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SMBH and super extraterrestrial civilizations(the web version)
Dr Makoto Inoue published a hypothesis last year to discuss how SMBH can be utilized as an
energy source by Type III civilizations of Kardashev classification, if there indeed is one. This
hypothesis of Inoue is his private kick, and an interesting and pioneer one, to try based on
scientific logic to expand the limit of SMBH imagination.
Hypotheses normally draw different faces of responses and feedbacks, some people may feel
interesting, incredible, some say ok and some disagree. But Inoue is not bothered, since after all
the challenges, hypothesis may be declined, yet some be proved and become theories. It is these
repeatedly logical challenges and discussion that push science forward, isn’t it?
Before introducing this hypothesis, let’s have a look first at what Type III civilization is.
【Kardashev classification of advanced civilizations】
Physicists, when they say to search extraterrestrial intelligence, they are not to find“little green
man” or “ET”, but to search Type I, II and III advanced civilizations of Kardashev
classification. But what are these?
Russian astronomer Nikolai Kardashev was the first to propose this index. He classified
extraterrestrial civilizations into three types according to energy that is required and can be
managed to sustain and advance the technology level of the civilization. In 1963 Kardashev
examined quasar CTA-102, the first Soviet effort in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence
(SETI). In this work he came up with the idea of galactic civilizations that may be millions or
billions of years ahead of us; energy released from highly radioactive objects in the universe can
be perfect sources of momentum to sustain these civilizations. In the following year, Kardashev
classification was proposed. Since then, this theory was adopted as theoretic basis by many
science fiction novels, movies and animations, by prophets, and by SETI. Famous pieces include
Stargate, Star trek, Orbitsvilleo, Ringworld, Battlestar Galactica, Star Wars, Men in Black, Dr
Who, New X-Men, Space Battleship Yamato(宇宙戰艦大和號), Legend of the Galactic Heroes
(銀河英雄傳說), Crest of the Stars(星界的紋章), etc.
Type I of Kardashev classification with energy consumption at 4x1019
erg/sec (i.e. 4x1012
watts)
has a technological level that can utilize successfully all energy sources an entire colonial planet
can provide. Taking earth as an example, the civilization must be able to manage energy deep
under the earth and the sea, and be able to control earthquake, typhoons, tornados, and tsunamis.
Type II with energy consumption at 4x1033
erg/sec (4x1026
watts) is a civilization capable of
harnessing all energy radiated by its own star. To achieve this, a Dyson sphere or the similar
surrounding the mother star is built, which is a huge power plant web to collect, transmit and
convert radiated energy. This concept was proposed by Freeman Dyson. Type II has reached to
the level capable of managing roughly a scale of a solar system. According to Physicist Michio
Kaku, Type II is a very stable civilization hardly to be collapsed.
Type III as the most advanced civilization can control energy on a galactic scale, which can
possibly contain thousand of millions of star systems. The energy consumption level is at
4x1044
erg/sec (4x1037
watts), about the scale our milky way is possessed. Type III can adopt
similar technology and system that Type II has to collect radiations from stars in the galactic
system; they may even utilize energy from SMBH that is often found at the center of many
galaxies. Space-time travel is believed to be a common way of commuting within such
civilizations.
There are scholars proposed that civilization on earth of our present one is leveled somewhere
between Type 0 and Type I. By calculation, famous scholar of SETI, Carl Sagan suggested that
earth of 1973 would represent a Type 0.7 civilization in this classification. Michio Kaku
predicted human civilization may upgrade to Type I in coming one or two hundreds of years. But
the transition from Type 0 to Type I is not an easy one, it in fact is highly risky, we can either
make it or ruin it. The reason is, in order to achieve this upgrade, mankind need to be able to
exploit every possible energy resource on earth, but they may not be capable of evacuating the
enormous waste heat and garbage produced from the overuse of resources. This can end up with
an unwanted result turning earth to an unlivable planet. We can only wish science of future able
to overcome these dilemmas. Perhaps we should consider to land mankind to other planets first
before the day comes, or to dump waste heat to outer space in solar system so to make sure the
success of the upgrade.
Although based on mathematic calculation, it is said there should be at least a thousand of Type I
to III Kardashev civilizations, yet none is observed or detected.
【SMBH and super extraterrestrial civilizations】
Inoue’s hypothesis has nothing to do with current earth civilization. It is to discuss how SMBH
can be managed as an energy source by Type III civilizations of Kardashev classification.
There are two key assumptions in Inoue’s hypothesis. That is, Type III of Kardashev scale is
not an “isolated”civilization, but a galactic club formed by many civilization members of a
kind in a galaxy, like what we see in the film Star Trek. The energy source of a galactic club is
the SMBH at the center of the galaxy. Habitants in a galactic club are not necessarily living
nearby the dangerous SMBH to utilize its energy. Alternatively, power grid system can be
developed to collect and to deliver energy to club members. In the power network, there are
power collectors near central SMBH doing energy generation and disposition, mid-way power
plants to transmit energy to different habitat solar systems, and local power stations to convert
and distribute energy to club members. The system could even be remotely controlled by
individual intelligent habitat. But the design of the power network will be different from Dyson
sphere of Type II civilization. The “sphere” has to be broken into “Dyson shells” to keep
some area uncovered to give way to emanating jets and accreting flows around SMBH.
Energy transmitted by Dyson shells and such to the habitat should be accomplished presumably
by electro-magnetic radiation. The transmission efficiency is primarily important and therefore
selection of the wavelength region becomes the key. Take the example of Sgr A*, the SMBH in
our Galactic Center, near infrared is possibly the best efficient wavelength choice. This suggests
when we choose the transmission frequency; some points need to be taken into account,
including the spectral energy distribution of the radiation from the accretion disk, the energy
conversion efficiency of the power plant for the transmission, and the transmission efficiency
through the interstellar medium of the galaxy. Inoue had detailed discussion of various accounts
in his thesis. Energy transmitted by a sharp beam of coherent electro-magnetic waves from
SMBH may provide a new clue for SETI for the detection of energy transmission signals. This
may also help expand their search window for other intelligences in the Universe.
Inoue emphasizes this hypothesis is not rootless imagination like time travel and such. To
propose this hypothesis is to explore possibility and limit of some scientific thinking based on
known science and technology, and so to ground a foundation for further exploration or future
development. The truth is, up to now there are some scientific academic support to the theories
or hypotheses on such energy consumption, collection and transmission of extraterrestrial
civilizations. Then of course we would also like to learn what possible energy sources are out
there in the space to be utilized. Stars and black holes thus become our targets of exploration.
However, if there is indeed an efficient usage of SMBH energy by advanced Type III, we will
need to emphasize more careful discrimination to the radiation beams detected surrounding
SMBH. They can be emanations from jet or accretion flows, but there is also the possibility that
the emissions are from the power grid system. It is expected that many unknowns will be there
awaiting us to seek further. For example, in what form the SMBH energy can be transmitted
from collectors to civilizations, radio, optical, or infrared? And, where would be the proper sites
to place those power plants, in other words, where can be the orbits of the power plants in the
galaxy?
Inoue’s hypothesis is so far a scientific assumption; there is yet no related observation or
research to demonstrate this proposal of energy transmission system. Whether this hypothesis
will become a theory, perhaps science of future will have a say. (Plain draft by Joyce Chen,
Reviewed by Dr Makoto Inoue)
Makoto Inoue and Hiromitsu Yokoo, Type III Dyson Sphere of Highly Advanced Civilisations
around a Super Massive Black Hole, JBIS Vol. 64, pp.58-61, 2011
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