Innovation in services: the role of R&D and R&D policy (INNOSERV) · 2016-03-29 · Background •...

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Innovation in services: the role of

R&D and R&D policy (INNOSERV)

Second expert meeting

OECD, Paris 20-21 March 2012

Preliminary indicators and first results

from review of innovation surveys

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Overview

• Background : innovation surveys, measurement of innovation in services / service innovation

• Preliminary findings from NESTI metadata collection (innovation survey design and implementation)

• Experimental results from CIS-2008 microdata analysis

Background

• Innovation surveys: key source to analyse characteristics and activities of innovating firms, including non-technological and non-R&D based innovation, which are especially important in services

– Community Innovation Survey (CIS): has evolved with the Oslo Manual. Although extended to services and non-technological innovation, some concerns that it is still biased towards its original manufacturing/technological paradigm (Gallouj & Savona 2010)

• Innovation surveys have been increasingly used in studies to explore innovation in service sectors

– Describe innovative activity in service firms: amount and types of innovation expenditures, sources of information, aims of innovation, IPR, barriers to innovation, public support (Howells

and Tether 2004, Hipp & Grupp 2005, Arundel, Kanerva, van Cruysen & Hollanders 2007, Gallego 2011)

– Types of innovation, dual innovators (Bloch 2008)

– Innovation modes (Huang, Arundel & Hollanders 2010)

– Innovative activity in specific service sectors (Howells and Tether 2004, Gotsch, Hipp, Callego &

Rubalcaba 2011)

• 2 approaches to service innovation measurement: – Industry based (manufacturing/services) / activity based (good/service innovation) (Hollanders

2008)

– Only a few studies have exploited the good/service innovation distinction (NESTA 2008)

Survey design and service

innovation

• Sector coverage

• Response patterns

• Coverage of service-based forms of innovation

Sectoral coverage

Source: OECD questionnaire on innovation survey design and implementation, March 2012.

Unit response rates by sector (unweighted)

0 20 40 60 80 100

DEU

JPN

ZAF

BEL

IRL

GBR

AUT

FIN

FRA

EST

CZE

PRT

HUN

SWE

LUX

ISR

BRA

NOR

services manufacturing total

Source: OECD questionnaire on innovation survey design and implementation, March 2012.

Questions on service-related innovations

Product and process innovation:

• Checking Qs on prod-service inno.

• Potential tech-biases. BRA, RUS.

Marketing and organisational innovation:

• Responses to Q’re show near complete coverage within innovation surveys. Exceptions: JPN, CHN, MEX, USA, RUS.

• Differences in coverage of these types:

– In CIS, core questionnaire focuses on product/process

– In other surveys: wider inclusion (e.g. expenditure, sources of info, collaboration, drivers, etc.)

– May impact responses

Context and framing (e.g. joint R&D/innov, question order, …) may also affect responses– ongoing work

Target population

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

BR

A

HU

N

PR

T

FIN

ME

X

CH

L

ZA

F

SV

K

FR

A

ES

T

TU

R

AU

T

SW

E

CZ

E

DE

U

JP

N

NZ

L

NO

R

LU

X

ISR

GB

R

NL

D

Services Manufacturing Share of enterprises in services

Source: OECD questionnaire on innovation survey design and implementation. March 2012.

Innovation rates by type and sector

Org/mkt innovation only Any type of innovation (p/p/m/o)

Source: OECD based on ESTAT (CIS-2008) and STI Scoreboard 2011.

0% 50% 100%

Portugal Brazil

Iceland Luxembourg

Hungary Czech Republic

Lithuania Denmark

Chile Spain

Slovakia Poland

Norway Romania

New Zealand France Croatia Austria

Israel United Kingdom

Sweden Estonia

Italy Ireland

Belgium Netherlands South Africa

Slovenia Finland Turkey

Malta Latvia

Germany Cyprus

Bulgaria

Manufacturing Core services

0% 20% 40% 60%

Czech Republic Slovakia

Germany Austria Ireland France

Slovenia Finland

Denmark Italy

Portugal New Zealand

Spain Cyprus

Netherlands Hungary

Estonia Croatia Sweden Norway

Malta Lithuania

Poland Belgium

Latvia Iceland

Romania Chile

Luxembourg South Africa

Bulgaria Brazil Israel

Manufacturing Core services

CIS microdata analysis • Purpose: reproduce previous analyses on more recent data (CIS-

2008), and explore specific topics:

– Co-occurences/complementarities between types of innovation

– Role of R&D activity

– Collaborations and knowledge flows

– Blurring frontiers

– Taxonomy

– Impact of service innovation: on performance, employment

• Approach – Descriptive indicators

– Exploratory analysis

• Methodology/ level of analysis: – Generally 4 sector groups (high-tech and low-tech manufacturing, KIS and less KIS) to take

into account heterogeneity of service sectors

– Country level/EU16 level: CZ, DE, EE, ES, FI, FR, HU, IE, IT, LU, NL, NO, PT, SE, SI, SK

– weighted/unweighted, depending on topic and data availability

• Preliminary results focusing on CIS data to demonstrate what types of analyses can be done using innovation surveys, which could be reproduced for other countries

Innovation by sector

Source: OECD calculations based on CIS 2008 microdata (Eurostat) for INNOSERV.

Note: EU16, unweighted

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

High Tech manuf Low Tech manuf KIS LKIS

Share of innovative firms by sector and type of innovation

Any type of innovation (including ongoing and abandoned) Product

Process Product or Process

Innoactive (product, process, ongoing or abandoned) Organisational

Marketing

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8






Marketing

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8






Marketing

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8






Marketing

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8






Marketing

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8






Marketing

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8






Marketing

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8






Marketing

Sectors innovation across countries

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

CZ

DE EE

ES

FI

FR

HU

IE

IT

LU

NL

NO

PT SE

SI

SK

Tota

l

High Tech manufacturing

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

CZ

DE EE

ES

FI

FR

HU

IE

IT

LU

NL

NO

PT SE

SI

SK

Tota

l

Low Tech manufacturing

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

CZ

DE EE

ES

FI

FR

HU

IE

IT

LU

NL

NO

PT SE

SI

SK

Tota

l

Knowledge Intensive Services

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

CZ

DE EE

ES

FI

FR

HU

IE

IT

LU

NL

NO

PT SE

SI

SK

Tota

l

Less KIS



Share of innovative firms by country and sector (product, process, organ. or marketing)

Blurring frontiers



Firms innovating in good and/or in service by sector

Good only 67%

Service only 6%

Good and service 27%

Manufacturing

Good only 23%

Service only 43%

Good and service 34%

Services

Blurring frontiers



0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

man

uf.

serv

.

man

uf.

serv

.

man

uf.

serv

.

man

uf.

serv

.

man

uf.

serv

.

man

uf.

serv

.

man

uf.

serv

.

man

uf.

serv

.

man

uf.

serv

.

man

uf.

serv

.

man

uf.

serv

.

man

uf.

serv

.

man

uf.

serv

.

man

uf.

serv

.

man

uf.

serv

.

man

uf.

serv

.

DE FI PT SE CZ IE NL IT SI EE FR Total NO ES SK HU

Share of firms innovating in goods and/or services by sector and country

Good only Good and service Service only

Innovation performance by sector

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80% Good

Service

Product

Process

Product or process

Product, process + ongoing or abandoned

Organisational

Marketing

Organisational or marketing

Organisational, marketing, product or process

Organisational, marketing, product, process + ongoing or

abandoned


High-tech manuf.

Low-tech manuf.

KIS

Less KIS



Innovation performance by firm size



0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9 Good

Service

Product

Process

Product or process


Organisational

Marketing

Organisational or marketing

Organisational, marketing, product or process

Organisational, marketing, product, process + ongoing or

abandoned

Share of innovative firms by size and by type of innovation

Small

Medium

Large

Innovation performance by country

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

CZ

DE

EE

ES

FI

FR

HU

IE

IT LU

NL

NO

PT

SE

SI

SK

Total

Share of Innovative firms by country and type of innovation

Good

Service

Process

Product or process


Organisational

Marketing

Organisational, marketing, product, process + ongoing or abandoned



RD and non RD innovators

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8 Good

Service

Product

Process

Organisational

Marketing

Innovation propensity by R&D status (internal or external R&D)

RD=0

RD=1


Note: EU16, unweighted.

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

CZ DE EE ES FI FR HU IE IT LU NL NO PT SE SI SK

Manufacturing

Good innovation Service innovation

Non RD innovators


Note: Ratio of the share of innovators amongst non-R&Dfirms on the share of innovators amongst R&D firms EU16, unweighted

Relative share of innovators without R&D by sector (internal or external R&D)

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

CZ DE EE ES FI FR HU IE IT LU NL NO PT SE SI SK

Services

Collaboration for innovation


0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

High-tech manuf. Low-tech manuf. KIS LKIS Total

Share of innovation active firms collaborating by sector

Note: EU16, unweighted . Innoactive firms are firms with product, process (including ongoing or abandoned), organisational or marketing innovations.

Collaboration partners



0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

international national

Geography of collaboration by sector (share of innoactive firms collaborating)

0%

10%

20%

30%

group suppliers clients competitors consultatns universities gvt/public research

Type of collaboration partners (share of innoactive firms collaborating)

Manufacturing

Services

Sources of information


0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

within group suppliers clients competitors consultatns universities public research conferences journals professional associations

Importance of various sources of innovation by sector (share of innoactive firms considering the source of medium or high importance)

Manuf Services


Towards a typology: innovation activities

good

service

methods

logistic

supporting activities

abandoned

ongoing

business practices

work responsibilities

external relations

design/packaging promotion

placement

pricing

internal R&D

external R&D

capital

external knowledge

training

market introduction

other activities

-0.2

-0.15

-0.1

-0.05

0

0.05

0.1

-0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2

Multidimensional scaling

technological

product/marketing

process/organisation

non-technological


Note: EU16, unweighted.

product innovations process innovations ongoing or abandoned organisational innovations marketing innovations innovation expenditures

10

11

12

13

14 15 16

17

18

19

20 21

22

23 24

25

26 27 28 29

30

31 32

33

46

49 50

51

52 53

58

61

62

63

64

65

66

71

72 good=0

good=1

service=0

service=1

process=0 process=1

organisational=0

organisational=1

marketing=0

marketing=1

R&D=0

R&D=1

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Multiple Correspondance Analysis

good/technological

innovativeness

High-tech manufacturing Low-tech manufacturing KIS Less KIS Figures: Nace Rev. 2 sectors

Innovation type=1 Innovation type=0 R&D active Not R&D active

Towards a typology: sectors



Conclusions, points for discussion

• Main messages

– Innovation is not restricted to manufacturing

• Especially if one takes into account different types and modes of innovation

• Differences in innovation performance are more between technology-/knowledge- intensity levels than between service or good orientation

– Service innovation is not restricted to service sectors

• Remaining challenges and next steps

– Refining taxonomy, analysing innovation strategies/modes

– Analyse links to impacts on productivity and employment

– Extend to other countries beyond CIS-Safe Centre

• Questions: is this right focus, approach? Other sources?

Innovation in services: the role of R&D and R&D policy (INNOSERV) · 2016-03-29 · Background •...

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