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Commercial Buildings Consortium

Natural Gas Cooling Solutions

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• Reduces electricity costs• Improves productivity• Adds flexibility and

reliability to your system• Environmentally friendly

Natural gas is an efficient fuel source for cooling.

Natural Gas Cooling SolutionsNatural gas is a clean, efficient and reliable fuel for use in a variety of cooling applications.



Table of Contents

1. Market Overview

2. Reducing Cooling Costs

3. Natural Gas Cooling Equipment

4. Combined Heat & Power

5. Natural Gas Humidity Control

6. Gas Air Conditioning Website

7. Contact Us





Market Overview




Space Heating13%

Lighting24%

Refrigeration6%

Electronics6%

Cooking2%

Ventilation6%

Computers3%

Other10%

Undistributed13%

Space Cooling11%Water Heating

6%

Energy Use in Commercial Buildings

Source: U. S. Department of Energy, 2006 Buildings Energy Data Book




Office10%

Mercantile/Service6%

Education5%

Lodging9%

Public Assy7%

Food Service21%

Warehouse/Storage1%

Food Sales14%

Vacant1%

Public Order/Safety6%

Other10%

Health Care10%

Energy Consumption for Comfort Cooling by Business Activity





Energies Used for Comfort Cooling

Electricity98%

Natural Gas2%





Types of Cooling Equipment in Commercial Buildings

Equipment Type % of Floor Space

Packaged Air Conditioning Units 46

Individual Air Conditioners 19

Central Chillers 18

Residential Central Air Conditioners 17

Heat Pumps 4

District Chilled Water 4

Swamp Coolers 2

Other 2





Useful Life for Cooling Equipment

Equipment Type Median Life

Air Conditioners

Through-the-Wall 15

Water-Cooled Package 15

Roof-Top 15

Chillers

Reciprocating 20

Centrifugal 23

Absorption 23

Heat Pumps

Air-to-Air 15

Water-to-Water 19





Shipments of Cooling Equipment

Equipment Type 2004 (1000s)

Air Conditioners 5515

Heat Pumps

Air-to-Air 1886.1

Water Source 207.7

Chillers

Reciprocating 30.7

Centrifugal Screw 6.2

Absorption 4.8






Reducing Cooling Costs



Gas & Electric Demand Profile




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Natural Gas Cooling Equipment



Helping to Clear the Air Economically and Efficiently

• Natural Gas Absorption Cooling– Superior to conventional electric chillers

– Heat drives system

– Chillers and chiller/heaters available

– Often best choice when:• Electric demand charges are high

• Electricity use rates are high

• Summertime naturalgas prices are favorable

• Limited electric service available



Absorption Cooling – How It Works

• “Thermal compressor” replaces electric compressor

• Generator • Pump • Absorber • Heat Exchanger

• Typically uses water (refrigerant) and non-toxic lithium bromide (absorbent) solution – eliminates CFCs

• More efficient and lower operating costs than electric vapor compression chillers

• Double-effect achieves even greater efficiency and economy



Natural Gas Absorption Cooling

• Sizing – several to over 1000 tons• Types

– Heat recovery – e.g., CHP system– Hybrid systems– Chiller– Chiller/heater– Single or double effect systems– Direct & Indirect Fired– Air Cooled & Water Cooled– Absorption heat pumps now available



Advantages of Absorption Cooling

• Heat and cool with the same unit• Usually lower operating costs • Safe, quiet and dependable operation• Reliable, low maintenance• Direct-fired absorber has a smaller

footprint than an electric chiller with boiler• Initial costs quickly offset by energy

savings



BROAD USA

Direct-Fired Chiller Heater

100 - 1,100 Tons

NO CFC’s

Standard & High Efficiency Models

Absorption Equipment Manufacturers



Carrier Chiller/Heater

Direct & Steam Fired

100 - 1,500 Tons

Private Labeled - Japan

International Service Program




Absorption 15 - 150 tons

Custom systems to 15,000 tons

Simultaneous heat and cooling, or refrigeration

Co-produce hot water,

Air or water cooled, (ammonia water)





Direct-Fired Chillers & Heat Pumps

4 ton units packaged to 25 tons

Ammonia water system

Low temp units available

Manufactured in USA

Air cooled systems

Single phase power



Thermax Chiller/Heater

Direct, Hot Water & Steam Fired

10 - 1,400 Tons

Produced in India

International Sales & Service Programs




TRANE HORIZON Series

Direct-Fired Chiller Heater

380 - 500 Tons

Manufactured in USA

Double Effect Only

UL Listed




Yazaki Absorption Chillers

Direct Fired Single & Double Effect Units

3 - 120 Tons

Manufactured in Japan

Water Cooled Condensing




YORKSingle-Effect, Double-Effectand Direct Fired Chillers120 - 1,350 TonsManufactured in USAHeat Recovery Units AvailableSteam Units Available




An Economical Alternative to High Electric Costs

• Natural Gas Engine-Driven Cooling– Superior performance

• Natural gas engine replaces electric motor

– Significant cost-savings• Heat recovery

• Electric demand peak shaving

– Often appropriate for:• areas with high electric

demand charges

• heat recovery applications

• partial load operations

• refrigeration



Engine-Driven Cooling – How It Works

Main Components include: • Compressor • Expansion valve • Condenser • Evaporator

Tonnage requirements dictate best choice:

• Reciprocating

• Screw

• Single centrifugal compressor

• Multiple-stage centrifugal

compressor

Engine facilitates:• more efficient part load operation

• thermal energy recovery

• reduced total operating cost

Low PressureVapor (1)

High PressureVapor (2)

High PressureLiquid (3)

Low PressureLiquid/Vapor (4)

Chilled Water

Cooling Water

ExpansionValve

Compressor

Engine



Natural Gas Engine-Driven Cooling

• Sizing – < 25 tons to over 1000 tons+• Applications - Wide range of cooling

capacities and temperatures make engine-driven cooling an excellent choice for:– Schools – Hospitals – Apartment Buildings – Office Buildings – Nursing Homes – Hotels – Retailers – Ice Rinks



Advantages of Engine-Driven Cooling

• Potentially lower operating costs• Variable speed for efficient part load operation• Engine heat recovery for domestic hot water

and other thermal energy needs• Capable of providing leaving chilled water

temperatures below 42oF• Initial costs quickly offset by energy savings• Environmentally friendly



Alturdyne Energy Systems30 - 1,100 Tons (Chillers/DX)Industrial EnginesManufactured in USAHCFC (R-22), HFC (134a) and Ammonia (R-

717)Reciprocating & Screw CompressorsWater, Air or Evaporative CondensingETL/MEA Listed

Engine-Driven Equipment Manufacturers




TECOCHILL Packaged Chillers50-1,000 Tons (Chillers/DX)Automotive/Industrial EnginesManufactured in USAHCFC (R-22) and HFC (R-134a)Screw & Reciprocating CompressorsWater & Air Cooled CondensingETL/MEA Listed




TRANE Gas Powered

CenTraVac ® (GPC)

Chiller Package

165-3,000 Tons

Waukesha Enginator ®

Manufactured in USA

HCFC-123

Centrifugal Compressor

Options on Condensing



YORK YB & YG Chillers400-2,100 Tons (Chillers)Industrial EnginesManufactured in USAHFC (134a)Centrifugal Compressors




Why Choose Natural Gas Cooling?

• Reduces energy costs• Eliminates electric demand charges• Good for the environment• Reliable, plentiful energy source• Options to suit virtually any application• Avoid electric system upgrade charges when adding

new cooling equipment• Smaller standby generator requirements for

emergency cooling




Combined Heat and Power



CHP Can Cure Energy Concerns and Provide Reliable Operation

• 100+ year history• Combined Heat & Power, also known as CHP

– Generation of electricity and thermal energy– Highly efficient– Lowers energy costs– Reduces emissions– Enhances power reliability and quality



Central Power Production vs. CHP



• Single system that integrates:

– Power system – e.g., engine or turbine

– Heat recovery system – usually boiler or heat recovery steam generator

• Recovered heat used to:– generate hot water or

steam for space heating, cooling or hot water

– operate absorption or engine-driven cooling or desiccant dehumidification

CHP – How It Works



CHP – How It Works

Combustion Turbine CHP System

Combustion Turbine CHP SystemWith Turbine Inlet Air Cooling



• Sizing – 25 kW to hundreds of megawatts• Applications –

• Facilities with:• High thermal loads

• Consistent electric and thermal energy requirements

• Round-the-clock operations

• Single-building users – reciprocating engines and microturbines as low as 25kW

• Campus institutions – aggregate energy needs in a district energy CHP system

Combined Heat & Power (CHP)



• Power generating system options include:• Reciprocating Engines• Gas Turbines• Microturbines• Steam Turbines• Fuel Cells• Combined Cycle Plants• Heat Recovery Systems

Combined Heat & Power (CHP)



• Improves energy efficiency and reduces energy costs

• Helps the environment• Enhances power reliability and quality• Right for many facilities

Advantages of CHP





Natural Gas Humidity Control



Why Control Humidity?

• Too much or too little moisture = Uncontrolled humidity • Optimum humidity level – 45% to 55%• Uncontrolled humidity negatively impacts:

• HVAC systems• Energy costs • Building structure and systems• Furnishings, equipment and supplies• Comfort of building occupants• Health of building occupants



Health Impact of Uncontrolled Humidity



Wring Excess Moisture Out of Indoor Air

• Natural Gas Desiccant Dehumidification– Components of space cooling

• Temperature• Humidity

– Conventional air conditioning• Attempts to cool (temperature) and remove

moisture (humidity)• Compromise = loss of efficiency

and/or diminished cooling comfort

– Desiccant dehumidification – assumes responsibility for humidity only



Natural Gas Desiccant Dehumidification – How It Works

1. Air to be dried

2. Dried air delivered to occupied space

3. Air flow to drive moisture off desiccant wheel

4. Hot, wet air to be exhausted



Natural Gas Liquid Desiccant Dehumidification – How It Works

• Same principle as “dry” desiccant system

• Moisture absorbed by liquid desiccant



Natural Gas Liquid Desiccant Dehumidification – How It Works

• Heat exchanger warmed by gas burner removes moisture from saturated solution

• Regenerated solution(i.e., moisture removed) flows backfor re-use



Advantages of Natural Gas Desiccant Dehumidification

• Reduces growth of disease-causing microbes • Controls odors, mold and mildew • Eliminates condensation • Increases comfort of building occupants • Prevents damage to furnishings, carpeting, tiles, and other

building materials • Saves energy • Reduces operating costs • Reduces conventional cooling requirements • Improves efficiency of chillers • Ensures more precise temperature and humidity control



Desiccant Dehumidification Equipment Manufacturers

• Bry-Air Systems - 614/965-2974– Sunbury, OH

– www.bryair.com

• Kathabar, Inc. – 732/356-6000– New Brunswick, NJ

– www.kathabar.com

• Munters Corp. - 800/843-5360– Amesbury, MA

– www.munters.com

• SGAmerica – 240/379-7330– Frederick, MD

– www.sgamerica.com



Desiccant Dehumidification Equipment Manufacturers

• Seasons 4, Inc. - 770/489-0716– Douglasville, GA

• SEMCO Incorporated - 314/443-1481– Columbia, MO– www.semcoinc.com

• STULZ Air Technology Systems - 301/620-2033

– Frederick, MD

– www.stulz-ats.com



Improve Comfort, Equipment Performance and the Bottom Line

• Natural Gas Humidification– Natural gas humidifiers add moisture to dry air – Natural gas burners boil water to steam and deliver

humidity via air handler or blower– Minimizes steam pressure– Eliminates boiler chemicals– Can be used in conjunction

with existing boiler



Natural Gas Humidification – How It Works

• Humidifier generates steam

• Gas burner fires into heat exchanger

• Heat exchanger submerged in tank of water

• Water heated to steam which is distributed via air handling system or remote blower

RemoteBlowerSystem

Steam Distributor Pipe



Natural Gas Humidification – How It Works



Advantages of Natural Gas Humidification

• Ensures more precise temperature and humidity control • Alleviates environmental antagonism of asthma, allergy and

related respiratory illnesses• Contributes to health and comfort of building occupants • Reduces employee absenteeism due to illness and

increases employee productivity • Protects expensive equipment, furnishings and supplies• Eliminates static electricity• Reduces energy costs • Cost-effective alternative where no boiler exists.



Gas Air Conditioning Website

• Today’s gas cooling equipment can help you control and reduce your cost for cooling while you take advantage of the many benefitsof clean, efficient natural gas.

• Manufacturers offer a variety of sizes, types and configurations of cooling equipment from comfort cooling to the coldest refrigeration temperatures.

• All major categories of gas cooling are discussed on the Energy Solution Center’s Gas-Fired Air Conditioning Equipment site at http://www.gasairconditioning.org/.



For More Information Contact:

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Or visit our website at:

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