Innovative solutions - - the Bauhaus Luftfahrt viewpoint · Innovative solutions - - the Bauhaus...

Comment voleronsComment volerons--nous en 2050 ? / nous en 2050 ? / FlyingFlying in 2050in 2050Hôtel de rHôtel de réégion Midigion Midi--PyrPyréénnéées es –– 3030--31 May 2012 31 May 2012 -- ToulouseToulouse

Innovative solutions Innovative solutions -- the Bauhaus Luftfahrt the Bauhaus Luftfahrt viewpointviewpoint

Mirko Hornung

Comment volerons-nous en 2050 / Flying in 2050 Conference

Session 3 – Les apports de la construction aéronatuique / The contribution of aircraft manufacturing

Executive Director Research and Technology,Bauhaus Luftfahrt

Hôtel de rHôtel de réégion Midigion Midi--PyrPyréénnéées es –– 3030--31 May 2012 31 May 2012 –– ToulouseToulouse-- Mirko HornungMirko Hornung

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Aviation in 2040+Aviation in 2040+

Visions, Concepts and Chances of Visions, Concepts and Chances of RealisationRealisation

Comment volerons-nous en 2050 / Flying in 2050 ConferenceSession 3 – Les apports de la construction aéronatuique / The contribution of aircraft manufacturing


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Agenda

•• About Bauhaus LuftfahrtAbout Bauhaus Luftfahrt

•• Divers of AviationDivers of Aviation

•• Future Concepts & TechnologiesFuture Concepts & Technologies


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Agenda





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The Bauhaus Luftfahrt Approach

•• founded in 2005 byfounded in 2005 byoo The Bavarian Ministry of Economic The Bavarian Ministry of Economic

Affairs, Infrastructure, Transport Affairs, Infrastructure, Transport and Technologyand Technology

oo EADS (incl. subsidiaries)EADS (incl. subsidiaries)oo Liebherr AerospaceLiebherr Aerospaceoo MTU Aero EnginesMTU Aero Engines

•• IABG (since 2012)IABG (since 2012)

•• A nonA non--profit research profit research institution with longinstitution with long--term term time horizontime horizon

oo Strengthening the cooperation Strengthening the cooperation between industry, science and politicsbetween industry, science and politics

oo developing new approaches for the developing new approaches for the future of aviation with a high level of future of aviation with a high level of technical creativitytechnical creativity

oo optimizing through a holistic approach optimizing through a holistic approach in science, economics, engineering in science, economics, engineering and designand design

Going Going „„New WaysNew Ways““ for the for the mobility of tomorrowmobility of tomorrow

http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Datei:EADS-Logo_2010.png&filetimestamp=20100919211633


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Core competences for future mobility

Knowledge Management

Economics and Transportation

Visionary Air Transport Systems

Future Technologies and

Ecology of Aviation

Core competencies


77


Agenda





88


World Population: Welfare & Urbanization

•• Emergence of Emergence of global middle class global middle class (from 400 million people in 2005 (from 400 million people in 2005 to to over one billion in 2030over one billion in 2030) with a ) with a per capita income between the per capita income between the one of Italy and Brazil.one of Italy and Brazil.

•• over 90 % thereof will live in over 90 % thereof will live in developing and emerging developing and emerging countriescountries

•• The The average age average age will increase will increase significantly significantly –– not only in western not only in western industrial nations.industrial nations.

•• The The urbanizationurbanization process will process will increase the number of increase the number of megacities (>10m inhabitants) to megacities (>10m inhabitants) to 26. This growth occurs mainly in 26. This growth occurs mainly in Asia.Asia.

Megacities and world population

Data source: Worldbank,

0

Populationin bn

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

1993 20302000

Middle class RichPoor

Global income distribution

0

Populationin m

2000 2030

1.200

1.000

800

600

400

200

The global middle class


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Challenges: Climate Change and Ground Capacity

•• Global aviation produces about Global aviation produces about 1.5 1.5 –– 2 percent of global 2 percent of global greenhouse gas emissionsgreenhouse gas emissions, but , but highhigh--altitudealtitude--effects increase the effects increase the total effect (3 total effect (3 –– 7 percent)7 percent)

•• Peak oil Peak oil

increased increased pressure on pressure on kerosene price and availabilitykerosene price and availability..

•• The possibilities for The possibilities for ground ground capacitycapacity to meet the growing to meet the growing demand will increasingly declinedemand will increasingly decline. .

•• Largest absolute and relative Largest absolute and relative capacity bottleneck capacity bottleneck at large at large airports (80airports (80--120 IFR movements 120 IFR movements per hour).per hour).

Projected capacity bottlenecks in Europe

Electricity and heat

41,0%

Industry20,0%

Residential7,0%

Other10,0% Road

17,1%

International Aviation

1,6%Other3,3%

Transport22%

Global CO2 emissions 2008 in %


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Agenda



•• Future Concepts & TechnologiesFuture Concepts & Technologiesoo Alternative Alternative FuelsFuelsoo Electric FlightElectric Flightoo New New ConfigurationsConfigurations


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Ecology as a Driver of New Technologies

Evolutionary technologydevelopment

Mix:• Evolutionary technologies• Revolutionary technologies• New energy carriers• Increasing specialization

Source: ATAG


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Possible Alternative Fuel Options: Categories

Radiation energy

Chemical energy

Radiation energy

Chemical energy

Electrica l energy

Electrica l energyElectrical

energy

Radiation energy

„Drop-in“ fuel (Example: Biofuels)

„Non-drop-in“ fuel (Example: Hydrogen)

Electrical energy carrier

Sunlight

Biomass

Solar reactor

Photovoltaic panel

Fuel cell

Battery

Combustion engine/ state-of-the-art turbofan

Electric engine

CO2

Cx Hy

O2

H2 O

H2

CO

H2 O

H2

O2

Fischer- Tropsch


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Land Requirements for Biofuels

World consumption of petroleum products for 2005

Total Consumption 4200 Mt

Jet Fuel 230 Mt

European agricultural land for 2005 250 Mha

Fraction of agricultural land needed for 100% jet fuel substitution by BTL process (Willow) 20 Mha

Jet fuel consumption per region for 2005 (Mt)

North

Amer

ica

Latin

Amer

ica

Euro

pe

CIS

and

Asia

Ocea

nia0

20

40

60

80

Fraction of agricultural land needed for 100% jet fuel substitution by HVO process (Rapeseed) 60 Mha

24%

8%

Sources: EIA, 2008 FAO, 2010 Janzon, 2010


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Agenda



•• Future Concepts & TechnologiesFuture Concepts & Technologiesoo Alternative Alternative FuelsFuelsoo Electric FlightElectric Flightoo New New ConfigurationsConfigurations


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Components and Key Technologies

•• Exergy concept:Exergy concept:oo Exergy = useful fraction of energyExergy = useful fraction of energyoo Main drivers for power systems: exergy content and power densitMain drivers for power systems: exergy content and power densityyoo Net exergy is determined by the conversion efficiencies of each Net exergy is determined by the conversion efficiencies of each individual power individual power

system.system.


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Electric Flight – Feasibility and Scaling

•• Key Indicators of Energy Key Indicators of Energy Technologies: Technologies: oo Exergy density (determined by Exergy density (determined by

range and MTOW)range and MTOW)oo Power density (determined by Power density (determined by

MTOWMTOW))

•• Progress in battery Progress in battery technology is the key for technology is the key for electric electric flyingflying

•• SpinSpin--in technologies outside in technologies outside the field of aviation offer the field of aviation offer significant innovation significant innovation potential for electric flyingpotential for electric flying

Relative exergy density

Typical short and medium range narrowbody airliner

Light man-carrying electric aircraft

Single-seated fuel cell powered motor glider

Relative power density

Battery

Fuel cell

to enable sufficient range

to enable flight

6150 NM (fix)

300 NM

New materials and electrode structures

Specific Exergy [Wh/kg]

Spec

ific

Pow

er [W

/kg]

101

102 104103

105

104

103

102

10

20% efficiency gain

Pb

NiCd NiMH NaCl

Lithium

HighEnergy

HighPower


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Hybrid Electric Power System Architectures


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Agenda



•• Future Concepts & TechnologiesFuture Concepts & Technologiesoo Alternative Alternative FuelsFuelsoo Electric FlightElectric Flightoo New ConfigurationsNew Configurations


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Innovative Configurations – Morphing

•• Active Active PolyPoly--morphingmorphingoo Improved vehicular efficiencyImproved vehicular efficiencyoo Extended range and/or loiterExtended range and/or loiteroo Expanded flight envelopeExpanded flight envelopeoo Enhanced primary and Enhanced primary and

secondary flight controlsecondary flight control

•• Variable Camber ProfilesVariable Camber Profilesoo Reduced fuel burn and Reduced fuel burn and

external noiseexternal noiseoo Enhanced highEnhanced high--lift lift

performanceperformance

•• MultiMulti--functionalityfunctionalityoo Reduced weight & billReduced weight & bill--ofof--

material costmaterial costoo Maneuver Load ControlManeuver Load Controloo Gust Load AlleviationGust Load Alleviation

Adaptive Wing

Empennage Morphing

Additional Body Flaps

Adapt. Wing-Fuse Fairing

Seamless HL/VC Devices

Adaptive Tail Cone

Adaptive Fuselage

Adaptive Propulsion

Adjustable Landing Gear


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Hybrid Power Systems

•• Different types of power Different types of power transmission are possibletransmission are possible

•• Electric power transmission Electric power transmission opens up a variety of opens up a variety of possible aircraft possible aircraft architectures using electric architectures using electric componentscomponents

MechanicTransmission

PneumaticTransmission

Electric Transmission

© BHL (Yearbook 2011)

•• Hybrid Electric ArchitecturesHybrid Electric Architectures


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The Propulsive Fuselage Concept

•• Motivation: Ingestion of the Motivation: Ingestion of the complete fuselage boundary layercomplete fuselage boundary layer

•• 21 % of total drag21 % of total drag (up to 35 % for laminar lifting (up to 35 % for laminar lifting surfaces)surfaces)

•• Possible Power Saving of 5 Possible Power Saving of 5 –– 10 %10 %

Low specific thrust realizableLow specific thrust realizable

Linear electromag. drive & bearingLinear electromag. drive & bearing

•• Selected as upper bound for BLI Selected as upper bound for BLI efficiency potentialefficiency potential

•• No circumferential fan distortionNo circumferential fan distortion•• High ratio of ingested drag to High ratio of ingested drag to

thrustthrust•• Keep drawbacks in mindKeep drawbacks in mind•• Propulsor redundancyPropulsor redundancy•• Aircraft rotation Aircraft rotation ……© BHL

© BHL


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Future Radiation Shielding Nanocomposites

•• Application Application potential of potential of nanomaterials for shielding nanomaterials for shielding cosmic radiation in aviationcosmic radiation in aviation

•• RelevanceRelevanceoo Future trends in growing Future trends in growing

polar route frequencies and polar route frequencies and cruising altitudescruising altitudes

oo Polar routes Polar routes

Average annual RPK growth rate Average annual RPK growth rate within 10 years 37% within 10 years 37%

Economic bonding between Asia Economic bonding between Asia and USA and USA

•• ConsequenceConsequenceoo Increasing level of radiation Increasing level of radiation

exposure exposure

Radiation hazard to Radiation hazard to aircrew/frequent flyersaircrew/frequent flyers

Risk for avionics failuresRisk for avionics failures

Economical penaltiesEconomical penalties

„„Nowcast of Atmosperic Ionizing Nowcast of Atmosperic Ionizing Radiation for Aviation SafetyRadiation for Aviation Safety““ (NAIRAS) model (cf. figure) (NAIRAS) model (cf. figure) under under development at NASAdevelopment at NASA

Provide Provide guideline for airline route guideline for airline route planningplanning

Assess cost and risk of polar routesAssess cost and risk of polar routes

[Altitude/latitude dependence of cosmic radiation dose rates before and during a solar storm, Mertens et al., Space Weather

(2010)]


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Claire-Liner: Vision for Mass Transportation

•• Investigation of an alternative Investigation of an alternative configuration for shortconfiguration for short--toto--medium medium haul operations in Asiahaul operations in Asia

•• Propulsion Attributes:Propulsion Attributes:oo UltraUltra--high Byhigh By--pass Ratios (up to pass Ratios (up to

20.0)20.0)oo Intercooled and recuperative core Intercooled and recuperative core

cyclecycleoo Technical Risks Technical Risks

Transmission & Transmission & Heat managementHeat management

•• WingWing--body Attributes:body Attributes:oo Reduction in lift dependent dragReduction in lift dependent dragoo Lower structural specific weightLower structural specific weightoo Smaller sizing for given mission Smaller sizing for given mission

roleroleoo Technical Risks:Landing gear Technical Risks:Landing gear

integration, stability & controintegration, stability & contro


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Contact

•• Prof. Dr. Mirko HornungProf. Dr. Mirko Hornung Director Science & TechnologyDirector Science & Technology Bauhaus Luftfahrt e.V.Bauhaus Luftfahrt e.V. LyonelLyonel--FeiningerFeininger--StraStraßße 28e 28 80807 Munich80807 Munich GermanyGermany

•• Tel.: +49 (0) 89 3 07 48 49 Tel.: +49 (0) 89 3 07 48 49 -- 00 Fax: +49 (0) 89 3 07 48 49 Fax: +49 (0) 89 3 07 48 49 –– 2020 [email protected]@bauhaus-- luftfahrt.netluftfahrt.net

•• http://www.bauhaushttp://www.bauhaus--luftfahrt.netluftfahrt.net

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