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![Page 1: Insect Management Tools Doug Johnson and Ric Bessin Extension Entomologists University of Kentucky Princeton and Lexington.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649db45503460f94aa446f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Insect Management Tools
Doug Johnson and Ric BessinExtension EntomologistsUniversity of Kentucky
Princeton and Lexington
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Before you do anything else
Make sure the pest is correctly identified!!
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The PAMS Approach
• Prevention,• Avoidance,• Monitoring,• Suppression
IPM
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Prevention
• Keep the pest out of the field!– Legislative; control movement of
plant material and soil– Cultural; use pest free seed /
transplants– Management; prevent weeds from
producing seed – Mechanical; mow European corn
borer staging sites in spring.
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Avoidance
• Crop Rotation
• Planting Date
• Uniform Planting
• Maturity groups
• Nutrient Management
• Timely Harvest
• Avoidance of Loss of Value
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Monitoring
• Crop Scouting
• Damage Assessment
• Trapping
• Modeling
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Suppression
• Biological Control• Host Plant Resistance
• Mechanical• Chemical
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Types of Tools• Cultural
– Host plant resistance - Early Harvest– Crop rotation– Planting dates
• Biological– Conservation– Augmentation
• Pesticidal– Sprays– Plant incorporated pesticides (PIP’s)– Seed treatments
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Types of Tools
• Monitoring tools– Pheromone traps– Bait traps
• Predictive– Degree day models and
forecasting
• Decision making tools– Thresholds
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Hessian Fly
Antibiosis is the primaryAntibiosis is the primary mechanism of resistancemechanism of resistance
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Host Plant Resistance
• Deployment of Resistance will exert selection pressure on the pest population.– Results in multiple biotypes
(Hessian fly), “Races” (Nematodes) “strains”
• Shifts in Population
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3rd year corn, Henderson Co. 2007
Crop Rotation
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3rd year corn, Henderson Co. 2007
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The affect of planting date on aphid populations in Kentucky
grown wheat
The affect of planting date on aphid populations in Kentucky
grown wheat
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
FirstSecondThird
Weeks Post 1st Planting Princeton, KY 1986
Aphids per 3 foot of row
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The affect of planting date on exposure of wheat to aphid
populations
The affect of planting date on exposure of wheat to aphid
populations
050
100
150200250300350
400450500
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
FirstSecondThird
Weeks post 1st planting Princeton, KY 1986
Cumulative aphid days
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Planting Dates and Corn Borers6-Year Average
Planting Date Non-Bt Tunneling
(in)
Yield Diff. (bu)
Yield, non-Bt(bu)
Early – Mid April4/5 – 4/13
3.5 3.3 193.8
Late April4/17 – 4/30
4.5 2.3 203.2
Early –Mid May5/6 – 5/13
4.6 6.6 184.2
Late May5/21 – 5/31
5.7 9.3 160.6
Early – Mid June6/5 - 6/14
6.5 20.7 109.2
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Early Harvest(avoiding harvest losses)
• Dectes stem borer• Southwestern corn borer
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Biological Control
• Conservation– If you don’t spray when you don’t
need to then you practice this! e.g. preservation of lady beetles, syrphid flies, parasitoids.
• Augmentation• Importation (Classical)
– Asian lady beetle
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Natural Control
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Insect DiseasesInsect DiseasesInsect DiseasesInsect Diseases
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MONSANTO, DOW AGREEMENT PAVES THE WAY FOR INDUSTRY’S FIRST-EVER, MONSANTO, DOW AGREEMENT PAVES THE WAY FOR INDUSTRY’S FIRST-EVER, EIGHT-GENE STACKED OFFERING IN CORNEIGHT-GENE STACKED OFFERING IN CORN Stacked product combines Dow AgroSciences’ and Monsanto’s insect-protection and Stacked product combines Dow AgroSciences’ and Monsanto’s insect-protection and weed control trait technologies; product set to deliver greater performance, value and weed control trait technologies; product set to deliver greater performance, value and options for farmersoptions for farmers
INDIANAPOLIS and ST. LOUIS (Sept. 14, 2007) – Monsanto (NYSE: MON) and Dow INDIANAPOLIS and ST. LOUIS (Sept. 14, 2007) – Monsanto (NYSE: MON) and Dow AgroSciences LLC, a subsidiary of The Dow Chemical Company (NYSE: DOW), have AgroSciences LLC, a subsidiary of The Dow Chemical Company (NYSE: DOW), have reached a cross-licensing agreement aimed at launching SmartStax™, the industry’s reached a cross-licensing agreement aimed at launching SmartStax™, the industry’s first-ever eight-gene stacked combination in corn. The agreement is expected to create a first-ever eight-gene stacked combination in corn. The agreement is expected to create a new competitive standard for stacked-trait offerings and present an expanded growth new competitive standard for stacked-trait offerings and present an expanded growth opportunity for both companies’ seed brands and traits businesses by the end of the opportunity for both companies’ seed brands and traits businesses by the end of the decade.decade.
Plant Incorporated Pesticides
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Bt’s for Corn PestsYieldGard Corn Borer (Cry1Ab)
YieldGard Rootworm (Cry3Bb1)
YieldGard Plus (Cry1Ab+Cry3Bb1)
Herculex (Cry1F)
Herculex RW (Cry34Ab1+Cry35Ab1)
Herculex Xtra (Cry1F+Cry34Ab1+Cry35Ab1)
Agrisure CB (Cry1Ab)
Agrisure RW (mCry3A)
Agrisure CB/RW (Cry1AB+mCry3A)
YieldGard VT RW (Cry3Bb1)
YieldGard VT Triple (Cry1Ab + Cry3Bb1)
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Insects Controlled by Bt Corn
ECB SWCB BCW FAW CRW
YieldGard CB ++ ++ - + -
YieldGard RW - - - - ++
YieldGard Plus ++ ++ - + ++
Herculex ++ ++ ++ ++ -
Herculex RW - - - - ++
Herculex Xtra ++ ++ ++ ++ ++
Agrisure CB ++ ++ - + -
Agrisure RW - - - - ++Agrisure CB/RW ++ ++ - + ++
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DeKalb 63-74,YieldGard Plus, DeKalb 63-74,YieldGard Plus, July 26, 2007: Mike Gray, Univ July 26, 2007: Mike Gray, Univ of ILof IL
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HxXTRA HxXTRA MycogenMycogen 2T787, Urbana, IL, July 9, 2T787, Urbana, IL, July 9, 2007: Mike Gray, Univ. of IL2007: Mike Gray, Univ. of IL
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Resistance Management
• High-dose refuge strategy– Need 500:1 susceptible to resistant
ratio
• No more than 80% Bt corn– Refuge within ½ mile for CB Bt’s– Refuge immediately adjacent for RW
and CB/RW Bt lines
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Summary of European Corn Borer Fall Surveys,
University of Illinois Extension1943-2007
0.8
1.4 1.
50.
91.
41.
4
0.6
0.4 0.
51.
31.
8
1.5
0.7 0.
80.
81.
20.
61 1 1
0.6
1.2
0.6
2.2
1.7
0.9
1.4
0.3
1.3
0.4
0.7
0.4
1.7
2.8
11.
61
0.26
0.53
0.76
1.04
2.07
1.55
0.52
3.48
1.24
3.3
0.27
1.1
0.6
1.3 1.36
0.29 0.34
0.91 0.95
0.52
0.16 0.
340.
330.
13
4.2
2.8
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
1943
1947
1951
1955
1959
1963
1967
1971
1975
1979
1983
1987
1991
1995
1999
2003
2007
Year
Avg
. no.
larv
ae/p
lant
Kevin Steffey: Univ of IL
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Seed Treatments
Seed Treatments
– ThiamethoxamCruiser Extreme Pak (0.25 mg/kernel)
Cruiser Extreme Pak CRW (1.25 mg/kernel)
– ClothianidinPoncho 250 (0.25 mg/kernel)
Poncho 1250 (1.25 mg/kernel)
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Insects Controlled
WW WG FB SCM BCW
CRW
Gaucho ++ ++ + ++ - -Prescribe ++ ++ ++ ++ - +Cruiser Ex Pak ++ ++ ++ ++ + -Cruiser EP CRW
++ ++ ++ ++ + ++
Poncho 250 ++ ++ ++ ++ + -Poncho 1250 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++
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Resistance Management
• Resistance likely to play a larger role in pest management in coming years.
• Many of the most commonly used pesticide belong to only two chemical groups, pyrethroids and neonicotinyls.
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Two most common groups
• Pyrethroids– Ambush– Asana– Baythroid– Capture– Danitol– Decis– Mustang Max– Pounce– Proaxis– Renounce– Warrior
• Neonicotinoids– Actara– Admire– Assail– Calypso– Clutch– Cruiser– Gaucho– Platinum– Poncho– Prescribe– Provado– Venom
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Differing susceptibility
to
insecticides in an insect population
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Favored by repeated
applications in a season
Insect with more
generations per year adapt more quickly
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Is Resistance Appearing?
• Corn earworm (aka tomato fruitworm, soybean podworm, cotton bollworm) and pyrethroids?
• Whiteflies – Bemisia tabaci Q biotype found in Kentucky.
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Types of Resistance
• Behavioral resistance
• Penetration resistance
• Metabolic resistance **
• Alter target-site resistance *
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How to Prevent Resistance
• Do not overuse single control tactics
• Mix cultural, biological and chemical tactics
• Use scouting and thresholds
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Insecticide Resistance: Rule 1
• Do not treat successive generations of a pest with chemicals of the same mode of action (use sequences of products)– Do not tank mix products with same
MOA– Know the chemical class / Mode of
action (IRAC codes!!)– Know the life cycle of the pest
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Resistance Management Tactics
• Monitor Pests• Use Economic
Thresholds• Use IPM• Time sprays
correctly• Use label rates• Get proper
coverage
• Alternate chemical classes
• Use refuges to preserve susceptible genes
• Protect beneficial arthropods
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Types of Tools
• Monitoring tools– Pheromone traps– Bait traps
• Predictive– Degree day models and
forecasting
• Decision making tools– Thresholds
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Texas cone trapTexas cone trap
UK-IPM:
http://www.uky.edu/Ag/IPMPrinceton/Counts/2006trapsfp.htm
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UK-IPM Pheromone Baited Traps
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UK-IPM Pheromone Baited Traps
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Abiotic Factors Affecting Insect Growth
• TEMPERATURE– base temperature - minimum
temperature for activity and growth– degree days((max T + min T)/2) - base temperature– biofix– calendar date
• Rainfall, humidity
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Affects of Temperature
The speed of insect development increases as temperature increases until they burn themselves up!
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90
Growth Rate
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Developing a Day Degree Model
BioFix – A place to start the model
Daily Max / Min Temperature Summation above the base temperature
((max T + min T)/2) - base temperature
1 Day Degree is equal to one day, at one degree above the base temperature.
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Economic Thresholds vs Economic Injury level
ET
EIL
Time or Plant Stage etc.
Number Of
Pests-Or-
DamageLevel
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Economic Thresholdsby Plant StageEconomic Thresholdsby Plant Stage
ET
Plant Stages
Defoliation
Seedling
Vegetative
Reproductive
Maturity