Innovation - ZEISS · Innovation 8, Carl Zeiss, 2000 3 Impressum Innovation The Magazine from Carl...

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8 Innovation The Magazine from Carl Zeiss Porsche and Zeiss – A Winning Team Online Diagnosis – Certainty Within Minutes The Beauty of Black-and-White Photography What’s New, Mr. Galileo? ISSN 1431-8059

Transcript of Innovation - ZEISS · Innovation 8, Carl Zeiss, 2000 3 Impressum Innovation The Magazine from Carl...

8InnovationT h e M a g a z i n e f r o m C a r l Z e i s s

■ Porsche and Zeiss – A Winning Team

■ Online Diagnosis – Certainty Within Minutes

■ The Beauty of Black-and-White Photography

What’s New, Mr. Galileo?

ISSN 1431-8059

Optical technologies already found their way into people’severyday lives thousands of years ago: mirrors areknown to have been used in pre-Christian times. Opticalinstruments have made a decisive contribution to ourunderstanding of the world. About 400 years ago, forinstance, Galileo Galilei used a lens telescope for his obser-vations of the sky, and in 1683 Antony van Leeuwenhoekdiscovered bacteria with the aid of a simple microscope.

Today, optical techniques and methods are influencingour lives in a way that no one would have thought possibleeven a few decades ago. Paradoxically, this influence oftenremains "invisible”, as the use of optical technologies isnow frequently taken for granted in many areas. The opticalsystems used in photocopiers and infrared remote controldevices are two prime examples.

The importance of light in our everyday lives will con-tinue to increase in the years ahead. Glass fiber networkswill support novel forms of information and communica-tion technology, and an increasing number of minimallyinvasive techniques will make inroads into the field of me-dical therapy. Harnessing light in all its many properties –from its generationand delivery to itsspatial and temporalforming – will be ofcrucial importance forthe technologies of the century that has just begun. Evennow, in the year 2000, the 21st century is already beingtermed as the "century of light”. However, numerousquestions still have to be answered on the subject of light.

One example is the reliable and efficient generation oflaser radiation with emission wavelengths in the red(630 nm), green (540 nm) and blue (450 nm) regions of thespectrum for digital projection and photographic tech-nology. Although the first laser was created more than40 years ago, the solutions implemented to date aregenerally inefficient and extremely complex, making themunsuitable for reliable long-term operation. After fourdecades of laser research, however, surprising implemen-tations of the laser concept are still emerging. For example,new approaches on the basis of frequency-convertedultrashort pulse lasers or what are known as up-conversionlasers display the potential to meet the future requirementsof users.

Optical Technologiesof the 21st CenturyAndreas Tünnermann

Innovation 8, Carl Zeiss, 20002

A further focus of development work is centered onmaterials with new optical properties, with the aim ofcontrolling the propagation of light and its interaction withthe material.

One example of this is glass optical fibers which todayhave already revolutionized communications by permittingthe propagation of light over tens of thousands of kilo-meters and are nevertheless a subject of research.

The implementation of artificial optical material pro-perties would now also appear to be feasible. Potential newapplications result from the knowledge that photons canbehave in special materials – so-called photonic crystals –in the same way as electrons in crystal lattices.The production of such photonic crystals which occur asone-, two- or three-dimensional geometries is extremelycomplicated and requires the use of such advanced tech-nologies as those utilized in semiconductor electronics.Both in the form of miniaturized versions of known opticalelements and by the implementation of totally newfunctions, such components will revolutionize opticaltechnologies in the next few years.

Optical technologies have reached a similar technologicaland economic threshold to that experienced by conven-tional electronics in the mid-1960s when the step was madefrom discrete components toward microchips. The platformfor this is provided by optical systems technology in whichconventional optical functional units are integrated to formone system with overlapping or complete functionality, withfunctions currently implemented by volume optics beingreplaced by planar optics. The ability to master this systemstechnology will have far-reaching consequences for vir-tually all areas of modern national economies and can onlybe achieved by the interdisciplinary collaboration of a widevariety of specialist disciplines. The German agenda “OpticalTechnologies for the 21st Century” has brought togetherrepresentatives from the fields of industry and science in thecentury of the photon. Their common interest lies in theformulation of a strategy to tap the economic potential ofoptics and laser technology.

Prof. Dr. AndreasTünnermann is Directorof the Institute of AlliedPhysics of the FriedrichSchiller University in Jena,Max-Wien-Platz 1,07743 Jena, Germany.

“Optics –the Science of Light”

Photo:As a representative ofindustry, Carl Zeiss is amember of the steeringcommittee of the GermanAgenda “Optical Technolo-gies for the 21st Century”.One example of the com-pany’s leading role in thisfield is the optical systems –consisting of highly com-plex objective lenses inaddition to spectral andpolarizing filters – whichthe European Space Agency(ESA) is using to test opticalsatellite communication.

Foreword

Innovation 8, Carl Zeiss, 2000 3

Impressum

InnovationThe Magazine from Carl ZeissNo. 8, June 2000

“Innovation” appears in German and English twice a year. It wasformerly called “Zeiss Information with Jena Review” (1992 to 1996),previously "Zeiss Information" (1953 to 1991) and “Jena Review”(1956 to 1991).The issues of the magazine will be serially numbered,regardless of the year in question, beginning with No. 1/1996.

Publishers: Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, and Carl Zeiss Jena GmbH,Corporate Communications, Hans-Hinrich Dölle. Editors: Gudrun Vogel (editor-in-charge), Carl Zeiss Jena GmbH,D-07740 Jena, Phone: (+3641) 642770, Telefax (+3641) 642941,e-mail: [email protected] and Dr. Hansjoachim Hinkelmann,Carl Zeiss, D-73446 Oberkochen, Phone: (+7364) 203408,Telefax (+7364) 203370, e-mail: [email protected], Germany.Internet: http//www.zeiss.de

Layout: Marketingkommunikation Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen.Layout: MSW Aalen, Germany.Setting: Fotosatz Hermann, Schlat/Göpp., Germany.Printed in Germany by C.Maurer, Druck und Verlag, D-73312 Geislingen a.d. Steige.

ISSN 1431-8059© 2000, Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, and Carl Zeiss Jena GmbH, Jena.

Permission for the reproduction of individual articles and illustrationsfrom “Innovation” – with due reference to the source – will gladly begranted after prior consultation with the editors.

If readers have any inquiries about how the magazine can be obtainedor if they wish to change their address (the customer number should beindicated, if applicable), we would kindly ask them to contact the editor.

Picture sources: Unless otherwise specified, all photographs werecontributed by the authors or originate in the archives of Carl Zeiss.

Authors: If no information is given to the contrary, the authors of thearticles are employees of Carl Zeiss and can be contacted via the editor.

Foreword

Optical Technologies of the 21st Century 2Andreas Tünnermann

Contents, Publisher’s Imprint 3

From Users for Users

Porsche and Zeiss –A Winning Team 4Uwe-A. Müller

Online Diagnosis – Certainty Within Minutes 6Technology for Racing Images in Real Time 9

Products in Practice

What’s New, Mr. Galileo? 11

“Mission Impossible“ – XMM-Newton Proves the Opposite 12Wilhelm Egle

Masks for Perfect Chips 15Axel Zibold

Cockpit for the Neurosurgeon 16Frank Rudolph

Insights Into Life 18Ronald Wendenburg, Sebastian Tille

Focus on Vision

The Beauty of Black-and-White Photography 20Lee Johnson

Coating on Prescription 26Markus Kuhr, Matthias Schiller

Service ContinuesAfter Closing Time 28

Cover photo:The XMM X-ray satellite ofthe European Space Agency(ESA) was launched onDecember 10, 1999. The tipof the ARIANE 5 carrierrocket bore the XMMmission logo, consisting of14 award-winning picturesfrom a drawing competi-tion. Carl Zeiss participatedin the implementation ofthe mirror optics for theXMM satellite.Please also see articles:What’s New, Mr. Galileo?,page 11, and ”MissionImpossible”-XMM-NewtonProves the Opposite,pages 12 to 14.(Photos: ESA).

Outside back cover:The ceiling design of the40 m-high crossing towerin Canterbury Cathedral.High-resolution cameralenses from Carl Zeisscapture every detail withmaximum brilliance anddefinition.Photo: Lee Johnson, usinga 100 mm Makro-Planar®f/2.8 lens.Please also see article :The Beauty of Black andWhite Photography,pages 20 to 25.

Foreword

Around the Globe

News from Italy 29

Brussels to Feel, Hear and Taste 30Hugo Francq

New Landmark in New York 32Volkmar Schorcht

Prizes • Awards

Carl Zeiss Research Award 36Carl Zeiss Lecture 37Award of Excellence 37Fraunhofer Award 38Zeiss on the Dot Every Time 38

Orders • Cooperation Ventures

Measuring Technology for Renault39Highly Recommended 39Brilliant Images for Professionals 39

In Short

New Metrology RoomGets Starting Signal 40Market Approval Granted 40Everything You Need for Precise Measurement 40Product Report

Light Microscopy, Microelectronic Systems,Surgical Products 41Spectral Sensor Systems, OptronicSystems, Camera Lenses 42Binoculars, Riflescopes,Ophthalmic Products 43

All over the world, the name Porscheis a byword for leading-edge accuracyand stylish, sporty design. Porsche’smodern Research and DevelopmentCenter in Weissach near Stuttgart ismaking sure that this will continue tobe the case in the future, also thanksto coordinate measuring machinesfrom Carl Zeiss.

In the car industry, design has becomea decisive competitive factor next totechnical innovation and state-of-the-art manufacturing quality. This appliesin particular to Porsche whose verycharacteristic styling is inextricably lin-ked with its brand image. Porschestyling has become an award-winning,international hallmark of quality – alsobeyond the car industry.

An articulating milling head is used to produce the clay models. It cuts thenew car shape from the soft modelingmaterial with high accuracy and speedon the basis of the designer data.Models approved by the decision-ma-king committees are then measured indetail to generate CAD data for thedesign department, prototype produc-tion and, later, high-volume produc-tion. This all happens on one and thesame Zeiss 3D measuring machine, inthis case equipped with the non-contacting OTM optical probe. A largevariety of surface shapes has to becaptured. The vast majority are free-form surfaces, in other words, surfacesof any shape which cannot be des-cribed by simple, standard geometries.This requires very experienced staffand the very special software suppliedby Carl Zeiss in the form of HOLOS.

From designto production

The overall process from design toproduction is by no means a straight-forward one. What is now known as“simultaneous engineering” circum-scribes the fact that closed-loop datafeedback is performed at an earlystage to make early allowance for alarge number of modifications andimprovements. This means that thechanged features have to be milled,modeled and measured again, withthe digital operational data beingtransferred to the CAD design depart-ment.

Measuring machines are thereforenot only used once in the process

chain, but moreor less constantly.Growing flexibilityand shorter andshorter cycle timesfor some modelsresult in an increasingdemand for meas-uring capacity andhighly skilled opera-tors. As long ago as

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It all startswith the model

The first stage of turning designers'creative ideas into actual models is theproduction of a 1:1 scale car model.This is done quickly, reliably and fle-xibly using 3D coordinate measuringmachines (CMM) from Carl Zeiss. TheSMM horizontal-arm CMMs feature avery large measuring volume that ea-sily accommodates entire vehicles orcar-bodies. Horizontal arms projectfrom the two columns on either side ofthe measuring field. These can beequipped with different measuring ormachining heads.

Uwe-A. Müller is Headof Carbody QualityManagement and isresponsible for 3Dmetrology in the Researchand Development Centerof Dr. Ing.h.c. F. PorscheAG in Weissach nearStuttgart, Germany.

Porsche and Zeiss – a Winning TeamUwe-A. Müller

Innovation 8, Carl Zeiss, 2000

Fig. 1:Porsche’s ultramodernResearch and DevelopmentCenter in Weissach nearStuttgart. The backgroundshows the test site.

Photos on page 4:Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche AG.

From Users for UsersIndustrial Metrology

1986, Porsche purchased its firstmeasuring machine especially for thedesign area. This was later replaced.by a modern Carl Zeiss SMM with afootprint of 24 m2. In 1998, anotherSMM with a footprint of 36 m2 wasadded, and in the coming year a thirdlarge measuring system from Zeiss willprovide further support in this area.

Every carbodyis exclusive

In the Porsche Research and De-velopment Center in Weissach, thecoordinate measuring machinesdescribed are additionally used forquality assurance on finished car-bodies. As a result of the extremelyexacting quality standards, eachindividual carbody must be inspectedto verify, for example, the dimensionalintegrity of function-related featuresin order to ensure the correct locationof fitted components. The coordinatesof many hundreds of bores and

openings are verified at high speedand with extreme accuracy using theDSE articulating probe holder on theZeiss SMM measuring machines. Thisextremely versatile probe can reacheven poorly accessible areas in thecarbody, and the specially designedUMESS software processes the cap-tured information.

Innovation 8, Carl Zeiss, 2000 5

Fig. 2:Thanks to the large test-piece space, completevehicles can be placed onthe SMM horizontal-armCMMs. The measuring ormachining heads on theirhorizontal arms reach evenpoorly accessible partsfor high-precisionmeasurement or processing.

Figs 3a and 3b:A variety of differentmeasuring and machiningheads makes Zeiss coor-dinate measuring machinesincredibly flexible forversatile applications.3a: The articulating millinghead turns designer datainto actual, highly accurateclay models in next to notime.3b: Non-contact measure-ment using the OTM lasertriangulation probe.

Poised for the future

As innovative a company as Porschenever loses sight of the future.Ongoing expansion of the Researchand Development Center in Weissachand constant upgrading of its machi-nery testify to the company’s deter-mination to always remain at thecutting edge of technology. Modelthroughput times, in other words thetime in which a car model is measuredon the CMM, will have to becomeshorter and shorter in the future. Inthis field, the recently launchedAutoScan laser scanner from CarlZeiss represents another major leapforward in quality. A specific wishvoiced by Porsche is that the existingSMM horizontal-arm CMMs should beretrofitted with this new technologyin the near future without anymajor complications. Optical and evenphotogrammetric methods will alsobe used in the future to enhance thepotential for high-speed generation ofa growing quantity of data.

Figs 4a and b:The fascinating shapes ofmodern design consistmainly of free-form sur-faces. These are surfaceswhich cannot be describedby standard, simplegeometries. The HOLOSmeasuring program wasspecifically designed forthe measurementof these surfaces.

3a 3b

Innovation 8, Carl Zeiss, 2000

We all expect optimum medical carewhen we need it. This is particularlytrue when our lives are at risk or thequality of our lives is jeopardized.However, the necessary conditions areoften not available directly where welive or at the nearest hospital. Whena tumor has been diagnosed, thequestion whether it is benign or notcan often only be answered during orafter an operation. Therefore, it isnecessary to obtain the advice of anexpert while the patient is stillanaesthetized to enable a decision tobe made about the further course ofaction. However, a pathologist is notpresent on site to examine the tissue,e. g. in remote areas of Alaska, thesparsely populated Scandinaviancountries, in localities with naturalobstacles such as high mountains, oreven in large cities. Moderncommunication technologies andremote-controlled microscopes makethe specialists' competence available

for the patient over long distances andat any time.

Network consultation

Today, the data network connectinginstitutes, diagnostic centers, hospitalsand doctor's offices via state-of-the-art “data highways” and wide-bandtelephone cables make teleworkpossible, also in microscopy. The fastexchange of data and micrographsmakes it possible to bring experts

Diagnosishalf an hour earlier

The experience gained by the Elimhospital in Hamburg with tele-pathology has been very good. Forfrozen section diagnosis, the hospitalcooperates with the PathologyLaboratory of the office-based patho-logists Prof. Niendorf and Prof. Hampewhich is about 10 minutes’ drive awayfrom the hospital. Until now it tookapproximately 40 minutes – not count-

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From Users for Users

together to increase the reliability ofdiagnosis. Cases of scientific interestcan be discussed with other colleaguesdirectly at the microscope. Thenetwork extends the “optical dis-cussion bridge” from one institute toanother. The highest demands onquality and availability are currentlybeing made on telemicroscopy in whatis known as online telepathology.

Figs 1 and 2:A digital, low-magnificationmicroscope image of thedissected tissue section istransferred online from thelaboratory to the patho-logist's monitor.

Microscopy and Telecommunications

Online Diagnosis –CertaintyWithin Minutes

ing traffic jams – until the results wereavailable in the gynecology de-partment after the tissue collection –too long for Dr. H. K. Pauli, formersenior physician of the obstetrics andgynecology department. “Thanks totelepathology we have succeeded inminimizing this time period. Now weneed about 10–15 minutes until thefrozen section result is available, i. e.we have achieved a status which isidentical to that of the best institutesin our country. A microscope fromCarl Zeiss automatically produces arazor-sharp image of the tissue on themonitor. The same image is transferredto a monitor in the Pathology Institutevia ISDN cable. Using his “virtualmicroscope”, the pathologist candisplay sections, set high and lowmagnifications, assess images andexplain them to the surgeon in theoperating room on the phone at thesame time. This technique is highlybeneficial and its quality is impressive.For us, telepathology has the followingbenefits: The examination result is

available so soon as if the pathologistwere present on site. Patientanesthesia times have been reducedto the absolute minimum. Thesurgeons involved receive very detailedinformation about the tissue and makeuse of this knowledge during theoperation. The costs and all theimponderables of tissue transport canbe omitted.”

From Friesach toSalzburg and back

The “Deutsch-Ordens-Spital” in Fries-ach is the first hospital in Austria toutilize the possibilities provided bytelepathology. This means that thetransport of tissue samples by car fromFriesach to the pathology departmentof the Municipal Hospital in Klagenfurtrequired until now has becomeunnecessary. The medical managerand senior surgeon of the hospital inFriesach, Primarius Dr. Georg Lexer,highly appreciates the benefit of thenew technique:“Telepathology is a

further giant leap towards improvedpatient orientation. Normally, regionalhospitals do not run their ownpathology department, but have tissuesamples taken to a distant centralhospital and assessed there. Up to50 minutes pass from the taking of thetissue sample to the availability of thefindings. In most cases, the patientmust bridge the waiting time underanesthesia.” Now, the tissue findingsbecome available in Friesach withinonly a few minutes, and the surgeoncan determine the further course of

Innovation 8, Carl Zeiss, 2000 7

Fig. 4:H.K. Pauli, former seniorphysician at the obstetricsand gynecology departmentof the Elim hospital inHamburg, and colleaguesat the telemicroscopyworkstation.(Photo: “Bild” newspaper,Beutner).

Fig. 3:The Axiopath systemoffers a simple and clearuser interface.

Mikroskopie und Telekommunikation

Von Anwendern für Anwender

Innovation 8, Carl Zeiss, 2000

action right away. At present, the newsystem connects the Ordens-SpitalFriesach to the histology and cytologylaboratory in Salzburg. As a patho-logist, Dr. Adolf Rickard Wegerhighly values this modern technology:“I can view the images and operatethe microscope, change magni-fications and determine which tissuesection is important for the diagnosiswhile sitting in my office in Salzburg.”Dr. Weger considers the possibility ofconsulting another colleague indoubtful cases a further major benefitof the new technology. “It is alwaysbeneficial to obtain a second opinion,since this minimizes the risk ofmistakes.” Until now, this had to bedone by mail, i. e. several days passeduntil arrival of the answer. Tele-pathology now makes it possible toconsult another expert within only afew minutes, no matter whether he isin Stockholm or in New York”.

Far-sightedtechnology

Telepathology paves new ways for theuse of a microscope in research and inthe hospital. This new technologyrequires high-performance micro-scopes such as the Axioplan® 2imaging, and it must be possible tocontrol all functions of thesemicroscopes via a computer. Inaddition to viewing of the objectsthrough the eyepieces, images can be

The microscope which – dependingon the configuration – can be ope-rated manually or fully motorized,the 3-CCD camera providing RGBimage quality, specially developedsoftware and convenient imagearchiving are combined into a flexiblesystem tailored to meet the specialrequirements of pathologists andhospitals.

The modular Axiopath telemicro-scopy system has made telepathologyfast, efficient and convenient.

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acquired using an analog videocamera or with a digital camera. Ifthe computer itself is remote-controlled via the network (Client-Server principle), the microscopecan also be remote-controlled at anytime.

Depending on the requirements,various media are available forinformation transfer. The occasionaltransfer of histological and cytologicalimages and accompanying texts iseasy to perform via the Internet. Thisis also the ideal medium for scientific

discussion forums where ideas can beexchanged. Today, telepathology,where huge data amounts aretransferred, still requires reliable onlineimage transfer such as that providedby the global network.

Figs 6 and 7:Telepathology system fromCarl Zeiss in the Deutsch-Ordens-Spital, Friesach.Fig. 6: (from left) RichardKernbeiss, Carl Zeiss Vienna,Dr. Georg Lexer, SpitalFriesach, Dr. Adolf R. Weger,Pathology Laboratory inSalzburg, and Ingrid Lexer(medical assistant), Friesach.(Photos 6 and 7: E. Martins,Klagenfurt).

Fig. 5:The Deutsch-Ordens-Spitalin Friesach, Kärnten, whichis the first hospital in Austriain which telepathologypossibilities are available.(Photo: Fuss advertisingagency, Klagenfurt/Austria).

Miniaturization is one of the magicwords of our times. Not only chipswith millions of storage and processorelements are becoming smaller andsmaller and more densely packed ata breathtaking speed. Mechanicalsystems with their own dynamics arealso increasingly being reducedto microdimensions. With suchMEMS (MicroElectroMechanical sys-tems), high-precision manufacturingalone is an extreme technologicalchallenge. Furthermore, there remainsthe major question as to theirfunctional behavior under realisticconditions of use, something whichhas remained in the dark until now.

The procedure of minute ink dropsbeing sprayed on paper by the tinyprint heads of inkjet printers is well-known. However, many details of theprocedure can only be guessed at evenby experts, although it is precisely theirknowledge which could result in animprovement of the overall system.

The same applies to microswitcheswhich play a major part in relays. In themacro range, we are familiar withswitches of all shapes and types.However, problems cannot be ruledout in an attempt to make theseswitches smaller and smaller, sincematerial, shape and special solutionsare often unsuitable for micro-dimensioning.

More details about these systemsmust be gradually obtained throughexperiments, in the same way asfor many other microsystems. Forthis purpose, a prototype is builtfirst, and a theoretical model ofits expected behavior created.This enables its actual dynamicsto be observed and permitsimprovements for a marketableproduct to be derived fromcomparisons with the model. Such anexamination requires a powerfulviewing and measuring instrumentwhich can visualize minute structuresand, at the same time, resolve veryfast dynamic procedures.

Tiny and fast aslightning

The department for measuring,control and microtechnology atUlm University, Germany, hasdeveloped such a high-performanceobservation system which has alreadybeen used with great success. Thecenterpiece of this special con-figuration is an Axioplan® 2 researchmicroscope. The flexibility of thesystem, its high quality andmagnifications of up to 1000x makethis instrument ideal for the task. Sincethe dimensions involved with thesamples to be examined lie in the

range of 10 µm or even below,relatively high magnifications mustoften be used even in routine work.

In Ulm, a high-speed camera fromDRS Hadland Ltd. has been connectedto the optical port of the microscope

which is normally used for TV or stillcameras. In cooperation with the Ulmresearchers, this camera wasconsiderably modified by theBritish specialized manufacturer toallow the recording of sequencesdisplaying an extremely high timeresolution. The image, which istransferred from the microscope tothe camera, is separated intoeight identical images. These 8channels are then activated oneafter another at extremely shortintervals, and therefore supply imagesequences with a currently unpa-ralleled time resolution of 10 nano-seconds (10-8 s).

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Fig. 1:Image sequence of a turbinewheel rotating in an aircurrent. Image intervals:15 µs, recording time500 ns, diameter of theturbine: 350 µm.

Fig. 2:High-performance obser-vation system for real-timecinematography on anAxioplan® 2 researchmicroscope from Carl Zeiss.

Fig. 3:Image sequence of dropsof an inkjet. Image inter-vals: 20 µs, recording time:1 µs, distance between printhead and paper: 500 µm.

Technology forRacing Images in Real Time

Innovation 8, Carl Zeiss, 2000

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From Users for UsersMicroscopy – Microsystems Technology

Innovation 8, Carl Zeiss, 2000

cinematography for the microscopicobservation of the dynamic behaviorof many interesting microsystems. Thebehavior in realistic conditions of useis compared to model imaginationsand calculations. This results in insightsinto how the parameters of suchmicroelements can be optimized.

In the case of the inkjet printer,what is required is the details of theprocedure providing the color drops.Furthermore, the drop formation andparticularly the shape of the dropsand their release is of major im-

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The high-intensity light source hasalso been adapted to the special tasksof the microscope. By the appropriatemodification of a xenon flashlight,sufficient energy is provided toilluminate the exposures successfullyeven at the required high magni-fications and with the extremely shortexposure times.

Extreme experiments

The team at Ulm University utilizes thishigh-performance system for real-time

rigger

trigger

PC

12,5 kV

trigger

flash lamp

current supply

digital data

electrical pulses

object

fibre plateimage

light source

microscope

ICCD-sensor

high speed cameraImacon 468

delaygenerator

pulsegenerator

Fig 5 :Diagram of theobservation system.

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Fig. 4:Image sequence of theswitching procedure of amicrorelay. Image intervals:40 µs, recording time:1 µs, distance of contactswith switch opened: 50 µm.(Micrographs:Ulm University, Germany).

From Users for UsersMicroscopy – Microsystems Technology

portance for fast and clean printing.Just imagine how fast the print headmoves over the paper, and you willunderstand how short the timesinvolved in this procedure must be.

During a further observation series,a tiny turbine wheel rotates in an aircurrent with about 200,000 rotationsper minute. This allows the problemsand special phenomena occurring inthe microrange and with the use of therespective materials to be clearlyobserved. In this specific case, themicroscope's depth of focus wasso good that even 3-dimensional“tumbling” of the wheel has beenrecognized. These observations havebeen followed by detailed evaluationsaimed at improving the microsystem.

The same applies to a microrelay,where the vibration behavior of thecontact has been observed. Here,material parameters have a majorinfluence, so that concrete data aboutoptimum materials for the specialfunctional elements can be derived.Similar experience has been made withmicroswitch components for opticalfibers.

Prizes have already been awardedfor the development and testing ofnew techniques for model identificati-on and high-speed cinematographyfor the fast and reliable quality inspec-tion of microsystems. Professor Dr.Eberhardt P. Hofer, manager of the de-partment for measuring, control andmicrotechnology at Ulm university,Germany, and his colleague, Dr.Christian Rembe, received the 1999Baden-Württemberg research awardfor applied research in recognition oftheir work. Claus Maier, Stefan aus derWiesche and Hermann Brugger are al-so members of this team.

What's New, Mr. Galileo?

During the preparations for the XMMlaunch, the European Space Agency(ESA) advertised two competitions inits 14 member states: “Draw me atelescope” for 8- to 12-year-olds and“What's new, Mr. Galileo?” for pupilsaged between 13 and 15. The enthu-siastic participation of schools testifiedto the resounding success of thecompetition which was intended toarouse young people's interest inspace.

In the drawing competition,children were encouraged to developtheir own ideas on the subject of atelescope. The 14 winning entrieswere included in the XMM missionlogo and traveled into space on theARIANE 5 fairing.

The second competition challengedschool classes to describe their visionof astronomy and its benefits formankind in English – the languageof ESA. The essays express youngpeople's conviction that internationalcooperation in the field of space travelcan make a major contribution tothe understanding between nationsand lead to a more peaceful life onearth. Questions, however, were alsoraised concerning vacations on the

moon, the discovery of civilization inouter space and the possibility of livingon distant planets – questions to whichanswers will perhaps be found by thisgeneration. The winning essays can beread under http://sci.esa.int/xmm/competition/winners/essays/d. Oneschool class from each member statewere selected as winners and invitedto Kourou to visit the Guiana SpaceCenter and to witness the final XMMlaunch preparations on site.

Photo:Winners of the ESA drawingcompetition in front ofthe XMM mission logofeaturing the selecteddrawings.(Photo: ESA).

A third competition named “Star-gazing” was initiated for youngpeople aged between 16 and 18 onthe occasion of the first XMM imagetransmission. Assisted by XMMscientists, the participants have theopportunity to submit suggestedobservations, the best four of whichwill be selected and implementedby the XMM team.

Innovation 8, Carl Zeiss, 2000 11

Products in Practice

Innovation 8, Carl Zeiss, 2000

The XMM X-ray satellite of theEuropean Space Agency ESA waslaunched on December 10, 1999 fromthe European space center in Kourou(French Guyana) on board an ARIANE5 carrier rocket and successfully placedin its planned orbit around the earth.Since the beginning of 2000, theXMM X-ray telescope has beensupplying sensational images andspectra of hitherto unexplored, distantcosmic X-ray sources, e.g. quasars,neutron stars, active galaxies andsuch enigmatic objects as black holes.

Thanks to its extensive experience inthe development, manufacture andtesting of leading-edge X-ray optics,e.g. for the ASTRO 8, ASTRO 4/2 andROSAT projects, Carl Zeiss was ableto make a major contribution to theimplementation of the mirror opticsfor the XMM (X-ray Multi Mirror)telescope.

Ultra-light, ultra-smooth, ultra-precise

The opto-mechanical design of thethree XMM mirror modules differsfundamentally from that of theGerman ROSAT X-ray satellite forwhich Carl Zeiss supplied thetelescope more than 10 years ago.

Whereas the ROSAT mirror systemused only a few – to be precise: four –thick-walled, concentrically arranged

Zerodur® mirror shells with diametersfrom 500 to 800 mm to achieve maxi-mum spatial resolution (<3 arc sec),the XMM design required maximumcollecting power via a large number ofextremely thin-walled mirror shellswith diameters ranging from 306 mmto 700 mm and packed as densely

as possible in a concentric con-figuration. The spatial resolution of acomplete XMM mirror module com-prising 58 integrated mirror shellswas specified at better than 30 arc secfor X-ray photons in an energy rangefrom 0.2 to 8.0 keV.

In addition, the total weight ofthe individual XMM mirror module(3 mirror modules together form thecenterpiece of the XMM telescope)was specified at a maximum of220 kg at the outset of the develop-ment work to permit the satellite to belaunched into its highly eccentric48-hour orbit on board the ARIANE 4spacecraft.

In view of the stringentrequirements made

on the XMM mirroroptics (Table 1) andthe uncertainty asto whether and

through what

technology they could be met, ESA’sscientists and project engineers nick-named the XMM project “Mission Im-possible”. Nevertheless, the XMM mis-sion has gotten off the ground and ispromising to become a great success –with a not insignificant contributionfrom Carl Zeiss.

Specified properties –apparentlyunachievablein their entirety

In summer 1986, Carl Zeiss started aninitial feasibility study on the fabri-cation of thin-walled light-weightmirror shells and complete mirrormodules for the XMM telescope,which was commissioned by ESA andconducted in close cooperation withthe Max Planck Institute ofExtraterrestrial Physics in Garching(Prof. J. Trümper, Dr. B. Aschenbach,Dr. H. Bräuninger). The result of thisstudy was surprising and gratifying forall those involved: the XMM designwas indeed feasible. First of all,however, a new technique had to bedeveloped for the fabrication of thethin-walled, light-weight XMM shells,a method totally different from thatused for ROSAT.

The aim was the replication of themirror shape and surface on a suitablemirror substrate using a mandrelwhich represents the mirror's precisenegative shape and whose surface

Wilhelm Egle was themanager responsible forthe XMM developmentand fabrication programsat Carl Zeiss.

3a

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“Mission Impossible“ – XMM-Newton Proves the OppositeWilhelm Egle

Fig. 1:Overall design of the XMMsatellite. Behind the threelarge circular openings arethe mirror modules, thecenterpiece of the satellite.

Fig. 3a:An XMM prototypemandrel after vacuumdeposition of the goldcoating (preparation forepoxy resin replication).

Fig. 2:The three XMM mirrormodules.

Products in PracticeSpace Technology

Innovation 8, Carl Zeiss, 2000 13

roughness should, if possible, bebetter than that of the mirror to bereplicated. Different replicationmethods were considered:■ epoxy resin replication on CFRPsubstrates or■ nickel electroforming technology.

In cooperation with Dornier,Carl Zeiss developed the epoxyresin/CFRP mirror technology (Figs 3aand 3b) while work was proceeding onthe nickel electroforming technologyin Italy at the same time.

The X-ray optical testing of themirror shells was performed in thePANTER test facility of the Max PlanckInstitute of Extraterrestrial Physicsin Munich/Neuried (MPE). The epoxyresin/CFRP mirror shells were fabri-cated with the specified shapeaccuracy and surface quality, andthere was no doubt that they alsomet the extremely stringent weightrequirements. After extensive X-raytests, ESA finally opted for the nickelelectroforming option as the basistechnology for the fabrication of theXMM flight mirrors. The reason fordeciding against Zeiss technology was

As expected, the initially superbmicroroughness of the superpolishedmandrel surfaces deteriorated in therepeated mirror replication processes(up to 10 times!). During the peakphase of the XMM flight mirrorfabrication, many of the mandrelswere reconditioned and repolished byCarl Zeiss.

that the epoxy resin/CFRP mirror shellsdid not display the necessary long-term stability in vacuum. This was dueboth to the shrinking of the matrixmaterial of the CFRP mirror carrierswhich gives off water in vacuum, andto the rippling of the mirror surface atnanometer amplitudes. Due to thesignificantly greater weight of thenickel shells, however, ESA had to usethe more powerful ARIANE 5 rocketfor the launch of the XMM satellite.

After this decision, Carl Zeissfocused on the other XMM deve-lopment and fabrication programs.

Mirrors can onlybe as goodas the mandrels

After developing and supplying themandrels (a total of 10 prototypemandrels) for the XMM mirror deve-lopment program, Carl Zeiss was alsocommissioned by ESA with thefabrication of the XMM flight modelmandrels (Table 2) in early 1993. Ittook no longer than three and a halfyears to complete all of the 58 FMmandrels (Fig. 4a) to ESA's full satis-faction, and to deliver them to Italy(Media Lario) for the fabrication of theXMM flight mirrors.

The mirror shells fabricated therepassed the X-ray tests in the MPEPANTER test facility with flying colors,which was an impressive demonstra-tion not only of the high standard ofthe nickel electroforming technology,but also of the excellent quality of theZeiss mandrels – true to the motto thata mirror shell can only be as good as themandrel from which it was replicated.

Table 1:Requirements to be met by theXMM telescope and mirror optics.

XMM telescope Energy range of X-ray photons 0.2 to 10 keVOptimized energy range 2 to 8 keVNumber of mirror modules 3Effective collecting area at 2 / 8 keV 4860/ 2070 cm2

Total weight of 3 mirror modules <660 kg

XMM mirror modulesMirror module design Wolter-1 typeSpecified total weight (target) 220 (170) kgSpecified resolution (target) <30 (<15 ) ‘’Effective collecting area (2 /8 keV) 1620 / 690 mm2

Image field diameter 30 ‘Focal length 7500 mmNumber of mirror shells 58 Diameter of mirror shells 306 mm to 700 mmLength of mirror shells 600 mmWall thickness of mirror shells 0.5 mm to 1.2 mmRadial distance of shells 1.0 mm to 3.0 mmReflective mirror coating goldMicroroughness of mirror surface <0.5 nm (RMS)

Fig. 3b:A replicated CFRP shell isinspected after separationfrom the mandrel andpacked. The shape andsurface quality of the man-drel have been transferredto the inner surface of theCFRP carrier shell using athin layer of epoxy resin.

3b

4a 4b

Fig. 4a:An XMM FM mandrelduring figuring (lapping/polishing process).

Fig. 4b:Visual inspection of amedium-sized XMMmandrel during the finalpolishing process.

systems for ESA – some of them total-ly unique – and put them into opera-tion on the premises of the Italianmirror manufacturer. The systems in-volved are: ■ an optical collimator with a 750 mmillumination diameter for the testingof the FM mirrors and for the inte-gration of the mirror shells in theflight models of the mirror modules,■ a high-precision UPMC 1200 C 3Dcoordinate measuring machine equip-ped with an optical measuring system(Rodenstock RM 600) for no-contactmeasurement of the shape of themirror shells,■ a DIRECT 100 /Micromap Promapinterferometer system for high-reso-lution measurement of the surfacequality (ripple and microroughness) ofthe mirror shells,■ a high-resolution measuring system(Micromap Promap) for measuring thesurface quality (microroughness) ofthe mandrels,■ a Nomarski microscope for qualityinspection of the polished mandrelsurfaces.

Carl Zeiss also developed andsupplied the evaluation softwarerequired for the measured dataanalysis and the optical qualityassessment. This equipment per-mitted the best mirror shells to beselected and integrated in the threeXMM flight mirror modules.

Innovation 8, Carl Zeiss, 200014

XMMEPIC pn

KD/30-Jan-2000

MPEofflineanalysis

X-raycolours

0.3 – 5.0 keV

LMC30 Dor

300

250

200

150

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RGS spectrum of HR 1099

Order -1

10 15 20 25 30 35Wavelength in Angstrom

Following in Newton'sfootsteps

ESA named the XMM mission afterIsaac Newton to honor the world'smost famous scientist. The X-ray tele-scope is now called XMM-NewtonObservatory. Sir Isaac Newton (1642 –1727) who laid the foundations formodern science in the fields ofmathematics, optics and physics, hada major influence on theoretical andpractical astronomy. “We have chosenthis name because Sir Isaac Newtonwas the man who invented spectro-scopy, and XMM is a spectroscopymission”, explained Prof. RogerBonnet, ESA Director of Science. “Thename Newton is associated with thefalling apple which is the symbol ofgravity, and with XMM I hope thatwe will find a large number of blackhole candidates which are of courseassociated with the theory of gravity.There was no better choice of namefor this mission.”

With its developments and pro-ducts, Carl Zeiss made it possible tobuild the XMM mirror systems , thushelping to make “Mission Impossible”a reality. Official scientific observationswill commence in June 2000 aftercalibration of the scientific instru-ments.

Table 2:Main features of XMMflight model mandrels.

Number of FM mandrels 58Optical design monolithic Wolter-1 shapeFocal length 7500 mm Diameter of mandrels 306 to 700 mmLength of mandrels 600 mm

Material Core AlMg alloy Surface layer chemical nickelWeight 90 to 300 kg

Shape accuracyDeviation from ideal Wolter 1 profile <1.8 ‘’Deviation from ideal roundness <1.5 µm50 % energy concentration (in focus) <6.0 ‘’Surface quality: microroughness <0.4 nm (RMS)

Uniquemeasuring systems

The vital importance of reliablemeasurement for good optical qualityalso applies to the fabrication ofthe XMM mirror shells. Carl Zeissdesigned, developed and manufactu-red several advanced measuring

5a

5c

Figs 5a to 5c:In the start-up phase ofthe scientific instrumentsbetween January 19 and 25,2000, XMM-Newtontransmitted the first images,thus proving that it wasfunctioning properly.5a: Part of the LargeMagellanic Cloud whichhas a diameter of more than20,000 light years and is160,000 light years awayfrom the earth. The illustra-tion shows X-ray sourcesof different temperatures:blue indicating the hottestregions and red the coldestregions. The white and bluearc-like formation at thecenter is a new object, onlypart of which was knownuntil now.5b: HR 1099 is a 6thmagnitude star locatedmore than 100 light yearsfrom the sun and only justvisible with the naked eye.Its enormous brightnessin X-ray light concealsthe fact that this is actuallya binary pair.The two stars whiz aroundeach other in no more thanthree days whereas our suntakes 30 days for onerotation.5c: The peaks of thespectrum recorded withthe Reflecting GratingSpectrometer (RGS) can beused to deduce the presenceof various elements in thestellar system.(Photos 1, 2, 4b and5a to 5c: ESA).

5b

Products in PracticeSpace Technology

Wavelength [Å]

The ever growing demand for moreinformation and faster data trans-mission is compelling the micro-electronics industry to produce evenmore densely packed electroniccomponents with increasingly smallerfeatures. Storage media and pro-cessors, also termed chips, now displayfeatures with dimensions in the100 nm range (one tenth of amicrometer) – a trend which hascontinued for many years and showsno signs of ending. This also representsa major challenge to quality assuranceand process inspection.

The industry uses optical lithographyfor the large-volume fabrication ofchips. In this process, minutestructures are imaged on a radiation-sensitive photoresist layer applied tothe wafer. Using an electron beamwriter, these structures are imprintedin masks which are exposed in wafersteppers. These mask structures aremostly 4 times larger than later on thechip. The complete structuring of achip sometimes requires more than20 different masks. Several hundredchips are located on one wafer. Theindividual masks can be used severalthousand times in production.

Better safethan sorry

Defects in the masks are transferred tothe chips and result in faulty function.It is obvious what this means in termsof productivity and costs if suchdefects are not detected until after afew thousand chips have already beenproduced.

New complex masks such as phasemasks allow even smaller dimensionsto be generated on the chips. In masksof this type, however, the risk ofdefective structures occurring duringfabrication increases, while thefabrication costs of the individualmask rise dramatically at the sametime. This is why it is so critical tocheck the printability of the masks

before they are used in large-volumefabrication.

Realisticconditions

In combination with the AIMSTM aerialimage measurement software, theMSM microlithography microscopesystem allows rapid and fast testingof masks under the same conditionsas in the real wafer stepper. Thisrequires appropriate high-resolutionoptics and the use of light of evershorter and shorter wavelengths. TheMSM 100 for the DUV (248 nm) andi-line (365 nm) wavelengths and theMSM 193 for the 193 nm wavelengthare being used by mask shops andtheir laboratories in the semiconductorindustry. The MSM is the only systemwhich can prove the printabilityof mask structures without theuse of mathematical simulation, thusproviding direct, reliable andmeaningful results.

In-process inspection– the earlier,the better

The current systems have mainlybeen designed for research anddevelopment tasks. The new AIMSTM

fab microlithography simulationsystem is suitable for the qualityinspection of masks at a very earlystage in their manufacturing process.Due to the fully automatic parametersetting, throughput is very high.Regardless of the type of masks, eitherthe DUV wavelength or the i-linecan be used. In the event that a maskhas to be repaired, previouslydetermined defect coordinates canbe input in the AIMSTM fab, enablingthe automatic positioning of criticalareas under the microscope. Thisallows the rapid and easy evaluation ofimage quality before and after therepair and ultimately the usabilityof the expensive mask. Anotherbenefit of the new system is that the

AIMSTM fab enables the operatoreither to set the process parameterssuch as wavelength, numericalaperture and degree of coherence ofthe light either as used in the waferstepper, or to determine them in sucha way that they are optimum for thefabrication of the chips. A seriesof highly magnified through-focuspictures taken with a highly sensitiveUV camera yields a deep insight intothe quality of the mask. The exposure-versus-defocus plot provides impor-tant information and enables theoperator to determine the maximumprocess range admissible, i. e. thetolerance limits, without losingvaluable wafer stepper time. Forfurther analysis, the images recordedcan be read into commerciallyavailable resist simulation software toallow a direct comparison of themeasurements with the featureslithographically generated on thewafer.

Masks forPerfect ChipsAxel Zibold

Background:Mask for wafer productionunder the inspectionmicroscope.

Fig. 1:AIMS™ fab micro-lithography simulationmicroscope for inspectionand repair checking in theproduction of masks andwafers.

Fig. 2:3D intensity graph ofcontact holes in a chip.Their shape determinesthe subsequent conductivityof the component.

Innovation 8, Carl Zeiss, 2000 15

Dr. Axel Zibold isProduct Manager in theMicroelectronic SystemsDivision of Carl Zeiss.

Products in PracticeSemiconductor Technology

vide individual data which the surgeoncan process using a powerful com-puter in such a way that, for example,the current position of the surgicalinstruments being used is displayedwith millimeter accuracy in a 3D modelof the patient’s brain on the monitorduring surgery. The system developedfor this purpose by Carl Zeiss, the STNSurgical Tool Navigator, providesthe surgeon with greater safety andreliability during the procedure (Fig. 1).

The importance of mini-mally invasive surgicalmethods has consi-derably increased, alsoin neurosurgery. Theaim of special endoscopicprocedures is to achievebetter results in surgeryand faster healing byreducing tissue traumati-zation. There are also cases,however, in which thesimultaneous useof an endoscopeand a surgicalmicroscope is re-quired, e.g. to clarifycomplicated anatomicalsituations, check the re-sult of surgery or simplyto “look around thecorner” in order tovisualize deeper-lyingstructures no longervisible with the surgi-cal microscope (Fig. 2).

Both solutions havetheir respective bene-fits and offer the userimportant additionalaids and information.However, they havetwo inherent andmajor drawbacks: ex-tensive instrumenttechnology, monitorsand cables cause additi-onal clutter in the in-creasingly cramped con-ditions of modern ORs,and the surgeon’s

In microsurgery the surgical micro-scope is now increasingly becoming anintegral part of the overall ORenvironment with all its interactionsand networking facilities, including, ofcourse, the surgeon him- or herself.This means that very special demandsmust be met by this very important aidfor the operating physician.

More safety for thebenefit of the patient

Neurosurgery is the branch of micro-surgery that is most dominated by theuse of state-of-the-art technologiesand techniques – all to provide thesurgeon with maximum ergonomicconvenience, information and safetyfor his or her day-to-day work. Why isthis so vital?

The key problem confrontingneurosurgery is the need to safely andcompletely remove various types oftumors (primary tumors in the brain ormetastases of other tumors sitedelsewhere in the body). In difficultcases depending on the type,anatomical location and size of thetumor, this often constitutes a balan-cing act between the conservation ofoptimum brain functionality (to ensurean adequate quality of life) on the onehand, and the maximum possibleresection of the tumor (to avoidsubsequent surgery due to recurrencesand to increase life expectancy) on theother. Here, on the basis of the pre-operative diagnosis, intraoperativecommunication with the pathologistand his own experience, the surgeondecides how much tissue can andmay be removed.

Navigatedneurosurgery andneuroendoscopy

Prior to the commencement of eachoperation, the neurosurgeon has tofamiliarize himself with the currentsurgical situation confronting him(access to the tumor, position of thepatient, the equipment and instru-mentation required, etc.). In the pastfew years neurosurgeons have beensupported in their demanding anddifficult work by two new, extremelybeneficial technical solutions.

The examinations to which thepatient is subjected before surgery,e.g. computer tomography or mag-netic resonance imaging (MRI), pro-

Cockpit for the NeurosurgeonFrank Rudolph

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Fig. 1:STN Surgical Tool Navigatornavigation system fromCarl Zeiss.

Frank Rudolph isProduct Manager inthe business unit forNeurosurgical Instrumentsat Carl Zeiss.

Fig. 2:Neuromicrosurgery witha neuroendoscope.(Photo:Neurosurgical Clinicof the Johannes GutenbergUniversity, Mainz,Germany).

Products in PracticeMedical Systems

used endoscope camera which isprojected with highly resolved colorquality into the eyepiece. In the lattercase, a synchronous shutter systemsimultaneously closes the opticalbeam path of the OPMI® Neuro,with the option of leaving thebeam path in the lefteyepiece open. Thisallows simultaneous

scribed above. The surgeon shouldreceive all important information“online” in much the same way as apilot does from the various displayinstruments in the cockpit of his plane.

In the OPMI® Neuro MultiVision/NC 4 system (Figs 3a and 3b), themicroscope and the neurosurgicalnavigation system form one unit.With the integration of a mono-

chrome display in the surgicalmicroscope, additional information isprojected into the neurosurgeon’s fieldof view in the right-hand eyepiece ofthe microscope and superimposed onthe surgical scene. This means that hisfield of view now always contains datawhich he was only able to receive inthe past by the often distracting needto keep looking at monitors (Fig. 4).

In a further step, the video image ofan endoscope camera has now beenincorporated in the surgical micro-scope, hence functionally and ergo-nomically combining navigation andvideo in the OPMI®. This newfunctionality was made possible by anovel SVGA LC microdisplay (Fig. 5)which replaces the former mono-chrome CRT monitor in the OPMI®

Neuro MultiVision. Intelligent control electronics which

are reliably and conveniently operatedvia the footswitch (handgrip) of themicroscope allow the surgeon toswitch easily between the microscopicanatomical image (with or withoutsuperimposed navigation data) andthe video image of the simultaneously

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Figs 3a and 3b:OPMI® NeuroMultiVision/NC 4System.

Fig. 4:The new data projectionsystem provides thephysician with extendedonline information possi-bilities, e.g. as shown here,target points and contours(green) for navigation,the photo taken by anendoscope camera, andcomputer images of anavigation workstation.

Fig. 5:Comparison of theSVGA LC microdisplayintegrated in the micro-scope with a ballpoint pen.

Innovation 8, Carl Zeiss, 2000

5

viewing of the object with the left eyeand of the video image of theendoscope camera.

For the very first time, the OPMI®

Neuro MultiVision/NC 4 system fromCarl Zeiss provides the neurosurgeonwith a fully integrated system thatbrings him considerably closerto achieving his goal of more effectiveand more reliable tumor removal.It helps him to heighten his con-centration on the procedure beingperformed by reducing distractions,provides him with more information,and hence ultimately increases thesafety of surgery for the patient.

attention is diverted away from hisconcentrated work under the surgicalmicroscope to look at the additionalmonitors. This can be critical during adifficult phase of surgery, as directvisual contact with the microsurgicalfield and the instruments used is lost.

Data online in thesurgeon’s field of view

The goal of theongoing enhan-cement of micro-surgical systemsis to avoid pre-

cisely the draw-backs de-

4

Products in PracticeMedical Systems

A new member has been added tothe family of laser scanning micro-scopes from Carl Zeiss. New variants ofthe LSM 510 famous for its innovativeand flexible scanning strategiesprovide even more benefits andpossibilities for the examinationof living objects. The little brother inthe family, the LSM 5 PASCAL, is alow-price, entry-level instrument forhigh-quality confocal fluorescencemicroscopy.

Seeing proteins intheir true colors

The diversity of fluorescent proteins(GFP, eGFP and mutants) used inbiomedical research is increasing. Toavoid losing track and to prevent cross talk (fluorescence overlaybetween different channels), theLSM 510 uses a new method –multitracking (Fig. 1). It allows theclear allocation of colors in multi-

fluorescence applications. Dual andtriple labeling with the recentlyintroduced DsRed (red fluorescentprotein) is extending our knowledgeabout protein-protein interactions,many metabolic processes and muchmore (Fig. 2). Multitracking providesbrilliant images with a high infor-mation content even in cases of weaklabeling, since the entire emissionenergy of fluorescence is used. Topermit complete color spectra to berecorded in a defined cellular

environment, a spectrometer is addi-tionally available with the LSM 510.This allows conclusions to be madeon the location of the dye and theprecise environmental conditions aswell as measurements of conditionsin the cell.

Dynamics in the cell

If transport processes in individualcells, protein interactions or thedevelopment of an embryo are tobe monitored in all spatial dimensions,the new 4D Scan is the right choice.It allows entire image batches to berecorded over time and evaluated.Its high degree of automationfacilitates observation.

Insights Into LifeRonald Wendenburg, Sebastian Tille

Innovation 8, Carl Zeiss, 200018

Fig. 1:Kidney cells (Opossum)with triple fluorescencelabeling (multi-tracking ofDAPI: DNA (blue), eGFP:PSD95 protein (green) andAlexa 543: Actin (red).Specimen: Dr. Klöckerand Prof. Dr. J. PeterRuppersberg, Institute forPhysiology of EberhardKarls University inTübingen / Germany.

Fig. 2:Insulinoma cells of the rat.VIP receptor dyed witheGFP (green), cytoplasmwith DsRed (red).Specimen/Micrograph:Dr. Carsten Grötzinger,Charité University Hospital,Humboldt UniversityBerlin, Germany.

Fig. 3:Double fluorescence (FITC/Rhodamin) and DIC.Specimen / Micrograph:Dr. Atomi, University ofTokyo.

Fig. 4:Bovine oocyte. Actin fila-ments dyed with Alexa 488.Multiphoton excitation770 nm, confocal section atdepth of 70 µm.Specimen: Dr. CatherineCorolan, Nat. Univ. of Ire-land, Galways, Phys. Dept.

Dr. Ronald Wendenburgand Sebastian Tille areProduct Managers forlaser scanning microscopyat Carl Zeiss.

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Products in PracticeLight Microscopy

Innovation 8, Carl Zeiss, 2000 19

High-precision hits

To be able to solve physiologicalproblems, it is necessary in most casesto precisely select the target areawhich is to be observed. Up to99 simultaneous ROIs (Regions ofInterest) permit pixel-precise selectionof regions of any shape. This allowsimage recording, quantitative analysis,spectra measurement or specimenmanipulation by laser irradiation(uncaging, bleaching, FRAP) withinexact limits and on precisely definedtargets.

Mild photons

Many living specimens do not tolerateirradiation with ultraviolet lightwithout damage. They react withmutagenetic effects, serious cellmutations or death. The LSM 510NLO makes special allowance for suchsensitive objects through multiphotonexcitation of the fluorescence markers.Optimum specimen protection atmaximum penetration depth, lowphototoxicity, genuine three-dimen-sional selectivity, and minimizedautofluorescence excitation are theoutstanding features of the method(Fig. 4). Various short-pulse lasers inthe infrared range are available.

Speedis of the essence

Signal transfer to neurons is a major, ifnot the most important process inneurobiology. Calcium ion exchangebetween the cells plays a significantrole here. These rapid processesmust first be recorded if they are tobe investigated. The combination ofthe LSM 510 NLO with the ”fixedstage” microscope stand Axioskop® 2FS MOT permits simultaneous con-focal imaging and electrophysiologicalderivations. The so-called Spline-Scanpermits scanning along freehand linesof any required curvature, with thepossibility of quantitative measure-

again guaranteeing authentic visuali-zation of processes in cells and tissue.

ment of the calcium concentration andsimultaneous online calculations.

Laser scanninggets personal

The LSM 5 PASCAL (Fig. 6) is availablefor individual users and small work-groups involved in cell biology,development biology, neurobiology(Fig. 5), genetics or pathology whoalso want to use laser scanningmicroscopes. With the maximum oftwo fluorescence channels and anadditional transmission channel (forthe simultaneous recording of DICcontrast images, Fig. 3), it is a budget-priced alternative to the LSM 510 fora wide variety of biomedical problems.Time-tested technology without anytrade-offs in flexibility and providingsimple operation and optimum imagequality is available. The user can rely onhigh sensitivity and gentle treatmentof the specimen, with multitracking

Fig. 6:The LSM 5 PASCAL,the budget-priced,entry-level instrumentfor high-quality confocalfluorescence microscopy.

Fig. 5:Neuronal network ofa cockroach, labeled withGFP. Specimen/ Micro-graph: Dr. Ito, NationalInstitute of Basic BiologyLab, Okasaki.

Products in PracticeLight Microscopy

View from the LangdonCliffs across the Straits ofDover toward Calais. After frequently sending inquiriesto the Dover weather servicefor three years, the photo-grapher chanced his luck anddeparted for the cliffs onSeptember 2, 1997. His luckwas indeed in for, accordingthe local people, this was theclearest day since 1995. Evenon sunny days you cannotsee much owing to the densehaze present in the channel.Due to the combination of adeep red filter with a pola-rizing filter, the photo is evenbetter than the visual im-pression obtainedwith a7 x 42 binocular.The distance fromDover to Calais isapprox. 40 km asthe crow flies.(Photo: 200 mmTele-Tessar®f/4.0, red and po-larizing filters).

”Th

Focus on VisionHigh Performance Lenses

e more detail the”The more detail, the more valuable.“

The Beauty of Black-and-White Photography

The Greek orthodox SaintGeorge monastery inWadi Kelt (West Jordan)is approx. 1,500 years old.The valley is deeply cutinto a plateau without anyvegetation which resemblesa landscape on the moon.Water can only be found atthe bottom of the valley.If one moves away fromthe edge of the valley, thevalley becomes invisibleand one looks over it. Themonastery dates back to theera before the great schismswhen neither Catholicismnor Protestantism existed.At the time, the entirechurch was orthodox.(180 mm Sonnar® f/4 lens).

The crossing tower ofCanterbury Cathedral.View from the nave up intothe approx. 40-meter-hightower. The impression ofopen space conveyed bythis construction is evengreater than in Germancathedrals which do nothave crossings which areopen at the bottom.The photo took approx.2 minutes during whichseveral people walkedthrough the scene. Forinstance, the whitish veilin the dark doorway is thetrace of a female visitor ina bright dress. (15 mmDistagon® f/3.5, 25 ISO,f-stop 11).

One Tree Hill, fig tree inNew Zealand. These treescan be found all overthe South Pacific regionand stand in almost allmunicipal parks. Often thereis no normal trunk, but theroots turn into branches im-mediately above the ground(50 mm Distagon® f/4 lens).

21

Innovation 8, Carl Zeiss, 2000

Lee Johnson, Provincial-strasse 99, 53859 Mondorfam Rhein, Germany,works in the customersupport area of amechanical engineeringcompany.

Uncompromisingphotographyby Lee Johnson

Innovation 8, Carl Zeiss, 2000

Additional information onthe practical performanceof Zeiss lenses is providedin “Camera Lens News”(CLN), an English brochurepublished by theCamera Lens Divisionand appearing at irregularintervals. CLN can bedirectly downloaded fromthe Zeiss internet pageswww.zeiss.de/photo andis also available free ofcharge by subscription.

The passionate photographer LeeJohnson uses 35 mm and medium-format cameras to take only black-and-white photographs, almost alwaysusing high-resolution film (25 ISO) anda tripod. His aim is uncompromisingdefinition, maximum richness in detailand maximum information content. Hesays he has a pronounced aversion to“snapshots” and “action” photogra-phy. To him, the absolute culminationof photography was photography as itexisted around the year 1900 with itslarge-format cameras and the time-consuming and painstaking method ofworking associated with these came-ras. This age of photography producedvaluable, detailed pictures documen-ting and chronicling an era long past.

Lee Johnson describes his basicattitude as follows: “To me, thetechnically perfect photo of a boringsubject is more interesting than atechnically imperfect photo of aninteresting subject.”

To achieve the desired technicalperfection and great detail of hisphotographs without having to usecumbersome large-format cameras,Lee Johnson almost always uses high-resolution films of the 25 ISO speedcategory and lenses from Carl Zeiss.The popular films of 100 ISO with their4 times higher speed are no longersuited for achieving the sharpdefinition he strives for. A particularadvantage of black-and-white photo-graphy is that it allows the use of acombination of red and polarizingfilters. This filter combination makes itpossible to largely eliminate annoyinghaze which reduces contrast. The resultis clear distance photographs withrich detail that would never bepossible with color photography. Theshutter speeds to be used withthese photographs can be around1/4 second – even in the brightestsunlight. For this reason, a reliabletripod is indispensable. To achieve

maximum detail in the first place, thesubjects are mostly stationary.

When mounted on 35 mm SLRcameras, the 16 mm F-Distagon® f/2.8and 15 mm Distagon® f/3.5 wide-angle lenses which Johnson likes touse provided a resolution of 200 linepairs per millimeter on 25 ISO film atfull aperture in application testsperformed at Zeiss. A comparison:In standard snapshot photography,rarely more than 30 line pairs permillimeter are obtained.

For Johnson, photography fulfillstwo main functions: ■ It records the photographer's pastand his personal experiences for ever. ■ A series of excellent photos of asubject also makes the photographerits owner to some degree. The moredetail, the more valuable.

The town of Namur islocated in the French-speaking region of Belgium.Nothing has changed inthe townscape during thepast 70 years. The fewnew buildings have almostalways been erected in aconventional style. Namurgives the impression of aclassic European townwhich has escaped thearchitecture of thepresent day. (50 mmDistagon® f/4 lens)

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This aircraft engine of thetype “Wright” of the“Cyclone” model series inthe Deutsches Museum inMunich is the most power-ful radial engine ever builtin large series: 2 x 9 cylin-ders, a constant power of3,400 HP, a cubic capacity of54.9 l and a weight of 1,580kg. When the photo of theengine was shot, the enginewas standing completely inthe dark, flooded by intensebacklight. Even in the view-finder, the engine wasdifficult to see and focus on.For this reason, a lit flash-light was placed betweenthe cylinders and the lensfocused on it. (50 mmDistagon® f/4, shutter speedapprox. 4 minutes atf-stop 11, with 18 fill-inflashes added).

This view of Los Angeles(California, USA) fromabove was photographedthrough an aircraft windowwith poor optical quality(3x glazing with glass/plastic/plastic) using thefull aperture of the lens.Despite this, the picturestill displays gooddefinition. (50 mmDistagon® f/4 lens).

Focus on VisionHigh Performance Lenses

Innovation 8, Carl Zeiss, 2000

With the PICVD process developedby SCHOTT GLAS, Carl Zeiss is onthe verge of a breakthrough in thecoating of plastic lenses for eyeglasses.An antireflective coating, a hardcoating and an easy care coating canbe applied in a single operation. Inaddition, one-stage coating makesflexible production on prescription apossibility.

Your eyecare professional prescribes apair of glasses today, and tomorrowthey’re ready – and not just an ordinarypair of glasses but lightweight sports

glasses with plastic lenses that areresistant to breakage, antireflectiveand scratch-resistant. Impossible? Farfrom it. With PICVD coating tech-nology, Schott and Zeiss are wellon the way to achieving a doubleobjective: producing plastic lenses in aone-stage coating operation. SCHOTTGLAS and Schott Auer, together withtheir customer Carl Zeiss, are also fullyinvolved in the development process.

substrates are only exposed to acomparatively low level of heat in thePICVD process, the plastic does notmelt. Aspects such as weight saving,resistance to breakage and choice ofcolor make plastic eyeglass lensesattractive compared to their glasscounterparts.

On the other hand, plastic surfacesare very susceptible to scratching incontrast to glass lenses, and there-fore need to have a hard protectivecoating. This consists mainly of silicondioxide, which is applied in the PICVD

plant. However, the difficulty lies – asalways – in the detail. Pure silicondioxide has a very different coefficientof expansion compared to the plasticsubstrate. Without the addition ofvarious ingredients from organicchemistry, the approximately twothousandths of a millimeter thickprotective layer would immediatelyflake off. However, when the com-position of the coating is selectedproperly it even performs a dual func-tion: it not only provides protectionagainst scratching but also serves as abonding interlayer for the anti-reflective coating to be applied too.This in turn consists of up to sixalternating layers of silicon dioxide andtitanium dioxide to a total thickness of300 millionths of a millimeter. An easycare coating (known as Clean-Coat)with water and dirt repellentproperties rounds off the coatingpackage.

Coating on PrescriptionMarkus Kuhr, Matthias Schiller

26

Scratch-resistantand antireflective

The PICVD process was originallydeveloped by Schott for the manu-facture of glass fibers and subse-quently adapted for the coating ofcold light reflectors for halogen lampsat Schott Auer in Bad Gandersheim.At an early stage, Carl Zeiss expressedan interest in using the process foreyeglass lenses as well. The aim wasto apply a hard coating to make thelenses scratch-resistant and then add

a further coating structure to makethem antireflective. To do this, thecoating materials are bombarded withshort microwave pulses in a reactionchamber, breaking them down intocomponents that are highly chemi-cally reactive. The physical conditionsin the chamber – temperature, gasmixture and process pressure – can becontrolled over a wide range. Theseparameters provide the possibility ofselecting the composition and thick-ness of the coating.

Plus point forplastic surfaces

It became evident at a very earlystage that this “treatment” had anumber of advantages. For one thing,the energy input for the coating is verylow. This property made it feasibleto contemplate applying the processto plastic eyeglass lenses. As the

Dr. Markus Kuhr isresponsible for coatingtechnology in CentralResearch and TechnologyDevelopment at SchottGlas, Mainz.

Dr. Matthias Schiller headsthe Coating Technologydepartment at Carl Zeiss.

Clean Coat

Super-Entspiegelungaus 6 Schichten

Haftvermittlerschicht

Hartschicht

Grundglas:Clarlet 1.5Clarlet 1.6

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750

Wellenlänge [nm]

Ref

lexi

on

pro

Gla

sflä

che

[%]

Clarlet® 1.5

Clarlet® 1.5 CARAT®

Fig. 2:“CARAT®“: high-tech coating system:layer for layer a top-of-the-line lens.

Fig. 1:Substrates on their way tothe cleaning unit.

Fig. 3:A “CARAT®“coatingreduces reflectanceper lens surface fromabout 4% to 0.6%.

2 3

Focus on VisionCoated Eyeglass Lenses

Quick and flexible

This demonstrates the decisive benefitof the PICVD process: the hard coa-ting, the antireflective coating and theeasy care coating are all applied in one and the same operation. The alter-native, which is not necessary in thiscase, would to be to apply the hardcoating first, harden it for severalhours in a special oven, and thenswitch to another unit for antireflectivecoating. The highly attractive result:costs and time are saved since thewhole procedure lasts only a fewminutes.

These are all features that make aunit of this type an economical pro-position compared to conventionalproduction methods. In conjunctionwith the fact that each plastic lens is

coated individually, rapid productionon prescription is now a possibility.With previous antireflective coatingprocesses, work could not start until abatch of 100 to 120 lenses had beenassembled and the identical coatingwas applied to all of them in the sameunit. They then had to be sortedaccording to their optical specifi-cations, i. e. the prescriptions of thepeople who were going to wear them.By comparison, one-stage coatingreduces this logistic outlay enormouslyand shortens the processing time toabout one day at the most.

Innovation 8, Carl Zeiss, 2000 27

Fig. 6:A microscope is used tomeasure reflections tocheck whether the requiredlevel of antireflectiveperformance has beenachieved.

Fig. 7:The principle behind theeasy care Clean-Coat whichrepels water and dirt.

Clean Coat

Wassertropfen

Entspiegelungsschicht

Brillenglas

5a: Reflections visible forthe eyeglass wearer.

5b: Corneal reflections visiblefor the eyeglass wearer.

5c: Reflections visible foranyone looking at theeyeglass wearer.

Wassertropfen

Entspiegelungsschicht

Brillenglas

Figs 4a and 4b:Comparison of uncoated(4a) and coated (4b)plastic eyeglass lenses.

4a

4b

The pilot plant is finished, immediatelyproviding Carl Zeiss eyeglass specialistswith an instrument that will enablethem to quickly adapt a flexiblecoating system to their prescriptionproduction. The exchange of infor-mation among the scientists at Schottand Zeiss has resulted in an extensivetransfer of know-how and in a timesaving that will further sharpen thecompany’s competitive edge.

Figs 5a to 5c:The disadvantages oflenses without antireflectivecoating: reflections arecaused by differences in therefractive index of air andthe lens material.

Water droplet

Antireflective layer

Eyeglass lens

Water droplet

Antireflective layer

Eyeglass lens

How does an eyeglass frame get intoa frame? This is usually the job of theeyecare professional who orders hislenses in an “uncut” state from themanufacturer. After receiving thelenses, he edges them until he obtainsthe shape of the selected eyeglassframe. This requires the utmostprecision: every millimeter counts.

With the aid of modern technologyand communication media, the eye-care professional can now have thisintricate process done for him else-where. With what is known as a

“tracer”, a device thattakes an exact mea-

surement of the innershape of the framerim in just under oneminute, the datarequired for the lens

edging process is determined andsent to Carl Zeiss via remote datatransmission. In a lab specially set upfor this purpose in the Carl Zeisseyeglass lens factory in Aalen,Germany, this data is used to shape or“edge” the ordered lens and sub-sequently send it to the eyecareprofessional. All he or she then needsto do is insert the lenses in the frame.

The highly precise industrialgrinding machines at Carl Zeissperform this work at a considerablygreater speed than the machines usedby eyecare professionals and,particularly in the case of complicatedlenses, often with better quality. Forhigh dioptric powers, for instance, aneater lens bevel is obtained.

Since the beginning of the year2000, Carl Zeiss has been offering thisservice to its eyecare clients inGermany within the framework of theZeiss Partner Network. Other countriesall over Europe will be linked to thesystem in the next few months. Thereare many reasons for our clients to usethis facility, even if none of theparticipating eyecare professionalswants to totally dispense with their

own edging machines. This work is tooinextricably linked with their pro-fessional image. Nonetheless, the firstclients to be connected to the systemare impressed. Maximilian Schmetter-er, manager of the ophthalmic outletOptik Schmetterer in Prien, Germany,describes his first experiences with the

Service ContinuesAfter Closing Time

Innovation 8, Carl Zeiss, 200028

“More time forpatients at longlast!“

“. . . no longer havingto stand for hours on end

in the labafter closing time . . .“

Figs 2 and 3:Dirk Brune (left) and DieterGerking (2nd from leftand photo on top right),managers of Optic Brune &Gerking GmbH in Herford,Germany, seen here duringtheir visit to the edgingcenter in the Aalen eyeglassfactory, are very satisfiedwith the results of the newservice: “At long last, weno longer have to stand forlong hours in the lab afterclosing time. We can noweasily cope with peak ordertimes and staff vacation orsickness by making use ofthis service. The decision touse the service was certainlyan easy one for us to make.”

system as follows: “What I really foundimpressive was the high quality of theedged lenses, right from the firstdelivery. Initially, we were skeptical,but today I must say that, particularlyfor more complex lenses, we ourselvescannot compete with the resultswe’ve been getting from Zeiss.”

Fig. 1 (below):Thomas Stein, one of the twomanagers of the ophthalmicoutlet Optik Schmetterer inPrien, Germany.

Focus on VisionOnline Service for Eyecare Professionals

Innovation 8, Carl Zeiss, 2000 29

Italy is a not only a popular touristattraction because of its climate, cul-tural treasures and cuisine. Togetherwith other major nations such asGermany, France and the UnitedKingdom, it plays a key role in theEuropean Community and in the worldeconomy.

Products from Carl Zeiss had reachedItaly long before the turn of the lastcentury. One example is the famousStazione Zoologica in Naples whichhad been equipped almost exclusivelywith Zeiss microscopes since itsopening in 1873/74. Its founder anddirector of many years, Anton Dohrn(1840 – 1909), also purchased manyinstruments from Carl Zeiss and thenresold them in Italy.

From Milanto Arese

With the industrial expansion of thecompanies in the Carl-Zeiss-Stiftungone hundred years ago, the number ofbusiness connections between Italiancustomers and Zeiss increased. Thissoon made a permanent Zeiss pre-sence in Italy an absolute must in theinterest of customer proximity. The cityof Milan proved to be the mostfavorable location for the new Zeissoffice which was opened on thePiazza del Duomo in April 1911. Afterfrequent switches to other repre-sentatives, a small, new branch openedits doors in Milan on June 22, 1948and developed into a modern salesorganization in the course of the next50 years. Today, under the nameCarl Zeiss S.p.A, this organization isresponsible for the distribution andservice of almost all products manu-factured by the Carl Zeiss Group.

In modern buildings in Arese, onthe north-west periphery of Mailan, a140-strong workforce employed in theareas sales management, logistics,application technology and in generaltechnical service ensures that allrequirements of the company’s Italian

physicians work with diag-nostic and surgical micro-scopes from Carl Zeiss.Companies in the auto-motive industry with suchfamous names as Fiat orFerrari and also companiesin the aviation industrysuch as Agusta measureand inspect their com-ponents successfully withZeiss coordinate measuringmachines. The stylish racingcars made by Ferrari inModena are also measuredwith Zeiss precision.

Newsfrom Italy

customers are met. They are supportedby a dense network of expert salesstaff working in the field who achievean annual sales volume totaling almost50 million euros. The strongest area ofbusiness is Consumer Optics with anannual sales figure of over one millioneyeglass lenses, followed closely byMedical Systems and Microscopy.The past few years have also seen arapid growth in Industrial Metrologybusiness.

From eyeglassesto Formula 1

Several thousand high-quality ophthal-mic outlets offer Zeiss eyeglass andcontact lenses. In Italy’s large, modernhospitals such as the Ospedales SanRaffaele in Milan, Gemelli in Rome orCardarelli in Naples, highly renowned

Fig. 3:The current headquartersof Carl Zeiss S.p.A. in Aresenear Milan.

Fig. 1:“Progress is also a pair ofglasses”. This is how Italianeyecare professionalssuccessfully advertise, andadvertise with, Carl Zeisseyeglass lenses.

Fig. 4:Highly precise measure-ments with Carl Zeiss3D measuring machinesguarantee safety and speedfor Michael Schumacher’sred Formula 1 Ferrari.

Fig. 2:Here on the Piazza delDuomo, Carl Zeissopened its first officein Italy in 1911.

Around the GlobeFrom Our Sales Organizations

Innovation 8, Carl Zeiss, 2000

In Belgium there are about 15,000blind and very poor-sighted people.Numerous institutions and associ-ations do a lot to help them, allowingmany to actively participate in educa-tion, sport and cultural events. Manyinteresting initiatives also exist forthese people in the field of tourism:the city of Bruges, for example, has abronze model of the Belfort Towerwith an explanation in Braille, per-mitting blind people to feel theexceptional beauty of the original. TheMuseum for the Blind in Brussels alsoorganizes special exhibitions for thevisually disabled, and other asso-ciations offer special trips withinBelgium itself or abroad.

“caricolles” and chestnuts by eating ordrinking them. However, Brussels lace,Pompilio hats and, of course,“Manneken Pis” can only be experi-enced with the hands.

The center of Brussels has manyplaces of interest all within a shortdistance of each other. The walk cantherefore be kept relatively short andis therefore not too strenuous. It is noeasy matter for blind tourists to keeptheir concentration right until the endof the tour, as the noise and theexhaust fumes of passing cars disturbthe senses. Time and time again,interactive tasks on the tour awake theinterest of the participants: forexample, they have to use their handsto “read” a date on a wall or monu-ment, guess the circumference of acolumn or the outline of a figure. Theyalso have to remember brands ofchocolate they taste during the tour.

30

Getting a feelingfor the city

A totally new and original possibility isa special guided tour through thecenter of Brussels city for visuallyimpaired people. Encouraged by my26-year-old daughter Liesbet who hasbeen blind since the age of three,I worked out a tour that would appealto all the senses and hence convey areal “feeling” of Brussels and its day-to-day life.

A lot of little stories on the historyof the city, the important role playedby guilds, the often dramatic ups anddowns in the city’s development andof the artists living there – PeterBruegel is just one example – areelaborated and enhanced by noisesand smells, by experiences of feelingand taste. It is very easy to get a verygood idea of the products that havemade Brussels famous all over theworld, e.g. chocolates, “Gueze beer,”

Hugo Francq is atourist guide in Brussels.

Brussels to Feel,Hear and TasteHugo Francq

Fig. 1:Sweet delicacies have alsohelped to make Brusselsfamous.

Around the GlobeCarl Zeiss Academy

Innovation 8, Carl Zeiss, 2000 31

Experiencing what thesighted often miss

Needless to say, the guided tourcannot possibly cover everything: therestrictions of the visually handicappedare also our restrictions. Explanationsconcerning styles or architectures, forinstance, are very difficult to convey.However, it does provide an extremelylarge number of opportunities forthe participants to experience somebeautiful aspects of our fascinatingcity that sighted people often pass byand fail to see. It goes without sayingthat the direct contact with people incafés, chocolate and souvenir stores, inbakeries and restaurants, is animportant part of the tour experience.With a lot of imagination anddedication, we repeatedly succeed inimparting to the natives and guests ofthe city a concrete sense of itsuniqueness and history.

The tour finishes in a café where

the participants discuss what theyhave experienced, a small quiz is held,and more questions are asked. And,of course, a typical Brussels Gueuzebeer can help to seal many a newfriendship!

Carl Zeiss Academy

The tour, including tasting sessionsand a light lunch, is free of chargefor the visually disabled. Carl ZeissBelgium is sponsoring this interestingexperiment within the framework ofits Carl Zeiss Academy.

Also as part of the Carl ZeissAcademy, tours are being organizedfor (sighted) practicing eyecareprofessionals and schoolchildren.With the use of special eyeglasses,they receive an impression of howblind or people with poor sight ex-perience their surroundings.

A complete description of the touris available in Braille and can be

Fig. 2:Hugo Francq with hisdaughter Liesbet.

AcademyCarl Zeiss

The art of education

provided in large print for the visuallyimpaired by the Helen Keller Atelier.This institution can also supply a mapof Brussels’ Grand Place in Braille.More information can be obtainedfrom the author■ E-mail: [email protected] ■ TenDoorn IIA, 1852 Grimbergen, Belgium,Phone:+322 269 5329.

Background:Map of Brussels showing theroute of the special tour forthe visually handicapped,alongside a picture of theCity Hall on the Grand Place,one of Brussels’ many touristattractions.

“Rising into view is the most advancedstar projector in the world, capable ofproducing a perfect night sky as seenfrom Earth.” With these words, Aca-demy award-winner Tom Hanks offi-cially opened the inaugural show inthe new Hayden Planetarium of theRose Center for Earth and Space atNew York’s American Museum ofNatural History ( AMNH). On February19, 2000, after six years of prepa-ration, the revolving doors of the USA’snew leading center of science andeducation were opened to the public.With its five-story silver sphere thatseems to hover in a gigantic glasscube, the unique architecture of thefacility impressively signalizes to theworld that a new, exciting millenniumhas begun.

Passportto the universe

In just 25 minutes, at speeds thatwould astound even the mostimaginative science fiction writer, weleave Earth, fly through the solarsystem, reach the Orion nebula 1500light years away and then leave theMilky Way, our home galaxy, to

penetrate the depths of intergalacticspace. We salute our neighboringgalaxy, Andromeda, while advancinginto the Virgo Supercluster, the largestthree-dimensional structure in theuniverse to which our Earth belongs.Eerie, daunting almost, are ourreactions to the honeycomb structureof the Superclusters consisting ofthousands of galaxies groupedaround gigantic cavities – the cosmichoneycombs – each galaxy consisting

of billions of stars and maybe alsoplanets . . .

So much show – but what weexperienced was certainly no sciencefiction trip: the journey had a strictscientific basis. The artificial sky isaccurate down to the last detail; themodeling of the universe is based ondata obtained from NASA and fromastrophysics research institutes. Theobjects we encounter are described byfacts, photos and scientific analysis.

Our “Passport to the Universe”launched us on an intriguing, multi-sensory journey, accompanied by thebest from Hollywood and Harvard andby the latest in cutting edgetechnology – an inauguralshow that constitutes a trulydefining moment in theworld of planetariums.

Immersedin timeand space

The Hayden Planetarium with theZeiss Universarium Model IX Projectortakes up the upper half of the largesphere. Under this is found theBig Bang Theater, an almost totallydark room with a “projection bowl”measuring 11 meters. Standing on

New Landmark in New YorkVolkmar Schorcht

Innovation 8, Carl Zeiss, 2000

Fig. 1:The over 15-ton Willamettemeteorite in the Hall ofthe Universe.

Volkmar Schorcht worksin the Planetariumsbusiness unit of Carl Zeiss.

Fig. 2 (background):Auditorium of the HaydenPlanetarium showing theUniversarium Modell IX.

Fig. 3:With its huge glass cube,the Rose Center for Earthand Space in New Yorkaccommodates the HaydenPlanetarium.

Around the GlobePlanetarium Technology

Innovation 8, Carl Zeiss, 2000 33

images from research telescopes andnews from the world of astronomy areconstantly displayed on a four-meter-high screen.

Scintillatingin every sense

Anyone who has visited the HaydenPlanetarium knows that they haveexperienced the ultimate in cutting-edge technology.

The AMNH made very exactingdemands on the planetarium pro-jector. Before the decision was made infavor of the Universarium, Carl Zeisshad to show its willingness and abilityto tailor the projector precisely to theneeds of the new Hayden Planetarium.The projector is indeed unique –unique in its presentation capabilities,its projection quality and its accuracy.

The “starball” dominates the plat-form. It is simultaneously rotatableabout three axes and carries allprojectors required. The star-lit sky isten times brighter than was everpossible with the former projectorused in the Hayden Planetarium –thanks to the fiber projectors, aninvention by Carl Zeiss. The artificialnight sky is perfected by theextremely small radii of

nothing more than the breadth of ahuman hair – the time between thefirst cave paintings and today. Ishumanity only a flash of lightning inthe thunderstorm of cosmic evolution?

“Scales of the Universe” is thename given to a walkway that hugsthe glass curtain wall along thesecond level of the Rose Center. Here,models are shown that allow us toassess cosmic proportions. With its26-meter diameter, the sphere of theHayden Planetarium serves as a basisfor comparison. The scale extendsfrom the enormous expanse of ourobservable universe, galaxies and starsto Earth itself and then to the minute-ness of a blood corpuscle and a virus,ultimately ending with tiny subatomicparticles.

The “Hall of Universe” is a per-manent exhibition hall on the lowerlevel of the center. It is split up into fourzones: the Universe zone, including amodel of a “Black Hole” swallowingall matter, the Galaxies zone in whichthe collision of two swarms of stars isshown, the Stars zone which captiva-tes visitors with fascinating infor-mation on supernovae and solaractivity, and the Planets zone in whichvisitors can see and touch the largeWillamette meteorite, a relic of oursolar system and a piece of ancientcosmic debris. The latest dis-coveries,

Around the GlobePlanetarium Technology

Plexiglas flooring and separated fromthe seemingly concealed projectionsurface by only a railing, we follow thefirst seconds of the creation of spacepresented with an OMNISCAN laser.Two-time Academy award-winnerJodie Foster dramatically narratesvisual and audio effects that re-createhow the universe began.

After leaving the theater, weproceed along the “Cosmic Pathway”to the present. The path leads usdownward and forward in time ona gently sloping walkway. As if on atime beam, we can follow the stagesof cosmic evolution: 13 billion years ofdevelopment history are chronicledover a distance of 110 m. The firstphotos show the most distant objectswhich, due to the finite speed of light,are also the oldest ones visible to us.The evolutions of galaxies, the birthof stars and the formation of heavyelements are all stages on ourdownward path. Most of what isshown here by cosmic photos has onlylately been discovered and still appearsstrange to us. We feel more at homein the last few meters where weexperience a piece of the oldest rockon Earth, dating back billions of years,and then move on toward the presentvia fossils that are only (!) a few millionyears old and hence more within therealm of human comprehension.And then suddenly – a human hair.Astoundingly, civilization spans

the stars. Together, the astoundingbrightness and the tiny diametersresult in what can only be described asbrilliance – in every sense of the word.And the capabilities of the fiberprojector by no means end there: itcan also simulate the scintillation orsparkling of the stars, and for the firsttime in a way that is totally true tonature. Visitors will also marvel at therealism of the Milky Way – all madepossible by new, pioneering tech-nologies.

In nature, galaxies, star clusters andnebulae can only be observed in veryclear air. The new Hayden Planetariumwanted to show as many of these veryfaint objects as possible. Carl Zeiss metthis requirement so successfully thatthe visitor can view them with a pair ofbinoculars – just as in nature.

The Hayden Planetarium has itsown constellations, created by theNew York graphic artist Scott Ewaltand technically implemented by CarlZeiss.

In then Universarium eight singleprojectors generate the images of thesun, moon and planets whose motionsare based on data which is supplied bysoftware developed by Carl Zeiss forastronomical simulations. This meansthat all constellations are accuratelycallable within a time period of±10,000 years.

The Hayden is the first planetariumto incorporate all planets of our solarsystem, i.e. also the most distant whichare not visible with the naked eye fromEarth. Even small planets, artificialspace probes or fictitious objects canbe projected and moved along

astronomical pathways – truly an all-time first in the world of planetariums..

The digital drive technology of theUniversarium makes it possible to“position” planets in a matter ofseconds, allowing leaps into thedistant past and future. And that is notall: the Earth is no longer the onlyvantage point.

The abundance of didactic lines,scales and markings is unique.Everything is included to help 500,000school students to better understandthe processes of the universe everyyear.

New cosmicperspectives

The strength of the Zeiss projector liesin the brightness and excellentdefinition and brilliance of all pro-jections. However, the second pro-jection system in the Hayden audi-torium has other merits.

Virtual space can be shown withthe aid of digital projection. Sevenvideo projectors on the domeperiphery generate an invisibly com-posite image on the dome.

Here, once again, the AMNH is apioneer in the field: the data usedoriginates from scientific sources. Theentire Milky Way galaxy with all itsstars, nebulae and other interstellarobjects is contained in a digital form inthe computer. If no observation data isyet available, interpolations fill thegap. The digital dome projectiontransforms the Hayden Planetariuminto the biggest scientific virtual reality

simulatorin the world.

Both sys-tems ideallycomplement eachother: the Zeiss pro-jector transports visitorsto any location in the solarsystem and projects a star-lit sky ofincomparable quality. The digitalprojection system advances into thethird dimension and provides cosmicperspectives of our solar system rightto the very limits of the universe.

New architecturalicon for New York

The New York architect’s office PolshekPartnership designed and executed theshell of the building as a metaphor ofour understanding of the universe. Asa symbol of all orders of magnitudefrom the microcosm to the macro-cosm, the sphere is the centerpiece ofthe seven-story annex, embedded ina gleaming cube of glass with atransparency reminiscent of un-clouded atmosphere. The entire facilityrests on a granite base, whose arch-shaped entrance echoes the curvatureof the inner sphere and conceals itssupporting columns from the exterior.Whether in glaring sunlight or in thediscreet blue of the artificial lighting,the sphere appears to hover gracefullyin the air.

The glistening of the black terrazzoflooring in the entrance area – aneffect produced by chips of Czechglass – fills visitors with a sense ofanticipation, even cheerfulness. From

34 Innovation 8, Carl Zeiss, 2000

Fig. 4:Ellen V. Futter, MuseumPresident, speaking at thepress conference held tomark the opening of theRose Center for Earth andScience, attended by over200 journalists from all overthe world.

Fig. 5 (background):Cosmic Pathway with theplanets of the solar system;Jupiter in the foreground.

Photos 1 and 4:V. Schorcht,2, 3, 5 and 8:D. Finnin, AMNH,6 and 7:Digital Galaxy Project.

35

theheight of a

balcony, they firstsee the complex structure of theexhibition hall under the sphere, thenthe supporting columns and the spiralwalkway leading to the lower levelemerge. Recognition and under-standing are the principles underlyingthe architecture and the design.Radiant brightness, clear guidance,explanatory panels, graphic models,interactive and three-dimensionalexhibits leave no doubt in the visitors’mind that they are in the midst of aliving world of science.

Taken by storm

Even in the first few days after itsopening, the Rose Center for Earthand Space was literally taken by storm:8000 visitors a day was the record.Overall, the AMNH anticipates anincrease in visitors of one million ayear, with the annual total rising to4.5 million. New car-parking facilities,the rejuvenation of the neighboringpark, a new entrance on ColumbusAvenue, an additional museum shopand the reconstruction of the museumunderground station – this has allbeen done to meet the demands ofa growing number of visitors.

Contactingthe future

The AMNH combinedits exacting demands on

the planetarium’s tech-nology with an additional

requirement: uniqueness. Withthe numerous extras, ranging from

the metallic effect of the anthracite-colored projector, the 67 exclusiveconstellations, the additional celestialobjects and astronomical coordinatesto the operational capabilities whichare totally beyond compare, theHayden Planetarium has set pioneeringnew trends. Museum President, Ellen V.Futter, summarizes her expectations asfollows: “The Rose Center takes ourmission of sharing with the public howwe fit into our planet, our galaxy, andthe universe to new heights. With itsextraordinary cutting-edge technology,the Rose Center enables us to bringtoday’s developments in outer spaceand the possibilities of the futuredirectly to our visitors. We are proud tohave created architecture in the serviceof science and education, a placewhere people of all ages will enjoy atransporting and transforming edu-cational experience, a place thatembodies our role as a museum for the21st century.”

Innovation 8, Carl Zeiss, 2000

Fig. 6:Digital projection of theMilky Way, as seen from theoutside, on the planetariumdome.

Fig. 7:Digital projection of theOrion nebula with starclusters onto the plane-tarium dome.

Fig. 8:Cosmic Pathway withSaturn in the foreground.

Around the GlobePlanetarium Technology

36 Innovation 8, Carl Zeiss, 2000

The winners of this year’s Carl ZeissResearch Award were ProfessorDr. Ursula Schmidt-Erfurth (LuebeckUniversity Hospital, Ophthalmology

Clinic, Germany) andProfessor Dr. ShujiNakamura (Universityof California, Ma-terials Department,Santa Barbara, USA).The award, to whichthe total sum ofDEM 50,000 wasallocated, was pre-sented during the an-nual convention ofthe German Societyof Applied Optics(DGaO) in Jena,Germany, on June16, 2000.

Ursula Schmidt-Erfurth was given the award for herdevelopment of the basic principlesbehind photodynamic therapy on theeye. This technique can be used to haltthe impairment of vision caused by acondition known as wet, age-relatedmacular degeneration, the principalcause of blindness in persons over 50years of age. The study on the photo-dynamic therapy of a neovascular reti-nal disorder published in May 1998 bya international workgroup set up bythe award-winner represented the firstuse of the method on the human

eye anywhere in theworld. The therapy isbased on a photo-chemical effect in-

duced by laserirradiation.

Carl Zeiss Research Award

Professor Dr. Ursula Schmidt-Erfurth.

Together with CIBA Vision, Carl Zeisshas helped photodynamic therapy toachieve a breakthrough. The VISULAS690s medical laser from Carl Zeiss pro-vides a suitable system configurationfor efficient treatment, while subjec-ting the patient to minimum strain.

Shuji Nakamura received the CarlZeiss Research Award for the deve-lopment of high-brightness bluelight-emitting and laser diodes,permitting such applicationsas full-color displays and full-color indicators. The blueLEDs join previously develo-ped red and green light-emitting diodes to com-plete the palette of pri-mary colors, enablinglong-lasting, energy-effi-cient LEDs to dominatesuch niche applications assports stadium displays. In fu-ture, white LEDs, which combi-ne red, blue and green LED struc-tures in one device, could eventual-ly make conventional light bulbs obso-lete. The shorter wavelength of thelaser allows, for example, a fourfoldincrease in resolution in CD playersand CD-ROM drives over traditionalequipment, where infrared lasers areused to read the signals. In 1994Nakamura succeeded for the first timein producing a blue light-emittingdiode with a brightness of over 1 cd,and later also of 2 cd and 10 cd. In1995 Nakamura succeeded in fabrica-ting a semiconductor laser diode withan emission wavelength in the ran-ge of 390–440 nm, and he suc-cessfully increased the life-time to 35 hours atroom temperatu-re in 1996.

Professor Dr. ShujiNakamura.

Background:Laser irradiation of theeye with 689 nm.Source: CIBA Vision Below:Blue laser on GaN basis.

Prizes • Awards

Atthe end of

1999, Nichia Chemical Industries Ltd.(Japan) started to market the blue laserdiode with an output power of 5 mWand a lifetime of 10,000 hours.

The Carl Zeiss and Otto SchottResearch Awards, each presentedonce every two years on an alternatingbasis, were created to motivate pri-marily young scientists in recognitionof outstanding work in the fieldsof optics and glass technology. Bothresearch awards are administered bythe Donors’ Association for thePromotion of Science in Germany andare advertised internationally in linewith the global operations of both theCarl Zeiss and Schott Groups. Pastwinners therefore include not onlyGerman physicists and chemists, butalso scientists from the USA, Japan andother European countries outsideGermany.

37

Carl Zeiss Lecture

Photo:The Carl Zeiss Lecturer 2000,Professor Dr. Erwin Neher,receiving the certificate fromthe President of DGZ,Prof. Werner W. Franke.Left: Dr. Heinz Gundlachfrom Carl Zeiss.

10 years of the CarlZeiss Lecture.

The lecture ope-ning the meetingwas held this timeby Professor Dr. ErwinNeher, Nobel Prizewinner for Medicinein 1991 together withProf. Dr. Bert Sak-mann and Director ofthe Max Planck Insti-tute of BiophysicalChemistry in Göttin-

gen. Neher spoke to an audience ofmore than 600 people about thesubject of “Nerve cells in the light ofthe modern microscope”. During hisexaminations of living nerve cells, alight microscope is linked with the FCS

Innovation 8, Carl Zeiss, 2000

… and the winner is: Carl Zeiss Optical.The Zeiss team was proud to hearthese magic words twice duringthe annual convention of the OpticalLaboratories Association (O.L.A.)in Nashville/Tennessee in November1999. Of the approximately 400 mem-ber labs in the O.L.A. in a total of ninecategories for the Award of Excellence,Carl Zeiss was nominated no fewerthan three times. The awards werepresented in an Oscar-style ceremony.Carl Zeiss was the winner in the twocategories “Coating Technologies forEyeglass Lenses” and “Best Anti-reflective Coating for Eyeglass Lenses”.An unexpected and therefore all themore appreciated triumph! AlthoughZeiss is currently cooperating with only65 labs in the USA, most of the othersare obviously convinced that Zeissquality is unbeatable. After fewer thanfive years, the breakthrough has now

Award of Excellence

The staff of Carl ZeissOptical are delightedto receive the twoO.L.A. awards.

been achieved. The US is exportcountry No. 1 for the OphthalmicProducts area. The Zeiss market sharein the US is still quite small, and thegrowth potential correspondinglyhigh. Every seventh Gradal® pro-gressive lens sold in the world iscurrently bought in North America.

(Fluorescence Correlation Spectro-scopy) technology.

In modern microscopes, observa-tion and imaging are only one aspectof what light is able to provide. Lightis also used in quantitative analysesand influences important signal pro-cesses – mainly calcium signals in thecentral nervous system. The examina-tions of Professor Neher and his rese-arch team look at the role of the calci-um signal as a messenger between el-ectrical signal transduction of the ner-vous system and cellular functions,and at the submicroscopic structuresof the calcium signal.

With this award, the DGZ and CarlZeiss honored Professor Neher's out-standing achievements in the fields ofcell biology and neurobiology.

The annual meeting of the GermanAssociation of Cell Biology (DGZ) tookplace in Karlsruhe, Germany, in March2000. Two coinciding anniversarieswere on the agenda: 25 years ofthe DGZ, and, at the same time,

Prizes • Awards

Innovation 8, Carl Zeiss, 200038

The new surgical microscopes submit-ted by Carl Zeiss for the competition“Design Innovation 2000” have re-ceived much-coveted awards. In thisinternational competition aimed athonoring innovative design, they wereboth awarded the “Red Dot”. The twoOPMI® were jointly developed anddesigned by Carl Zeiss and thefirm Haseke, Porta Westfalica, Ger-many (OPMI® pico), and the firmbusse design Ulm, Germany (OPMI®

VARIO). With such renowned namesas Audi, BMW, DaimlerChrysler, IKEA,Shimano and Sony among the otherprize-winners, Carl Zeiss is certainly invery good company.

Fig. 2:The OPMI® VARIOsurgical microscopereceived the award “Red Dotfor High Design Quality”.

Fig. 1 (on far right):The diagnostic and therapymicroscope OPMI® picoreceived the stamp ofquality “Red Dot forHighest Design Quality”.

Every year, approximately330,000 people in Ger-many develop cancer. Inaddition to surgery andradiation therapy, chemo-therapy is another possi-bility of fighting thisdisease. Here, chemicalsare used which inhibit thegrowth of tumor cells.The aim of such cyto-statics is to prevent celldivision. However, che-motherapy has onedrawback: the cancercells can become resistantto these chemicals after

a certain period of therapy. Prof. Dr.Rudolf Fahrig of the Fraunhofer ITAInstitute of Toxicology and AerosolResearch in Hanover has found a wayof preventing the chemicals from be-coming ineffective. For this discovery,he has received the 1999 FraunhoferAward.

All the resistant tumors examinedso far have one thing in common:certain multiplied genes are present inthem. In most cases, these are can-cerogenic genes or Multi-Drug-Re-sistance (MDR) genes. The latter pro-duce a protein that pumps foreignsubstances – such as cytostatics – outof the cell. If the genes are present ina multiple form, more of this protein isformed. The result: drugs are increa-singly transported out of the cancercell and are no longer effective. Thetumor continues to grow undisturbed.“To prevent tumors from becomingresistant to chemotherapy, multi-plication of cancerogenic and MDRgenes must be inhibited", was howProf. Dr. Rudolf Fahrig of ITA explainedhis research. He has found a substancewhich prevents the multiplication ofthe genes. If this substance is takentogether with cytostatics, no resi-stance to chemotherapy will form. Ina further step, the new approach to

therapy will be examined in clinicalstudies. However, a number of yearswill be required until this combinationtherapy can be applied in cancertreatment. In late 2003 at the earliest,we will be able to say whether thetherapy will be effective in humans.

Professor Fahrig heads the GeneToxicology department of ITA. For hisresearch, for which he has receivedseveral awards, he uses variousZeiss microscopes, including theAxiophot® 2 and Axioskop® 2.

Fraunhofer Award

Fig. 1:Fraunhofer award winnerin 1999: Professor Dr. RudolfFahrig of the FraunhoferITA Institute for Toxicologyand Aerosol Research inHanover, Germany,at the Axiophot® 2photomicroscope.(Photo: Volker Steger).

Zeisson the Dot Every Time

Fig. 2:Measuring the multiplica-tion of rat chromosomes.(Photo: Dr. HarryScherthan, KaiserslauternUniversity, Germany).

Prizes • Awards

Innovation 8, Carl Zeiss, 2000 39

Carl Zeiss has received a major orderworth DEM 5.8m from the French carmanufacturer Renault for the deliveryof coordinate measuring machines.Carl Zeiss will supply the entire metro-logy equipment for a new enginecompany in Curitiba/Brazil. This com-prises coordinate measuring machinesof the Prismo®, UPMC and Eclipseseries, including such services asmaintenance, training and pro-gramming. The measuring machineswill be used in flexible production linesfor cylinder heads and engine blocks,in the central metrology room, and forthe inspection of crankshafts.

Measuring Technology for Renault

Carl Zeiss is supplying microscopesystems for quality assurance in chipproduction in Singapore. A total of27 units covers the entire requirementsfor inspection systems of the new chipfactory of SSMC (Systems on SiliconManufacturing Company Pte Ltd.).

One decisive factor for awardingthe contract worth of DEM 10m toCarl Zeiss was a recommendation byPhilips Electronics N.V., one of threejoint venture partners of SSMC.Inspection systems from Carl Zeisshave been successfully used for morethan four years in the MOS-4 chipfactory of Philips Semiconductors inNijmegen, Holland. They offer not onlyexcellent technical performance, butalso outstanding service.

HighlyRecommended

The world's first laser projector equip-ped with leading-edge laser techno-logy to permit high-resolution videoand data projection with previouslyunknown quality comes fromSCHNEIDER Rundfunkwerke AG, Türk-heim, Germany. This laser projectorprojects incredibly crisp images ontosurfaces of virtually any shape withmaximum color brilliance and withoutany loss in definition The projectionheads used for this purpose aremanufactured by Carl Zeiss within theframework of a license agreementwith SCHNEIDER.

The projector head is flexible andeven allows moving images alongprojection surfaces within a room.This gives laser technology decisiveadvantages over traditional projectionsystems, especially in professional use,e. g. for planetariums, simulationtechnology, digital cinema, theaterscenery systems and for major events.

Brilliant ImagesforProfessionals

Photo below:Regardless of whetherscience fiction worlds like“Star Wars”, “StarshipEnterprise” or other effectsare to be shown, the newlaser display technologycan be used to combine thestar-lit sky in the plane-tarium with movingpictures, vector graphicsand even laser beams.

Fig. 1:The engine plant inCuritiba, Brazil in thedirect vicinity ofRenault’s Ayrton SennaCarbody Plant.

Fig. 2:Renault Kangoo,a compact station wagon.(Photos: Renault).

Orders • Cooperation Ventures

The ophthal-mic Visulas690s laserdevelopedby Carl Zeissin cooperationwith CIBA Vision® allows a new ap-proach to be taken in the treatment ofwet age-related macular degeneration(AMD) using the drug VisudyneTM. Atthe end of 1999, Switzerland was thefirst country to grant market approvalto VisudyneTM under monitored relea-se. A short time afterward, the U.S.Food and Drug Administration (FDA)approved the use of the Visulas 690sfor the activation of the drug for thephotodynamic treatment of AMD.

Currently, only 10 to 15% of theestimated 500,000 patients who -develop AMD are eligible for existingtreatments. In 40 to 60% of all cases,wet AMD causes predominantly classiclesions in the eye and typically destroyscentral vision which is necessary forreading, driving and recognizing faces.

The new VW plant in Shanghai isnow manufacturing the Passat car,for which Carl Zeiss has deliveredmeasuring technology to the tune ofDEM 7m which is used in the stampingplant and in quality assurance for car-body production.

However, the ac-tual installation ofthe measuring ma-chines was only thebeginning. Specialsoftware packageswere needed to startup these modernsystems. Carl Zeissprovided the custo-mized CNC programsand conducted staff

New Metrology RoomGets Starting Signal

Fig. 1:An SMM-C/DSE horizon-tal-arm CMM in the newmetrology room of VWin Shanghai. The twomeasuring tables made ofcast iron weight 36 tonswithout the foundations,and approx. 236 tonswith the foundations.The foundations “float” onspring elements 50 mmabove the foundation basin.

Innovation 8, Carl Zeiss, 200040

Everything You Needfor Precise Measurement

Figs 1 and 2:Demo centerfor industrialmeasuringtechnologyfrom Carl Zeissin Shanghai.

Since December 1999, the doors ofthe office and demo center forIndustrial Measuring Technology ofCarl Zeiss in Shanghai have been opento anyone interested. In the new exhi-bition rooms, horizontal-arm coordi-nate measuring machines such asCarmet® and SMC, bridge-type coor-dinate measuring machines such asContura® and Prismo® and aScanMax® articulated arm measuringmachine are not only on show, but canalso be tested with practical measuringapplications. To pro-vide quick, on-sitesupport for custo-mers, a spare part in-ventory was set upand specialized serv-ice and applicationsengineers were em-ployed for hardwareand software appli-cations.

The first visitors in-cluded representati-

training courses on site. In December1999, the acceptance report docu-menting the successful installation ofthe seven SMC and SMM horizontal-arm coordinate measuring machineswas signed by VW Shanghai.

MarketApprovalGranted

In Short

ves of the Shanghai VolkswagenGroup in whose VW plant Carl Zeissmetrology is being used. They werevery impressed by the demo facilities,the high-quality service, training, andcustomer demonstrations in China.

Innovation 8, Carl Zeiss, 2000 41

MicroelectronicSystems

The CSM VIS-UV confocal scanningmodule makes it possible to producehigh-resolution, high-contrast lightmicroscope images of structures assmall as 0.16 µm in visible light and0.100 µm in UV light. In the range onlyjust below 0.16 µm, where even white-light confocal technology with the bestoptics reaches its limits, the CSM VIS-UV is now setting new standards.The shorter wavelength of the ultra-violet light is combined with a real-timeconfocal mode. The result: brilliantimages. The contrast and resolutionpossible with this new unit far exceedthose provided by the white light CSM.The new technology which allows theimaging of feature widths and spacingof 0.100 µm already meets therequirements of future wafer inspec-tion.

Surgical Products

Unique in function and design is theNC 4 ceiling mount featuring Con-traves technology for the OPMI®

Neuro surgical microscope. This Con-traves technology (a suspension systemusing magnetic brakes and counter-weights for balancing) is currently notavailable in a ceiling mount from anyother manufacturer. It allows almosteffortless movement of the surgicalmicroscope including guidance of themicroscope with one hand or bymouth. The wide radius of actionensures optimum ergonomic conve-nience when working with the micro-scope and when positioning thepatient. Handling and balancing of theNC 4 ceiling mount are extremely easy.

Hand grips are provided for the controlof the OPMI® Neuro or for bringing it into its rest position. Another benefitof the NC 4 ceiling mount with theOPMI® Neuro is its perfect integra-tability in image-guided systems formicroscope navigation. With all leadingmanufacturers of surgical navigationsystems, the OPMI® Neuro on theNC 4 floor stand has becomeestablished as the system of choice.

The OPMI® pico dental microscopeenables the dentist to perform theinnovative diagnosis and therapyexpected by informed patients, e.g. byusing microdentistry – the integrationof microscopic examination methodsand microsurgical techniques perfor-med using this microscope. Using thevideo camera integrated in the micro-scope body, the image of the patient’smouth is transmitted to a monitor,improving communication between

Light Microscopy

The Stemi® DV 4 stereomicroscopesets new standards for low-cost andyet high-performance zoom stereo-microscopes. Its excellent optics havebeen designed around a new, patentedzoom system which guaranteesbrilliant, razor-sharp, high-contrastimages throughout the zoom range –from 8x overview to 32x detail mag-nification. This is unique for a stereo-microscope of this price category. Withthe new, compact C stand and aningenious approach to illuminationcontrol – at the touch of a button, theuser can select between reflected,transmitted and mixed light – theStemi® DV 4 sets new standards forthe handling of modern stereomicro-scopes which will be appreciated bystudents and trainees as well as byusers in industrial assembly, testing and

quality inspectiondepartments.

Fully automatic Axiosprint wafer inspectionstation.

Wafer Inspection requires highthroughput rates and a high degreeof reliability for defect detection andclassification. The fully automatedAxiosprint Wafer Inspection Stationprovides all this at a high technologicallevel without diverting the operator’sattention away from his work. TheAxiosprint can be used in class 10cleanrooms and as SMIF model. Itfeatures a front-loading double-cassette system, vacuum grippers,optically controlled, contact-free –and therefore contamination-free –centering. A special feature permitseven the back of 150 and 200 mmwafers to be displayed in a tilted form.A further benefit is the extremely highthroughput rate of more than 400wafers per hour. Axiosprint offerseverything that is expected of a verymodern wafer inspection station. Inline with the motto of the semi-conductor industry, it is faster, moreflexible and smaller.

S100 wall mount, ceiling mount orfloor stand can be chosen for optimumintegration in the dentist's practice.

Stemi® DV 4 stereomicroscope.

the dentist and the patient. In addition,the dentist's team can participate livein therapy and assist the dentist withmore foresight. The OPMI® picodental microscope makes changes andeven the finest detail in the toothstructure visible which could not beseen with the naked eye, resulting indiagnosis with unparalleled precision.Totally homogeneous illumination,widefield binocular tubes and high-eyepoint eyepieces provide a panora-ma view of the therapy site and visualcomfort you would otherwise onlyassociate with surgical microscopes.Even over extended periods of time,the dentist can work in a relaxedposture – the design and the idealmobility of the OPMI® pico ensureoptimum ergonomic convenience. An

OPMI® Neuro surgical microscope on NC 4 ceiling mount.

OPMI® pico dental microscope.

Product Report

Innovation 8, Carl Zeiss, 200042

SpectralSensor Systems

ZodiaC is the name of the Zeiss OpticalDissolution In-situ Analysis and ControlSystem for determining dissolutionrates in the pharmaceutical industry –without any need for extractivesampling and filtering. This allowsfaster and more accurate measurementof the time required to dissolve aspecific agent of a drug. The basis ofthe system is a diode array spectro-meter of the MCS 500 series coupledwith fiber optic probes from Hellma viaan 8 channel multiplexer from DICON.In-situ analysis using fiber optic probesavoids the problems associated withextractive systems. These include theblockage of tubing and filters, the ad-sorption and precipitation on filters andin Teflon tubes which may lead to lower concentrations and thereforefalsified results. The need for time-consuming calibration of the flowand pumps is totally eliminated by the

use of the probes. Designed originallyfor sustained release products withdissolution profiles of 24–48 hours, thesystem can also be used for drugs withvery short dissolution times. The sta-bility and accuracy is ensured by thefact that the blank and the standard aremeasured during every cycle. Extremelyshort measuring times of less than1 minute also allow the monitoring offast release products.

Optronic Systems

The HDIR (High Definition Infrared)thermal camera for detailed obser-vation, correct assessment of thescene and precise recording of militaryand non-military targets displays anunprecedented range and resolution.HDIR offers the HDTV standard with a9 :16 format, providing a 33% widerhorizontal field of view than the usualCCIR standard. The generated imagecomprises 1152 lines with 1920 pixels

each. HDIR can be either used asa standalone thermal camera orintegrated in multisensor platforms.Upgrading by a tracker for automatictarget tracking, laser rangefinders andlaser target designators is possible atany time. When combined with an im-age processing system, the instrumentforms an “intelligent” sensor for auto-matic panoramic search and objectidentification.

SONY DV camcorder DCR-TRV20

with Vario-Sonnar®.

The OPMI® VARIO surgical microscopefor plastic and reconstructive surgery,hand and accident surgery andmaxillofacial surgery features Vario-skop optics, allowing the workingdistance to be adjusted to the existingsurgical situation without any need tochange the position of the microscopeor the optical module. Another benefitis the fast, reliable positioning of theOPMI® VARIO over a large distance inthe XY directions. The high-intensity

HDIR thermal camera and an infraredimage recorded with the thermal camera.

35-70 mm Vario-Sonnar® T*f/3.5-5.6 lensfor Contax® G 2.

OPMI® VARIO surgical microscopeas a double microscope.

Superlux 180 W xenon light sourceprovides extremely bright, high-contrast, daylight quality illumination.If the microscope illumination failsduring surgery, the 180 W xenonbackup lamp can be moved quickly into position. The spot illuminationwith its extremely small diameter of13 mm focuses the light right where itis needed. In plastic and reconstructivesurgery, two surgeons often operate ina face-to-face position. The symmetricstereo bridge makes the OPMI® VARIOthe perfect double microscope. Specialaccessories for documentation andcoobservation extend the range ofapplications of the OPMI® VARIO.This microscope is available with S8suspension systems, innovative andflexible carrier systems with manyindividually adjustable memory func-tions and optimum mobility.

Zeiss Optical Dissolution In-situ Analysisand Control System ZodiaC.

Product Report

Camera Lenses

The 35-70 mm Vario-Sonnar® T* f/3.5-5.6 lens is a compact and lightstandard zoom lens for the Contax®

G 2 rangefinder camera. It is theworld's first interchange-able lens with con-tinuously adjustablefocal length for arangefinder cam-era. The range-finder of the Con-tax® G 2 cameraautomaticallyadapts its frame continuously tothe zoom setting of the 35-70 mmVario-Sonnar® T*f/3.5-5.6 lens. Thefocal length rangeof 35 to 70 mmallows flexible useof the lens from the wide-angle focallength of 35 mm and the standard fo-cal length of 50 mm for true-to-naturephotos to the medium telephoto focallength of 70 mm which allows slightlylonger distances to the object to bebridged without falsifying the naturalperspective. These qualities make the35-70 mm Vario-Sonnar® T* f/3.5-5.6the lens of choice for travel photogra-phy within the range of the Contax® GSystem. Major photo magazines in Ger-many and the USA have confirmed theexcellent image quality of the 35-70mm Vario-Sonnar® T* f/3.5-5.6 lens.

The first DV Camcorder with an inte-grated editing computer from SONY isequipped with a Zeiss lens. The Vario-Sonnar® lens with an optical 10x zoom(digital: 40x zoom) functions preciselyin the focal length range from 48 to480 mm (10x zoom), with the SuperSteady Shot anti-wobble system alsoallowing steady photography with longfocal lengths. Focusing is performedeither automatically (autofocus) orusing the focusing ring on the lens.

Innovation 8, Carl Zeiss, 2000 43

Ophthalmic Products

Gradal® Individual is a new develop-ment from Carl Zeiss that not only op-timizes progressive eyeglass lenses forevery power, but also takes into ac-count the personal parameters of eachand every wearer. The data specified bythe eyecare professional including in-terpupillary distance, corneal vertexdistance, pantoscopic angle, the framedimensions, the reading distance, anda lot more besides are incorporated inthe mathematical computation of thefree-form surface. This has all beenmade possible by a new, revolutionarytechnology in collaboration with thefirm Schneider, Steffenberg, Germany.By the ingenious distribution of free-form surface and prescription surface,optimum optical and cosmetic proper-ties are obtained for each wearer. Inextreme cases, the new design candouble the size of the usable fields ofvision. Another new feature is the useof wave front sensor technology tomeasure the surface of the progressivelens. This highly precise technique usesthe position of the lenses in front of theeyes as its basis.

With four new models, the framecollection entitled Zeiss. High EndEyewear. now contains a total of 30different models. With their variouscolors and shapes, they offer both maleand female wearers a high quality,fashionable accessory.

Binoculars andRiflescopes

The Zeiss Victory 8 x 40 B T* and10 x 40 B T* binoculars are the firstin this price category to featureAbbe-Koenig prisms and four-elementlenses of the Superachromat type,resulting in superior image quality andoptimum twilight performance at anattractive price. They are shorter, lighterand provide high light transmission.This has been made possible by closecooperation between glass researchersat SCHOTT GLAS, Mainz/Germany andoptical designers at Carl Zeiss.

The new glass types which are freefrom arsenic and lead display theoptical properties required for the AOSsystem (Advanced Optics System),providing high image quality alongwith markedly reduced weight. Theunique optics of the Victory binocularsis matched by equally advancedmechanical systems.

The Victory 8 x 40 B T* is a com-pact multi-purpose binocular which is710 g light and is ideally suited fortravel, photo safaris, hiking and sport-ing events. It also provides the eyeglasswearer with an extremely wide field ofview of 135 m at 1,000 m.

The Victory 10 x 40 B T* with its10x magnification and a weight of730 g make it the ideal binocular forwatching animals in the wild and forbirdwatching. It is a binocular whichlets you recognize even the finest detailand most subtle shades of color.At 10x magnification, you can ex-

Gradal® Individual progressive lens.

The CLA 35 HD Cine Lens Adapter isthe first product launched by the co-operation venture set up betweenAngénieux, France, a manufacturer ofzoom lenses for movie and TV cameras,and Carl Zeiss, a supplier of lenses forthe movie industry. The new optics al-low the use of 35 mm movie lenseswith a PL bayonet on high-resolution(“High Definition”) electronic 2/3” dig-ital cameras. The CLA 35 HD is basedon a very complex optical design whichensures that optimum image qualityand chromatic properties are obtainedwith the new ULTRA PRIME lenseswhich Zeiss supplies for the Arriflex 35mm movie cameras. A format convert-er has been integrated in the CLA 35HD Cine Lens Adapter which imagesthe full frame of the 35 mm formatwithout loss on the 2/3” image sensorchip of the electronic camera. The fieldangle of the lens remains unchanged,the speed is even raised by more thanone f-stop and the modulation transferdata (MTF) is also improved. Theadapter is compatible with all elec-tronic 2/3” cameras featuring a stand-ard bayonet and, in particular, withthe new high-resolution progressivescanning cameras (“24p”). The CLA35 HD is distributed worldwide byAngénieux.

The CLA 35 HD cine lens adapterwith an ULTRA PRIME lens and anelectronic camera.

Victory 8 x 40 B T* (right) and Victory 8 x 56B T* binoculars.

Varipoint® 1.5 - 6 x 42 T* riflescope on aBlaser R93 rifle.

Frames in the Zeiss. High End Eyewear. Collection: Model 1315 (left) and 1314 (right).

Product Report

perience nature in close-up withoutdisturbing it.

The Victory 8 x 56 B T* is suitablefor observation at early dawn and latedusk. The classic binocular for huntersand zoologists is now provided withstate-of-the-art optics and an unparal-leled field of view of 132 m at 1,000 m.The flagship of the new range of Zeissbinoculars is the Victory 10 x 56 B T*.With its 10% shorter length, it weighsapprox.17% less than its predecessor.It remains a binocular which providessuperlative twilight performance, im-age quality and detail recognition.

The Varipoint® VM/V 1.5 - 6 x 42 T* is a multi-purpose red dotscope for sitting game in daylight andtwilight, for stalking and the occasion-al drive hunt. The scope is availablewith two reticle versions. The intensityof the red dot can be adjusted from avery high to a very low level – withoutglare. The second reticle type is acombination of the red dot with posts,with the dot lying in the second and thehorizontal posts in the first imageplane. While the size of the dot remainsconstant over the entire power range,the two horizontal posts and the open-ing between them are also magnified.

Captured with high-resolution camera lenses from Carl Zeiss

The fascination of detail –