japan as an army instructorteaching surveying. When he returnedfrom Japan he met Catherine O’Haraand they were married in 1954. Theysettled in Colorado Springs where Alwent to work for a private contractingfirm as a surveyor.

In 1958 Al moved the family to Port-land, Oregon and returned to the BLMas a surveyor. He was considered to bethe most distinguished authority on the his-tory of 19th and 20th Century public lands sur-veying.

During his career he authored four books: “PublicLands Surveying: A Casebook;” “A History of the Rectan-

gular Survey System;” “Initial Points of the RectangularSurvey System;” and “A Casebook of the Oregon

Donation Land Claims.” Once retired, he wasstill very active with associates nationwide

seeking his expert advice about surveying.Mr. White died July 12, 2007, from ill-

ness associated with congestive heartfailure.

He was widowed in 1982. Sur-vivors include sister Frances Higgsand brother George White of Spokane,Washington; sons Patrick White ofAstoria, Oregon; Michael White ofDurham, Oregon; daughters EllenKroessin of Tigard, Oregon; Margaret

White of Portland, Oregon; SharonRyman of Aloha, Oregon; five grandchil-

dren and one great grandchild.Rosary prayer service was Monday, July

16 at Young’s Funeral Home, Tigard, Oregon.The funeral service was Tuesday, July 17 at St.

Anthony’s Catholic Church, Tigard, Oregon.

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This is a gentle jab in the ribsto the modern surveyors who thinkthey have all the answers and whonot necessarily consider the highdegree of sophistication the ancientsurveyors possessed, to be fol-lowed by some personal observa-tions not necessarily related to the“puzzle.”

About 2530 years ago or rough-ly 530 BC, Poylcrates (570 - 522BC) was the ruler of the Greekisland of Samos in the easternAegean Sea, just off the coast ofTurkey. He ordered hissurveyor/engineer to start construc-tion on the tunnel to provide asecure water supply for the capitalcity now called Pythagorion (inhonor of Pythagoras who was bornon this island about the time of thisstory and hence his proper name“Pythagoras of Samos”). Construc-tion started about 530 BC under thedirection of Eupalinos of Magara,this is about the same time asPythagors left the island after some

unpleasantness with Polycrates thelocal “tyrant.” Before the start ofconstruction, which lasted from 15to 25 years, Eupalions had to con-sider several items, namely:

On the surface at least, thepuzzle is rather simple and itinvolves driving a tunnel 3400 feetlong from one side of Mount Kastroto the other side. Especially withGPS, the modern solution of whatis fondly called a “missing coursetraverse,” is a piece of cake; butwas it that simple about 2500 yearsago, when surveying a tunnelthrough a mountain was definitely amajor accomplishment?

First of all, even to this day, it isnot possible to “wiggle in” by settingan “instrument” on top of MountKastro, backsighting the north por-tal plunging and foresighting to thesouth portal. In the old days therewere no optical instruments, noteven a transit, no distance metersor total stations, levels or even aGunter chain or a magnetic com-

pass. There might have been adioptra, a basic carpenter's square,and very definitely a plumb bob wasknown.

What the ancient surveys did isa mystery, since probably no “fieldnotes” were kept or at any ratenothing written has survived.Euclid's “Elements” was not writtenuntil some 200 years later andHeron of Alexandria, ca. 10 -70 AD,(remember Heron's Formula for thearea of a triangle with its sidesknown!) theorized about 600 yearsafter the construction, that a tra-verse with the modern equivalent ofrectangular coordinates from a rightangled traverse, i.e. latitude anddepartures, was used. His “solution”was faithfully copied for the next2000 years without questions. Thishowever, requires a reality checkwhen one realizes that the ancientshad no trigonometric relationshipsor electronic calculators and hence

Continued page 20

SIDE SHOTS • 19

An Ancient Riddle and a Gentle Modern Jab in theRibs and the Puzzle is: How Did They Do It ?

By G.M. (Gaby) Neunzert

SIDE SHOTS • 20

could not calculate an angle oneither end to start the alignmentand ultimately meet in the middle.There might be, and this is open toconjecture, a possible way to uselatitude and departure and lay outthe alignment without mathematics.If the alignment can be solved, withor without coordinates, there is thena second difficulty and that is thecontrol of elevations. Somehow theoriginal tunnel was laid out andconstructed nearly horizontally andonly later was a second, lower tun-nel constructed with the propergrade to make the water flow.

No matter the theory, the physi-cal evidence is impressive. Asshown on Fig.1, the main tunnel isabout 3399 feet long with roughly an8x8 foot cross section, see Fig.2.Already during construction thenorth heading encountered “badground” and had to deviate first tothe right and later to the left of thestraight alignment; finally near thepoint of breakthrough a sharp turn

to the east was made, probably toguarantee that the tunnels wouldmeet. Undoubtedly the final break-through was made by “ear,” i.e. bylistening to the hammering noise ofthe other heading and the northbore was nearly 2 feet higher thanthe south heading. Without properventilation, excavation by “burn andsquelch” was not possible and asthe physical evidence shows ham-mers and chisels were employed.Since steel was not yet invented,bronze or possible soft iron toolswere used. Especially in the northtunnel because of its deviations,surveying for alignment with candlesand plumb bob strings could nothave been easy and modern sur-veyors would probably refuse toenter an unventilated tunnel full ofrock dust and spent air with only acandle. With the south entrance onlyabout 1 foot lower, serious thoughthad to be given to sloping the waterchannel downhill. At a modern slopeof 1/4 inch per foot, the calculateddifference in elevation over thelength of the tunnel is 71 feet start-

ing at the north (upper) tunnelentrance, a 3 foot wide“trench,” about 4 feet deepwas carved down on the eastside, see Fig.2. As the trenchgot deeper and deeper, anestimated 75 feet to 80 feetdeep at the south portal, “dropshafts” were used down fromthe main tunnel. With dropshafts at 40 feet to 50 feetintervals, alignment and verti-cal control, possibly withplumb bobs, was reasonablyeasy. The finished grade ofthe invert was probably con-trolled with an intermittentflow of water down the newchannel. Finally the water wasmade to flow in an estimated4000 hand formed “terracotta” (clay) pipes or openchannel clay gutters. Otherthan guessing, there are norecords why the tunnel wasabandoned after some 1500years of use, only to be redis-covered in 1856 and excavat-ed in 1972-73 by HermannKienast of the GermanArchaeological Institute ofAthens. Now the southern halfof the tunnel is lit and acces-sible to tourists.

For readers familiar with theDenver, Colo. area, a rather unex-pected development occurred. In anattempt to find a visual illustrationfor the Eupalino tunnel, the author“hit upon” the large, visible fromspace, road cut through the hogback on I-70 west of Denver. Arough measurement for the lengthof the cut is 700 feet or about 1/5the length of the ancient tunnel andwith a play on words, the Greekscould have surveyed and built thetunnel with ease, rather than themodern cut.

Another coincidence, whichpositively could not have beenstaged, occurred several years agowhen the author walked by a wood-en crate the size of a VW car. Fol-lowing up on the return address, itturned out that a massive graniteslab had been sent from Switzer-land to Golden, Colo., to test thecutting heads of a tunnel boringmachine (TBM) at a local lab. Sev-eral months ago the Swiss brokethrough on a 35.5 mile (187,335feet) for the Gotthard Base Tunnelwhich set a new surveying recordfor an alignment following the cur-vature of the earth. Maybe weshould hire both surveyors andmachines to make an equivalentlength tunnel from Georgetown toVail. Oh, by the way the cost of thistunnel is at least $15,000 per foot!

Even though the author is oldand gray, he cannot claim to havebeen at the construction of theEupalino tunnel and hence have allthe “correct” answers. For any bodywho wishes to contribute to thesolution of the puzzle by “walking inthe footsteps of his predecessors,”the author reserves the right to editthe answers and publish them in afuture issue. It, however, has to bekept in mind that the ancients werevery keen observers of nature whopreferred practical over long andconvoluted theoretical solutions. ■

Major References:Internet: “The tunnel of Eupalinos;” also

“The tunnel of Samos”Apostol, Tom M. 2004; The tunnel of

Samos; Engineering & Science, No.1 Project “Mathematics” series "www.pro-

jectmathematics.com,” about 1993.Kienast, Hermann J. 1973 to 1995,

Several publications, all in German.

from page 19

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SCPLSThe Southern Chapter has

taken off the summer, no meetingsfor this report.

Our fall technical workshop isscheduled for September 7 and 8 atthe north campus of PPCC at Col-orado Springs. The tentative speak-ers are Matt Nawrocki on GPS,Randy Zanon on Evaluation of Evi-dence, Gene Kooper on MineralSurveys, Paul Cuomo on Quasi-Judicial Functions of Surveyors andPam Fromhertz. We will be sendingout the final schedule as we naildown the completed schedule andspeakers. Look for more in the mail.

Enjoy the rest of the summer,see you in September.

Terry R. Maw, PLSPresident, SCPLS

CCPSThe Denver McComber Mentor-

ing Program ended its Spring 2007classes on June 27. I want to per-sonally thank Doyle Abrahamson,Ed Bristow, John Guyton, DavePehr, and Gaby Neunzert for takingtime out of their busy schedules topresent topics. Thank you also toMieke and Brian Aregood of Survey& Construction Supply, 930 W. ByersPl., Denver, for hosting the sessions.

The annual election for CentralColorado Professional SurveyorsOfficers and Directors is just aroundthe corner. In addition to presidentand vice president, this year the bal-lot will also include the secretaryand three director positions. If youwould like to nominate someone,please contact a current member ofthe Board. We are in the initial plan-ning stages for our annual confer-ence to be held at the Tivoli Centeron February 22 and 23, 2008.Please contact any of the CCPSboard members with ideas on topicsand speakers.

The CCPS awarded one schol-arship in the amount of $750 for thefall 2007 semester to Paul Rogalla

from Metropolitan State College ofDenver. A quick reminder that schol-arship applications for the spring2008 semester are due by Decem-ber 1, 2007. Please contact GeorgiaSatterlee (gsatterl@douglas.co.us,720-837-0959) or John Lauten-schlager (john.lautenschlager@ci.denver.co.us, 720-865-3127) formore information.

The August General Member-ship meeting will be held on August23, at Table Mountain Inn in Golden.Dinner starts at 6:30 p.m. Details willbe published in the CCPS AugustNewsletter.

I’d like to conclude this summeredition with some good news. Aftera long stay in the hospital, DustyThomas will be returning to histeaching duties at Westwood Col-lege at the end of July. Glad to hearthat you are back mentoring thenext generation of surveyors, Dusty!

Respectfully submitted,Gene Kooper, PLS

President, CCPS

WCLSWCLS held our last meeting on

July 11. We had 17 membersattending with excellent participationand good discussion. Steve Hage-dorn set up the meeting and pre-sented the meeting topic. We dis-cussed our concerns of continuedparticipation in the legislative com-mittee. Not to dwell on past issues,we are going to use the followingprocedure to provide input to thecommittee.

I am going to forward the min-utes and other items of interest fromthe legislative committee to WCLSmembers. Once they get the emailthey will have one week to respond.I will then compile the responsesand give the legislative committeeour input.

We appreciate the committee’seffort to keep us in the loop and lookforward in giving input to improvethe laws that impact our profession.

Our education committee has

started a distance learning courseon Geodesy, with four members tak-ing it so far. Tom Sylvester notedthat the mentoring program will notbe held this fall. He said he may beinterested in starting up again afterthe Geodesy course.

The seminar committee is cur-rently searching for a speaker forthe spring seminar.

Rick Mason and Dennis Shel-horn (the election committee) havealso been working on how to handlenext year’s election.

Sincerely,Les Doehling

President, WCLS

NC/PLSCThe Northern Chapter plans to

resume meetings in September.Most of us spend the summer tryingto keep up at work.

A few of us are working on newsurvey classes we hope to offer thisfall. Some of those that participatedin the mentoring classes last yearare taking the LSI examination soonand are looking forward to moreclasses.

We would like to thank all thosethat participated in our classes andseminar last spring. There were anumber of new faces we hope tosee at our next meeting.

Steve VarianoNorthern Chapter President

SWC/PLSCThere was a great turnout at the

Southwest Chapter of the Profes-sional Land Surveyors of Coloradoannual Four Corners Area Surveyseminar on June 8 and 9 on theFort Lewis College campus. Partici-pation was strong and the speakerswere well attended.

I would like to thank all of thespeakers for their hard work andgreat presentations. Special thanksgo out to chapter members Dave

continued on page 24

SIDE SHOTS • 23

C H A P T E R N E W S

SIDE SHOTS • 24

Freienmuth, Larry Connolly, Tom Au,and Dave Seiler and the othermembers of the Southwest Chapterfor all of their efforts and hard workin coordinating this year’s seminar.

At the seminar this year theSouthwest Chapter was pleased toannounce the contribution of $1,500from the past seminars to both theFort Lewis College Engineering/Sur-veying department and the SanJuan College Surveying program inFarmington, New Mexico. The PLSCboard of directors generously pro-vided matching funds of $1,500 toeach recipient. These schools arevery appreciative of the donationsfrom the survey community and lookforward to updating their equipmentand teaching materials with thefunds.

The Chapter is coordinatingwith the program directors at theschools to present the donationslater this summer. Look for the storyin the next Side Shots issue!

The Southwest Chapter willalso be donating $500 to the localchapter of Engineers Without Bor-ders. They are currently involvedwith a project in Guayaquil, Ecuadorand are utilizing both surveyors andengineers from the Durango area.

The SW Chapter will continuewith our bi-monthly meetings inAugust and will be featuring speak-ers from the different agencies inthe region along with professionalsfrom the survey and mapping com-munity throughout the year.

Respectfully submitted,Parker Newby, PLS

Southwest Chapter President

CSRNConsidering that GPS technolo-

gy is a moving target and in a con-stant state of advancement, theCSRN has been making progress

C H A P T E RN E W S

from page 23

continued on page 25

SIDE SHOTS • 25

and moving forward. On March 82007, the charter members met,elected officers, drafted bylaws andprovided for the functioning of thechapter. A formal request to organ-ize was submitted on March 23,2007. The chapter was officially rec-ognized by the PLSC Board at the5/04/07 meeting in Grand Junction.

The chapter's officers are: RussClark, President – Clark Land Sur-veying, Colorado Springs; DanSmith, Vice President – CDOT, Den-ver; Pam Fromhertz, Secretary –NGS, Denver; Tom Adams, Treasur-er – CDOT, Pueblo. The chapter'sdirectors are: Brian Dennis – ClarkLand Surveying, Colorado Springs;Roger Nelson – Merrick, Denver;Frank Kochevar – Mesa County,Grand Junction; Larry Connolly –Animas Surveying, Durango; KevinHoffman – Woolpert, Denver.

In accordance with its bylaws,the purpose of the CSRN shall be todesign, create, expand, operate,maintain and/or provide professionaloversight of a network of continu-ously operating reference stations.They will provide rapid, reliable, realtime geodetic control data and posi-tioning corrections to a variety offield surveying, mapping, navigation,emergency response and geospatialservices in the state of Colorado.

The chapter kicked-off its effortsby holding an open house at Merrickon April 26, 2007, during which thefollowing equipment manufacturersand software developers gave talksabout their network activities, andshared ideas on partnering andworking with the chapter to increasethe development and use of realtime GPS networks in Colorado:Eagle Point – Jeff Krueger, SeniorSales Executive and Loran Chick –Senior Land Development Consul-

tant; Leica – Gary Belschner, Direc-tor of Sales, NW Region and Shan-non Hixon, Director of Sales, West-ern US; Rocky Mountain Lasers,Jeff Hull – Survey & InfrastructureManager; Dennis McGovern – StoreManager; Trimble – Nathan Pugh,Infrastructure Sales Manager for theAmericas. Talks were also given bythe network administrators of two ofColorado's operational real time net-works: Frank Kochevar – MesaCounty Staff Surveyor, networkadministrator for an eight station(and growing) Trimble network cov-ering the Mesa County area, andLarry Pepek – King Surveyors Presi-dent, network administrator for a sixstation network (also growing) cov-ering the Northern Colorado area.

Upcoming activities of the chap-ter shall include the development ofa website as well as working withthe various manufacturers, softwaredevelopers, and government andprivate entities on the developmentof standards and specifications.

The chapter would like to thankPaul Kellogg and Jack Sparks fortheir monetary donations, and tothank all of its members for theircontinued support. Please feel freeto contact any of the chapter's offi-cers or directors to share ideas or tomake to an inquiry.

Dan SmithVice-President, CSRN

NW1/4 CLSNews from the Northwest:As I last reported, things could

not be more active here. I talk toevery area surveyor on a regularbasis, and all are working long days,and probably too many of them. Weall remember when we once waitedfor the telephoe to ring, but those

days seem distant today.We’re having our next Chapter

meeting on August 3, and mostagree that while we can barely finda location and date that works forthe most members to meet, we havemore issues and decisions, ideasand concepts, projects and projec-tions, than we could deal with on amonthly basis. Meanwhile, we strug-gle to meet our Chapter quota offour meetings a year.

We are meeting this week withPam Fromhertz, of CDOT and NGSto try to move our “Base StationProject” forward. The lack of supportfrom all regional entities (read:sources of funding) has mired theproject into complete intransigence.We all appreciate Pam’s willingnessto help us review and, hopefully,jump start the project.

This issues kudos to Tom Effin-ger. Although retired from the USFSafter 30 years of tireless work, Tomignores the opportunity to golf hissummer away via a well-deservedgovernment pension, and is workingas tirelessly as the rest of us. Mean-while, he has begun a spreadsheetof Routt County Land Survey Platsin his spare (where?) time. 100done. 1,700 to go. We’ll be dis-cussing assistance to that project atour upcoming meeting.

Best wishes to all who read this:may your days be busy, and yourlives fulfilling. Let all of us try toremember: No one ever made adying regret that too little time wasspent working. Land Surveyors com-mit this anecdotal sin more thananyone I know.

Good health, good family andfriends, and prosperity to all.

Respectfully submitted,John C. Noon

Secretary-TreasurerNW 1/4 CLS ■

C H A P T E R N E W S

from page 24

SIDE SHOTS • 26

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54

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Legislative Committee Reportby Roger Nelson

Once again the legislative com-mittee is beginning the process ofhashing through the PLSC Board ofDirectors approved legislative itemslisted below. The process is alengthy one and many passionatediscussions are in store. I wouldalso like to take this opportunity toremind the PLSC membership thattheir participation in the develop-ment of items for consideration isexpected and welcomed. As chair-man, I have contacted each PLSCchapter president to determine adesignee to interact with the Leg-islative Committee. The following isa list of each chapter's contact:Gene Kooper, Central Chapter; LesDoehling, Western Chapter; ParkerS. Newby, Southwest Chapter;Ridgeway C. Moon, Northwest 1/4

Chapter; Steve Varriano, NorthernChapter; and Terry Maw, SouthernChapter. I encourage each of you toexercise your right to be heard inthe process. Please contact yourrespective representative with anythoughts that you may have or con-tact the PLSC Board of Directorsdirectly with input.

1.) GPS machine control —To protect the public safety and wel-fare, the survey community shouldmonitor and validate the use of thistechnology to avoid damage toneighboring land owners. Any GPSmachine-controlled operation forconstruction purposes related toland boundaries shall be validatedand a signed and sealed reportgenerated by a professional land

surveyor that details said validation.

2.) A minimum requirementfor property corner monumenta-tion — C.R.S. 38-51-104 (1) (a) & (b)and 38-51-105 (1) (a) & (b) state thatcorners shall be marked by “reason-ably permanent monuments solidlyembedded in the ground” and shallhave a “durable cap . . . . affixedsecurely to the top of each suchmonument.” Board Rule 6.4.1.1 dic-tates minimum requirements forPLSS monuments. Private propertymonuments are just as importantand, in the interest of protecting thepublic, should have similar minimumstandards. An iron pipe or bar hav-ing a minimum diameter of 5/8” andhaving a minimum length of 18” is

Continued page 28

SIDE SHOTS • 28

proposed. Special considerationneeds to be provided for propertycorners falling where this type ofmonument is not feasible.

3.) Establishment of center-line control within newly con-structed (platted) subdivisions —Proposed revision to Statute:C.R.S. 38-51-105 (4) (a) “Blockmonumentation may SHALL be seton the center lines of streets or onoffset lines from such streets asdesignated on the recorded plat.”

4.) Amend 38-51-107.Required plats — (1) Every pro-fessional land surveyor who acceptsa monument while performing amonumented land survey shall pre-pare and deposit a plat if such mon-ument is not of record either in theclerk and recorder's office of thecounty in which the monument liesor in the public office designated bythe county commissioners pursuantto section 38-50-101 (2) or if suchmonument is set pursuant to sec-tion(S) 38-51-104 AND/OR 38-51-105. (2) No plat shall be required tobe prepared or deposited if themonuments accepted or set arewithin a platted subdivision that wasfiled in the clerk and recorder'soffice within the previous twenty

years. (3) Plats required pursuantto this section shall comply withsection 38-50-101.

Back when the plat law wasoriginally passed, the majority ofour profession did not approve hav-ing to deposit plats when monu-ments were set in newly createdsubdivisions. Our first plat depositlaw stated if the subdivision platwas filed on July 1, 1975 or afterthat date no plat had to be deposit-ed. That wording was adopted as acompromise so we could get somekind of a plat law started in Col-orado. The depositing of surveyplats will give the public and surveyprofession a history of how all mon-uments set, which mark the line ofproperty rights, were set. Anotherreason for the original July 1, 1975date was that was the first time inColorado when monuments had tobe set for subdivision plats.

5.) Amend 12-25-208(1)(e)(I)— Add “OR ANY OTHER COL-ORADO STATUTE PERTAININGTO LAND SURVEYING OR REALPROPERTY BOUNDARIES.” Omis-sion of this statement in 2004 waslikely an oversight.

6.) Amend 12-25-202 (6) (a) —Add the following item: (XI) THEPRACTICE OF REVIEWING PRO-

POSED SUBDIVISION PLATS FORCOMPLIANCE WITH STATE-SPE-CIFIC SURVEY AND PLATREQUIREMENTS, AS A CONDI-TION FOR RECORDING INTO THEPUBLIC REAL ESTATERECORDS.” This will prevent thepractice of non-licensed govern-ment personnel from requiring ille-gal plat standards as a condition ofrecording new subdivisions. Sever-al complaints have been made overthe years regarding non-licensedpersonnel holding up entire subdivi-sions over their misunderstanding ofsurvey laws and requirements. Anextensive effort at dialogue by rep-resentatives of surveying and engi-neering groups met at the StateBoard with representatives of Coun-ties and Municipalities, resulting in adocument entitled “GovernmentInteraction Task Force.”

7.) Possible expansion oftime period to file a mechanicslien

8.) Review the statutory lan-guage regarding ImprovementLocation Certificates — The com-mittee has been asked to review thecertification language for ILCs and,if warranted, suggest revised certifi-cation wording.

9.) Require continuing edu-cation as a requirement forlicense renewal — The PLSC hasattempted numerous times in thepast to require continuing educationfor license renewal. Because of itseffect on all licensed surveyors, thisitem is being considered for the2009 legislative session. ■

Respectfully submittedRoger Nelson

Legislative Committee Chairman

C O M M I T T E E R E P O R T Sfrom page 27

PLSC, Inc. Committees

Following is a list of PLSC Committees. Many of these commit-tees need additional members to be fully effective, so if you are will-ing and/or able to participate, please contact the Committee Chair.

Nominations and ElectionsCommittee - Larry Connolly

Legislative Committee - RogerNelson

Publications Committee - JB GuytonLiaison Committee - Gary GableSurvey Monumentation and

Standards Committee - Membership Committee - Tom

AdamsEthics and Fair Practices

Committee - Larry ConnollyAwards Committee - Larry Connolly

Fall Technical Session 2007 - MikeGreer

GIS in the Rockies - Dan Smith /Mike Greer

Metro State College of Denver -Randy Bloom

GPS User Group, (G2) - PamelaFromhertz/Dan Smith

Real Time Reference Networks -Russell Clark

PLSC “Leadership Academy”program - Randy Bloom

8745 E. Orchard Rd. Englewood, CO 80111 Phone: 303.694.0012

1800.475.3422 Fax: 303.694.3934 www.hixonmfg.com

Survey & Engineering Supplies Since 1985

Sales Rental Repair

1001 Smithfield Dr. Ft. Collins, CO 80524 Phone: 970.482.0111 1800.762.5252 Fax: 970.482.0428

SIDE SHOTS • 30

C O M M I T T E E R E P O R T S

PLSC BOARD OF DIRECTORS MEETING MINUTESMay 4, 2007

Grand Vista Hotel, 2790 Crossroads Blvd., Grand JunctionHosted by the Western Colorado Land Surveyors

1) Call to Order 7:10 PM

2) Recognition of Board Members Present: John Guy-ton; Tom Adams; Michael Greer; Gary Gable; LarryConnolly; Diana Askew; Doug Berling; MichealBouchard; Roger D. Nelson; Russell Clark;

Absent: Art Hipp; Lisa Isom

3) Welcome of Guests: Les Doehling; Sharolyn Cun-ningham; Maurice Schumann; Dexter M. Brinker;Wendy Lathrop; Gene Kooper

4) Additions, Deletions and Modifications to Agenda

5) Approval of Minutes from previous meeting - In theSide Shots

6) Comments from Hosting Chapter - Les Doehling,President Western Colorado Land Surveyors: Wehad a good conference with 50 or so attendeespresent.

7) REPORTS- if bracketed, no request to present areport was received

a) Secretary Treasurer - Art Hipp

i) Report to the Board of Directors - faxed anddistributed to meeting attendees

Tom Adams reported that the separate checkingaccount to handle credit cards has an approximate$10,000 balance that will be transferred into the PLSCchecking account.

Mr. Moos Estate donation does not appear to be reflect-ed on the Treasurer's report. Diana and Michael Greerwill meet with Art to initiate electronic record keeping.

b) (President - John B. Guyton): No report

c) (Vice President - Tom Adams): No report

d) (Executive Director): No report

e) (NSPS Delegate-Warren Ward): Absent

f) (WFPS Delegates - Dave DiFulvio / John B.Guyton): No report

g) STANDING COMMITTEES

i) (Nominations and Elections - Larry Connol-ly, Chair): No report

ii) Legislative - Roger Nelson, Chair

(1) Report requested; emailed to JB May 3,2007, published in Side Shots

iii) Publications - JB Guyton, Chair

Side Shots has gone to press and is available online at

the PLSC Web site. The online publication is read allover the US. This is a great way for PLSC's to shareinformation with the entire state so we are not perceivedas a Front Range organization.

iv) Liaison - Gary Gable, Chair

Funding problems with the Metro State Surveying andMapping Program have been subsidized by the BLM inthe past. Randy Zanon has announced that the fundinghas been discontinued due to budget constraints. Thisis the only 4 year program in the area. Distance learn-ing has attendees in many states and is doing very well.Dr. Stoughton wants to add another professor to theprogram. Gary suggested that a professional fund-rais-er could help find funding.

JB indicated that this is a serious issue. The PLSC hasbeen helping to support the Metro State College formany years. What should we do to help the program?

Gene said Gaby was asked his opinion and he asked ifthe chapters could make a financial commitment byAugust.

JB requested the Board to make a decision right now.

Gary feels we should not use the PLSC funds for theprogram — can we find someone to appoint as afundraiser? The Coors Foundation and Boettcher Fundare good examples.

Roger asked what Metro has done itself to gain funding.

Wendy feels they should have a division that does fund-raising (Metro) would be a resource and should helpwith the effort. Firms with a vested interest in surveyingshould be willing to help support the program. Checkwith Metro's own fund-raising section.

Sharolyn Cunningham stated that in Tulsa the WilsonCompany has been a big contributor to many differentorganizations. Initially she was not aware of what sur-veying was and suggested that there was a need toeducate young folks as to what it is.

JB has offered a line of credit to Metro of $20,000 or so.Surveyors don't know PLSC's prime directive is to sup-port education. We need to come together and find away to get more students involved and support the pro-gram.

Roger added quick note that may be a consideration.We may want to invest the money with the high schoolstudents rather than just continue to donate money tothe college.

continued on page 32

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At Leica Geosystems, our job is to create tools that make you more productive and more profitable. That’s why we give people who use our hardware a choice insoftware. Now you can choose Leica SmartWorx™, our proprietary program designedto make data collection fast and user-friendly. Or you can choose Leica SurvCE™, a special version of the software known throughout the surveying and constructionindustry. Both are outstanding programs designed to maximize your data collectionproductivity. Both offer user-friendly menus, enhanced graphics and all the features you need. So for better productivity and faster results, use the software you’re most comfortable with. Because choice is good.

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SIDE SHOTS • 32

Mike Bouchard agrees with Roger on that point.

v) (Survey Monumentation and Standards - )

vi) Membership - Tom Adams, Chair

Lots of free memberships given this year and Tomwould like to track how many rejoin following the freeyear. We now have over 700 members. Larry was givena free membership certificate when he became an SITin 1990, so we need to continue the program to providefree memberships to new PLS's and LSIT's.

(1) Proposal for Updated Logo

Tom - suggested organizing a contest to change theLogo.

JB feels the existing logo is archaic. We could use thisopportunity to market to the college students by askingthem to create a new logo. We can give them a schol-arship if they win.

Vote to change or update the logo: JB - aye; Di - aye;Tom - no opinion; Les - no (would prefer to add to whatwe have); Doug - no (would prefer to add to what wehave); Mike - no (would prefer to add to what we haveor save the old and add a new one); Gary - aye (alsoagrees to save the old and add a new one); Roger - aye(believes it would go a long way towards update ourimage); Larry - aye

Tom has a motion to title the education committee…Gary has seconded the standing committee - and couldbe part of the 4-year education support committee

(2) Proposed Education & Seminars committee

Tom Adams presents a motion to form a new standingcommittee title the “Education committee.”

(a) In charge of Fall Technical Sessions

(b) Possible preparation of video or live courses

Discussion:

The Fall Technical session committee is chaired by MikeGreer but it is not a standing committee. Russ asked ifthis need to be a standing committee. JB calls for avote and would like Mike Greer to chair the committee.Mike mentioned GIS in the Rockies may be a conflictbut agreed to chair the new committee with Tom as aco-chair. Roger added that he is opposed because hewants to further define the mission of the committee.

Vote: 8 for 2 opposed

vii) (Ethics and Fair Practices - Larry Connolly,Chair)

viii) (Executive Committee - JB Guyton, Chair)

ix) (Awards - Larry Connolly, Chair)

h) SPECIAL COMMITTEES

i) (Trig Star / NCEES Multi Media - Warren

Ward)

ii) GIS in the Rockies

Mike mentioned that the GIS in the Rockies is celebrat-ing it's 20th year this year. Mike sent an email regard-ing the topic. JB mentioned Joel Schmidt and thankedMike for all of his efforts.

iii) Marketing - Paul Suter - status of SummitArticle

iv) Electronic Secretary - Lisa Isom

i) CHAPTERS

Please provide brief report on Chapteractivities when Board of Director's Meetingis hosted by your Chapter.

i) (Northern - Lonnie Sheldon, President)

ii) Central - Gene Kooper, President

The Mentoring program will have 4 classes on legal top-ics. There is less participation in the sessions this yearand Gene suggested that some of this be incorporatedinto a SIT “refresher” course as many of the studentswere there to learn and not refresh.

The Wheeler Monument walk around is planned for May14, with a ceremony on May 21.

The Central Chapter has suggested making DVD's ofthe Hayden Atlas to sell.

They are also considering a commitment to help fundMetro.

The Range Line replacement program is under discus-sion.

iii) (Southern - Terry Maw, President)

Don Wilson and Dave Doyle are facilitating at the con-ference.

iv) (Northwest 1/4 - Ridgeway Moon, Presi-dent)

v) Western - Les Doehling, President

We had a successful seminar and financially we are sol-vent. General attendance at the chapter meeting is 15to 20 per meeting. We found that changing the meetinglocations has helped with attendance. Some membersfeel the Front Range is running the show and does notfeel the affidavit was the right thing to do. Les feelsthere needs to be more explained about the intent of theaffidavit and share the entire story with everyone whosaw the email.

Mike makes the point that the entire board should havebeen part of the process.

JB asks how the members of the committee areappointed.

Roger says Georgia resigned previously, another hasbeen appointed from the general Colorado Springs

C O M M I T T E E R E P O R T Sfrom page 30

continued on page 33

SIDE SHOTS • 33

region, one more resigned when the affidavit was dis-bursed.

Tom has read the letter from Maurice and he feels itwas not the right thing to do.

Wendy suggests to overview the responsibilities of thecommittee members to the membership in general atthe general meeting in the fall. The ethics and fair prac-tices committee should address this issue and discuss itopenly

JB suggests that the legislative committee minutes beposted on the Web site.

JB will find a way to address the issue to the member-ship

JB will draft and disburse a memo to the Board for com-ments and editing to help support the committee chair.

Loretta Simonson in Colorado Springs 719-635-0217 isa parliamentarian and could speak at our next confer-ence

vi) (Southwest - Parker Newby, President)

8) UNFINISHED BUSINESS

Fall Technical Session November 8-9-10

Parliamentarian Procedures topic; Technical Writing(Gary G); Business Negotiating Skills (Gene); Jan VanSickle (GPS update); 1/2 Day Machine GPS discussion;Arcview 101 for Surveyors (classroom has computers);CST testing venue proctor; What did we pay last year atthe school of mines?

9) NEW BUSINESS

a) Legislative Committee

b) New Chapter - Colorado Spatial Reference Net-work of the PLSC

i) Status update

Colorado Spatial Reference Network of thePLSC

Russ Clark, Committee Chair - The Chapter is submit-

ting a Certificate of Charter to Art Hipp per the by laws.His meeting was very upbeat, no arguments, vendorswere very helpful and had many good ideas. G2 hasmelded into the committee and the role of the commit-tee will be defined as we go. Directors are from all overthe state and it will stay a statewide voice.

c) “Your Career in Surveying” DVD

i) Prepared by CLSA, customizable to PLSCfor a fee

d) Paul Suter fees:

i) Keep as monthly 'retainer' or change to“task based” fee schedule

e) Online registration and payment for workshops& dues

i) Terry Sanders is setting this up for thePLSC and CCPS

ii) Look into making PLSC merchandise avail-able for purchase

f) College support

In 2004 the Southern chapter donated $1500 to FortLewis College and San Juan College in Farmington.Larry is asking PLSC to do this again. Larry makes amotion to match funds once again and is penning amotion. Di Seconds

Question - Does this fall under the education commit-tee?

Mike motions to amend the motion to read that if theeducation fund is not Metro specific then we match it.Larry changes the motion to add “pending”

Unanimous approval

10) NEXT MEETING DATE, TIME, PLACE

To be hosted by the Southern Chapter, the weekend ofthe 7th of September.

11) ADJOURN 9:59 PM ■

C O M M I T T E E R E P O R T S

SIDE SHOTS • 34

As you know it has been a cold, hard winter for most ofus in the state. I am looking forward to our summer and thebusy field time of year.

I have had several conversations with clients over thepast few months; about the “what if” of insurance. Therefore, Iwant to address a few risk management topics with the PLSCmembers in this article.

What if...a client slipped and fell on your property? A cus-tomer sued me for an error I made? An employee stole funds?A power surge zapped your equipment?

Unfortunately, today’s surveying business owner faces bigrisks every day. And while it’s impossible to eliminate risks, it’spossible to reduce the financial impact on you by using a fewproven risk management ideas.

The following will be a general overview of three ways ortips to manage your business risks or how to control propertylosses, lawsuits, vehicle losses, and workplace accidents.

Accidents. Surprises. Losses. They all come with owningyour own business. But there’s no reason you have to be a“victim” of these unexpected losses, not if you take advantageof following three key ways to manage your risks.

1You can insure risk One primary approach to risk management would be pur-

chasing insurance to transfer the losses to your insurancecompany.

Know your insurance policies. If you don’t know whattypes of losses your policies cover, you may be in for a sur-prise when a loss occurs. You need to review your policy andif necessary purchase additional coverage to ensure that yourcompany is fully protected.

2 You can transfer riskWhen appropriate; you’ll want to shift the risk to your sub-

contractors, competitors and even your customers. Here aresome tips on how to transfer some of your business risk toothers.

• Hire the right subcontractors. Using knowledgeable,properly insured subcontractors can reduce your risk and min-imize high risk professional liability exposures. Request Certifi-cates of Insurance to verify that your subcontractors have cur-rent insurance.

• Consider “hold harmless” agreements. A “Hold Harm-less” agreement is a tool that shifts legal and financial riskfrom you to another party

• Don’t try to be all things to all people. Let your com-petitors take the job and the chances on potentially problemprojects.

3You can control riskOf course; there are some things you can’t prevent, like

storms, power failures, or accidents. But there are ways ofminimizing either the likelihood something will occur, or theimpact it will have on your business after it occurs.

Fire. Theft. Water damage. Just a few of the things thatcan do damage to your property—one of your business’ mostvaluable assets. Unless property and equipment are main-tained properly and insured adequately, they can be at signifi-cant loss and damage to your business.

Some tips:• Review your insurance to make sure you understand

what is and is not covered.• If your policy has “blanket” coverage for a number of dif-

ferent properties, make sure that all properties that should beinsured are actually listed on the property policy.

• Be sure that your property is insured to replacementvalue. Improvements or changes in building costs should bereflected on your insurance coverage. So periodically reviewand update your property values and adjust the coverageaccordingly.

Managing Your Vehicle RisksYour business’ autos represent many types of risk in one

place such as loss of equipment, loss of jobs, and liability topersons and injury to your employees. No wonder your autopremium can account for a large portion of your commercialinsurance cost. However, risk management can be used toreduce motor vehicles liabilities, by simply:

• verifying driving records of potential employees.• monitoring employee driving records.• keeping your drivers properly trained.Like any other aspect of owning your business, risk man-

agement is an on-going, ever-changing process. As your busi-ness grows, so do the risks. As your business changes direc-tion, new risks may arise. Like any small business it is notable to have large losses that would be uninsured. Your pro-fession depends on the small surveying businesses, yet smallsurveying businesses are more vulnerable when claims, law-suits, or accidents strike. I can help you identify and insurethose risks before they become threats. And, of course, helpyou understand and obtain the insurance that is right for you.

As a member of PLSC you have available to you thePLSC Insurance Program that will provide coverage neces-sary to cover your business needs.

I am here to discuss your own situation as to whether youare insured properly and the most competitive way.

Lisa IsomASSURANCE RISK MANAGERS2851 S. Parker Road, Suite 760Aurora, CO 80014Phone: 303-454-9562Fax: 303-454-9564

PROFESSIONAL LAND SURVEYORS OF COLORADO INSURANCE PROGRAM

Administered by: Lisa Isom

Professional Land Surveyors of Colorado has the Insurance Program that’s Designed for Its Members.

SIDE SHOTS • 35

AERO-METRIC ENGINEERING, INC.4708 South College Avenue

Fort Collins, CO 80525

AEROTEK2000 S. Colorado Boulevard

Building 2, Suite 150Denver, CO 80222

AGA GEODOMETERPaul McDaniel

53 Meadow Lake DriveLyons, CO 80540

ALLEN PRECISION EQUIPMENT, INC.1550 Boggs RoadDuluth, GA 30096

ASSURANCE RISK MANAGERSLisa Isom

2851 S. Parker Rd, Suite 760Aurora, CO 80014

BANNERMAN SURVEYORS, INC.4997 Highway 90 East

Mariana, FL 32446

BERNTSEN INTERNATIONAL, INC.P.O. Box 8670

Madison, WI 53708-8670www.berntsen.com

CARY AND ASSOCIATES540 St. Andrews Drive

Longmont, CO 80501-9500

CONTRACT SURVEYORS, LTD.2133 S. Bellaire St., Suite 14

Denver, CO 80222

JOSEPH A. DONOFRIOJR Engineering

4310 Arrows West DriveColorado Springs, CO 80907

EMK CONSULTANTS, INC.7006 S. Alton Way, Bldg. F

Centennial, CO 80112

FLATIRON, INC.3825 Iris Avenue, Suite 395

Boulder, CO 80301

FRONTIER PRECISION321 East 57th Ave., Unit A

Denver, CO 80216

Genzel Land Surveying, P.C.7033 Cole Road

Colden, NY 14033-9720

GORE RANGE SURVEYING, LLC953 S. Frontage Road West, S. 106

Vail, CO 81657

HIXON MANUFACTURING & SUPPLY CO.1001 Smithfield DriveFort Collins, CO 80524

LEICA GEOSYSTEMS, INC.8745 East Orchard Road, S-520

Englewood, CO 80111

MERRICK & COMPANY2450 South Peoria Street

Aurora, CO 80014

O’NEILLS POSITIONING SERVICES2513 Lexington StreetLafayette, CO 80026

PETROLEUM FIELD SERVICES, LLC215 Union Blvd., Suite 410

Lakewood, CO 80228

PLANET-GIS-LLCP.O. Box 1747

Castle Rock, CO 80104

ROCKY MOUNTAIN LASER/TPI5385 Quebec Street

Commerce City, CO 80022

STEPHEN G. RUTZENJR Engineering

4310 Arrows West DriveColorado Springs, CO 80907

SURV-KAP, INC.P.O. Box 27367

Tucson, AZ 85726

SURVEY & CONSTRUCTION SUPPLY CO.930 West Byers Place

Denver, CO 80223

SYSTEMS DIVIDENDS, LLC1238 Promgranate Lane

Golden, CO 80401

TERRY LAND SURVEYING, INC.P.O. Box 851

Trinidad, CO 81082

TRIMBLE NAVIGATION, LTD.547 Kellenburger Road

Dayton, OH 45424-1099

TRINITY (Div. of Bank of the West)475 Sansome Street, 19th Floor

San Francisco, CA 94111

UNDERGROUND CONSULTING SOLUTIONS2701 W. Oxford Ave., Suite 6

Englewood, CO 80110

V3 COMPANIES OF COLORADO, LTD.2399 Blake Street, S-130

Denver, CO 80205

VECTORS, INC.8811 E. Hampton Ave., #110

Denver, CO 80231

WESTWOOD COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY7350 North Broadway

Denver, CO 80221

These firms support our organization.Please show them your appreciation with

your patronage.

SUSTAINING MEMBERS

EditorArthur W. Hipp9660 West 56th PlaceArvada, CO 80002

PRST STD

U.S. Postage

PAID

Denver, CO

Permit No. 1222