INSECTS OF GRAIN
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Transcript of INSECTS OF GRAIN
8/7/2019 INSECTS OF GRAIN
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PEST TYPEPEST TYPE
1.Commodity Feeders
Primary Pests or InternalFeeders
² Attack whole grains
² Larvae feed and developwithin the kernel
Secondary Pests orExternal Feeders
² Feed on grain dust and
broken kernels² Can not damage whole
grain
² Follow internal feeders,i.e. damaged grain
² Grain in poor condition,microbial activity.
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2.Fungal Feeders
Fungal feeders are often present on ripenning grain and usually die out in storage
but may persist in poorly stored grain or in grain heavily infested with other
insects
3. redators
Many storage pests will prey on other insects present,including members of their
own species.Obligate predators only feed on other insects.
4. arasitoids
Parasitoids are beetles and moths.Larvae of them develop in or on their host
and killin it.These are potential ¶beneficial· insects as they can control pest
populations.
5. cavengers
Some scavengers species feed on bodies of insects and other dried material of
animal origin.Many are imporatant pests of stored products of animal origin such
as wool,hides,skins and dried fish.
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Adults
Knowledge of the basic structure of beetles is required for their
identification.Terms illustrated below are used in the following species
descriptions.
Larvea
Larvae of beetles found in stored products have one of five distinct
body forms,which are described and illustrated below
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A ODOU :Legless,immobileand lives internally within
foodstuff
CARABA IFORM: ffectivelyimmobile when mature,legs
partly or fully developed.Liveswithin foodstuff for all or all but
inital stage of life
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CAM
OD ¡ IFORM: ¡ logate flattened bodywith well-developed legs,usually paleand translucent,head capsule and/or
last abdominal segment may bepigmented.Active,lives freely within
commodity
LA RFORM:Body is long andcylindirical,cuticle leathery,legs
relatively short.Active freelywithin commodity.
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1.Cigarette BeetleLasioderma serricorne(Anobiidae,Anobiinae)
Identfcaton
Adults:3-4 m,brown,globular.Antenae long,segments saw-like,elytra smooth with fine
hairs.
Active,short-lived do not feed on
Larvae:Scarabaeiform,legs fully developed. mature.
¢ imilar species:Stegobium
£ est type:Primary pest,secondary pest
Commodities attaced:Dried material of anmimal and vegetable origin,especially
tobacco,nuts,herbs and spices,seeds,grain and grain products
¤
conomic importance: High in artifacts and processed goods,minor in raw
cereals.Important
pest of herbaria and museums
Life cycle:Optimum-26days at 30·C,70%r.h.
Maximum population growth rate per month-20.
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2.Drugstore BeetleStegobium paniceum (Anobiidae,anobiinae)
Identification
Adults:3-4
mm,brown,globular,last three segments of antennae form looseclub ,elytra with fine
Longitudina ridges and fine hairs. Active short-lived do not feed on commodity,fly
Lavrae:Scarabaeiform,legs fully developed internal feeders,immobile when mature.
¥ ggs;laid in crevices in commodity.
¦ imilar species:Lasioderma
§ est type: Primary pest,secondary pest
Commodities attacked:Dried material of animal and vegetable origin,especially nuts,herbs and
spices,seeds,grain and grain products
¥ conomic importance:High in artifacts and processsed goods,minor in raw cereals.Important pest
of herbaria and museums
Life cycle:Optimum 40days at 30·C,60-90% r.h.
Maximum population growth rate per month-8.
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3.Spider Beetles(Anobiidae,Ptininae)
Identififcation:
Adults:2-5 mm,long-legged,globular,resemble small spider.Some species hairy,others
totally or partly shinny.Antennae long and hair-like.long-lived,feed on commodity,some species can
fly
Larvae:Scarabaeiform,legs fully developed. internal feeders.immobile when mature
̈ ggs-laid in crevices in commodity.
© imilar species:none
est type:Secondary pest,scavenger
Commodities attacked:dried material of animal and vegetable originUsually infests aged residues
̈ conumic importance:generally low except under cool temperate conditions
Distribution:worldwide,especially in temperate regions,tolerant of cold conditions
Life cycle(P tinus ocellus) Optimum-61 days at 27·C.
Maximum population growth rate per month-4.
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4.Cocoa Weevil,Coffee-Bean Weevil Araecerus fasciculatus(Anthribiidae)
Identification
Adults: 3-5mm,globular,long legs and antenae,elytra patternet with light and dark patches giving
chequered appearance.last three segments of antennae form loose club.-on emergence leave neat
exit hole,short lived,do not feed on commodity,fly
Larvae: Scarabaaieform,legs partly developed-on hatching bore into commodity,development
Completed inside sinfle seed.
ggs: laid onto seed or root
imilar species: bruchhids(9-14)
est type :Primary pest
Commodities attacked :Cocoa,coffee,dried cassava and yams,maize,groundnuts,brazil
nuts,nutmegs
conomic importance :High on high value crops,low elsewhere
Life cycle :Optimum 22-66 days at 28-32·C,>60% r.h.
Maximum population growth rate per month -40.
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5.Larger Gran BorerP rostephanus truncatus(Bostrichidae)
Identification:
Adults: 4mmiblack,cylindirical in cross section.Head bent downwards,concealed.Tip of abdomen
square,boundary between end and side of elytra marked with ridge.longlived,feed and bore into
commondity,fly
Larvae: Scarabaeiform,legs fully developed-internal feeders producing lots of
flour,immobile when mature.
gss: laid on commondity or in tunnels bored bye adults
imilar species: Dinoderus(5),Rhyzoper ta(7 )
Pest type:Primary pest
conomic importance:High,especially in bagged and traditionally stored produce under subsistence
conditions.Pest of international quarantine concern
Commodities attacked: maize,especially on cob,and dired cassava.Often infests prior to harvest
Life cycle: Optimum : 26 days at 30·C,75% r.h.
Maximum population growth rate per month :25.
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6.Rce WeevilSitophilus oryzae(Curculionidae)
Adult can fly.
Infest grain in the field
Adult weevil and grub (larvae) feed on whole grain.
Adult drills whole in grain and then deposits egg.
Primary pest
Requires grain moisture > 12%.
Small pits/punctures on surface of thorax
Two light colored spots on each wing cover
Life cycle Spots requires 28 or
more days.
Female can lay up to 300 or 400 eggs.
Females can live up to 4 or 5 months.
1/8 inch
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7.Lesser Gran BorerRhyzoper tha dominica (Bostrichiedaei)
Identification
Adults:3mm,dark reddish-brown,cylindrical in cross section.Head bent downwards and
concealed.Tip of addomen tapered,end of elytra curved gradually. longlive,feed and bore into
comodity,fly
Larvae:Scarabaeiform,legs fully developed-internal feeders producing lots of
flour immobile when mature
ggs:Laid on commodity or in tunnels bored by adults.
imilar species: Dinoderus(6),P rostephanus(7 )
Pest
ype: Primary Pest
Coomodities attacked: Cereal grains,especially wheat,barley rice and sorghum(milo)
conomic importance :High,even in modern bulk storage systems
Life cycle :Optimum:25days at 34·C,70% r.h.
Maximum population growth rate per month:20.
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Stored grain insects may also be controlled by:
1. Cooling stored grain through aeration
2. Treating grain with an insecticide powder or liquid residual chemicals
3. Treating infested grain with dichlorvos
4. Fumigating grain with phosphine or methyl bromide
5. Controlled atmosphere such as carbon dioxide in a gas-tight silo
6. Treating storage areas and equipment with residual chemicals such as
cypermethrin to kill off any remaining beetles.
7. Rice weevils in all stages of development can be killed by freezinginfected food below 0 degrees Fahrenheit for a period of three days, or
heating to 140 degrees Fahrenheit for a period of 15 minutes.
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Applied as grain is being augured into grain bin.
Recommended Insecticides
² Storicide II: rice, wheat, grain sorghum, oats
² Actellic: corn and grain sorghum
High temperatures and high moisture content
will shorten residual life of protectant insecticide.
Do not apply grain protectant before high
temperature drying.