Injury Of Cranial Nerve
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Transcript of Injury Of Cranial Nerve
Injury of Cranial Nerve
By: Huda Almubarak
Cranial Nerves
• CN I
• CN II
• CN III, IV, & VI
• CN V
• CN VII,
• CN VIII
• CN IX & X
• CN XI
• CN XII
Memorize 2-3 sections/division
Injury of Cranial Nerve
Injury to the cranial nerve is a
frequent complication of a fracture in
the base of the cranium.
some of causes:
Trauma, tumor and aneurysm
CN I Olfactory Nerve
Not real nerves, why?
Directly from the receptor to the center of vision!
Injury of CN I
1. Anosmia
loss of smell.
Causes:
- Loss of olfactory fibers usually occurs whith
aging
- Injury to the nasal mucosa, olfactory nerve
fibers, olfactory bulbs, or olfactory tract may
impair smell
Injury of CN I
2. Olfactory Hallucination:
False preception of smell
Causes:
Lesion in the temporal lobe of the cerebral
hemisphere “temporal lobe epilepsy”
Characterized by:
- Imaginary disagreeable odors
- Involuntary movement of the lips and tongue.
CN II Optic Nerve
• Vision
• Intraocular
movement (+ III)
• Blinking (+ V &
VII)
• Circadian rhythm
Injury of CN II
1. Demyelinateing: Diseases and the Optic
Nerve.
- The optic nerve are actually CNS tract
surrounded by myelin sheath.
Consequently, the optic nerves are susceptible
to the effects of demyelinating disease of the
CNS , such as multiple sclerosis(MS), which
usually don’t affect other nerves of the PNS.
Injury of CN II
2. Optic neuritis
optic neuritis refers to lesions of the optic
nerve that cause diminution of visual
acuity Optic neuritis may be caused by
inflammatory , degenerative , demyelinating
, or toxic disorder
Injury of CN II
3. Visual field defect:
Visual field defects result from lesions that
affect different parts of the visual pathway
Injury of CN III
Ptosis
Causes: A lesion of CN III results in ipsilateral
oculomotor palsy
Characterized by:
- Dilated pupil.
- Pupillary reflex on the side of the lesion will
be lost.
- eyes turned down and out.
Injury of CN IV
- The Trochlear nerve is relay pralyzed alone.
- Lesion of the nerve or it’s nucleus paralysis of
the superior oblique and impair the ability to
turn the affected eyeball inferpmedially
- characteristic sign:
Diplopia “double vision” when looking down.
Injury of the V
Trigeminal Nerve injured by:
- Trauma
- Tumors
- Aneurysm
- Meningeal infection
Injury of the V
Causes the following:
- Paralysis of the muscle of mastication
- Loss of the ability to appreciate soft
tactile, thermal, or painful sensation in the
face.
- Loss of corneal reflex
Injury of the VI
Paralysis of Abducent nerve result from:
- Neurysm of the cerebral arterial circle (at the
base of the brain)
- Pressure from an atherosclerotic internal
carotid artery in the cavernous sinus.
- Septic thrombosis of the sinus subsequent to
infection in the nasal cavities or paranasal
sinus.
Injury of the VII
Injury of Facial nerve result from:
- Laceration or contusion in parotid region
- Fracture of temporal bone
- Intracranial hematoma “stroke”
Injury of the VI
Causes the following:
- Causing paralysis of
the lateral rectus.
- Medial deviation of
the affected eye.
Injury of the VII
Causing:
- Bell’s palsy: paralysis of facial muscle; eye
remains; angle of mouth droops; forehead does
not wrinkle.
- Dry cornea; loss of taste on anterior two third
of tongue.
- Paralysis of contralateral facial muscle.
Injury of the VIII
Lesion of Vestibulocochlear nerve may cause:
- Tinnitus: ringing or buzzing in ear.
- Vertigo: dizziness, loss of balance.
- Impairment or loss of hearing.
Injury of the IX
Isolate lesion of Glossopharyngel nerve is
uncommon. Result from:
- Infection
- Tumors
Injury of the IX
Causing:
- Taste is absent on the posterior third of
tongue.
- Change in swallowing
- Loss of sensation on affected side of soft
palate.
Injury of the X
Injury of Vagus nerve results from:
- Cancer of the larynx and thyroid gland
- Injury during surgery on (thyroid
gland, neck, esophagus, heart, and lungs)
Injury of the X
Injury of Vagus nerve results in:
- Dysphagia: difficulty in swallowing.
- Dysphonia: difficulty in speaking.
- Aphonia: loss of voice.
- Inspiratory stridor: high respiratory sound.
Injury of the XI
Injury to the spinal accessory nerve:
Susceptible to injury durring surgical
procedures such as lymph node
biopsy, cannulation of the internal jugular
vien, and carotid endarterectomy.
Injury of the XII
Injury to the Hypoglossal nerve:
Paralyzes the ipsilateral half of the tongue, it’s
apex deviate toward the paralyzed side.
Fathers of Neuroscience
Camillo Golgi
(1843-1926)
Santiago Ramon y Cajal
(1852-1934)
Father of Neurosurgery
& Father of Neurology
Harvey Williams Cushing
(1869-1939)
Jean-Martin Charcot
(1825-1893)
A CLINICAL LESSON AT "LA SALPETRIERE."Joseph Babinski, Georges Gilles de la Tourette, Henri Parinaud
Pierre Janet, William James, Pierre Marie, Albert Londe, Sigmund Freud,
Charles-Joseph Bouchard, Axel Munthe, and Alfred Binet