Innovation & Industry. American Industrial Growth Factories increase production – New tools and...
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Transcript of Innovation & Industry. American Industrial Growth Factories increase production – New tools and...
American Industrial Growth• Factories increase production– New tools and production methods for larger numbers
of goods– Mass production – Assembly lines– Long work days
• Transformation of the food Industry– Methods of processing food for shipping
• Railroads expand markets and shipping for resources
Natural Resources—Coal • Abundant resources
help fuel growth
• Coal mines on Eastern Seaboard –fuel for powering steam locomotives and factories
Forests & Riverways• LUMBER - Thick
forests cut down and used for construction
• Riverways transported resources to cities
Discovery of Oil• World’s first oil well
drilled in 1859– Titusville,
Pennsylvania– Edwin Drake
• Drilled Oil cheap to produce/easy transport
• Oil industry grew quickly—encouraged growth in kerosene & gasoline industries
Oil before Drake
• Oil used for light and fuel
• Oil obtained from boiled down whale blubber– Time consuming– Scarcity of whales
A Growing Workforce• Large numbers of
immigrants come to the United States after the Civil War
• 1 million/year by 1900• Reasons for
Immigration– Political upheavals– Religious
Discrimination– Crop failures
Immigrants & the Workforce
• Large willing workforce
• Provided cheap labor
• Prepared to move frequently
Entrepreneurs• Flourish in system of Capitalism & Free
Enterprise
• Fuel industrialization by investing in products or ideas to make a profit
• Invested in factories, railroads, & mines
Rags to Riches
• Horatio Alger, Jr. – an American author
• Stories of poor boys who worked hard and gained wealth and fame
• Anyone who works hard can escape poverty
Government & Business
• Gave free land to railroad builders • Use of protective tariffs• Laissez-faire policies• Patent—granted by the federal
government to an inventor for exclusive rights over their invention• Encourages invention and
innovation
• 1876—Established research lab at Menlo Park, NJ
• Received more than 1,000 patents for new inventions– Battery for electric car– Mechanical voice recorder– Motion Picture Camera– Improved the Light Bulb
THOMAS EDISON
George Westinghouse
• Technology for sending electricity over long distances• Powered homes,
factories, and city streets• Patent for train air
brakes in 1869
Alexander Graham Bell• 1876—patented the
telephone• Spread quickly• By 1881, more than 34,000
miles of wire strung• Long distance lines connected
cites in the Northeast & Midwest
• More than 1 million telephones in the United States by 1900
• 1896—Guglielmo Marconi invented wireless telegraph
Henry Bessemer & Steel
• Bessemer Process - developed in the 1850s in England by Henry Bessemer
• Process for purifying iron—resulted in strong and lightweight steel!
Steel and Innovation• Quickly adapted by
Americans– out producing British in steel
manufacture by 1890
• Steel used for skyscrapers, elevators, suspension bridges – roadway suspended by steel
cables
• Brooklyn Bridge (1883)• Flatiron building(1902)– one of first skyscrapers
ELISHA OTIS
Worked on the elevator system in the U.S.
Created a system for abraking system for the elevator
His invention made skyscrapers practical
Steel made them possible!!!!
Granville Woods & the Steam Boiler Furnace
• 1884– Improved steam-
powered furnace for running trains
1887Telegraph system for trains
• More than 60 patents—mostly relating to trains and streetcars
Gustavus Swift• Meatpacker• Developed
refrigerated cars for food• Pioneered use of
animal by-products for items such as soap, glue, & fertilizer
C.F. Dowd’s Time Zones
• Throughout the 1800s, most towns set clocks independently
• Time differences made it hard to set train schedules
• In 1884, delegates from 27 countries divided the globe into 24 time zones.
• Railroads adopted this system
Mass Production
• Growing demands from the American and European consumer
• Need for quickly and cheaply developed products
• Machinery and systems for making many products once done by hand
Exports• By the 1880s,
Americans dominated international markets with grain, steel, and textiles
• Fueled the expansion of American economy
Farming and Society• Farms became mechanized–Reduced need for farm laborers
• Many farmers moved to urban areas–Added to growing workforce–Dependent upon cash wages to buy
food–Higher cost of living