Injury bio

8/13/2019 Injury bio

1/11

Trauma Biomechanics

Third Edition


2/11


3/11

ISBN 978-3-642-03712-2 e-ISBN 978-3-642-03713-9DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-03713-9Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York

Library of Congress Control Number: 2009938113

c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material isconcerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting,reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publicationor parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9,1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violationsare liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does notimply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protectivelaws and regulations and therefore free for general use.

Cover design:deblik, Berlin

Printed on acid-free paper

Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Dr. Markus H. Muser

Prof. Dr. med. Felix WalzAGUWinkelriedstrasse 27CH-8006 Zurich

PD Dr. Kai-Uwe Schmitt

Institute for Biomedical Engineering

ETZ F90

Prof. Dr. Peter F. Niederer (emeritiert)

University and ETH Zurich

Gloriastrasse 35CH-8092 Zurich


4/11

Preface

Injury is a leading cause of death, hospitalisation and disability world-wide.

The World Health Organization predicts that unintentional injuries arising

from road traffic incidents will rise to take third place in the rank order of

international disease burden by the year 2030. Although these statistics and

the associated economic costs are staggering, the effect of unintentional

injury and death from trauma is more apparent, and more disturbing, when

seen personally. By a young age, nearly everyone in the world, regardless

of region, wealth or education, has had a relative or someone that they

know killed or disabled in an "accident". The quality of life and financial

effects on the injured person and their families and friends are plainly

evident and clearly devastating. Many unintentional injuries are in realitynot accidents; they could be prevented with changes in policy, education, or

through improved safety devices. Arrayed against these preventable

injuries, a diverse group of injury prevention researchers and practitioners

work to decrease the incidence of unintentional injury.

In trauma biomechanics, the principles of mechanics are used to

understand how injuries happen at the level of the bones, joints, organs and

tissues of the body. This knowledge is central in the development,

characterization and improvement of safety devices such as helmets andseat belts and in the safe design of vehicles and equipment used for

transportation, occupation and recreation. The field of trauma biomechanics

is highly interdisciplinary, with engineers and physicists being centrally

involved with medical practitioners and many other experts. This book,

Trauma Biomechanics, is organized as a short primer of this subject and it

provides a logical overview of the field. It is written to be accessible to a

range of students or practitioners, while still providing considerable detail

in each section. Each chapter contains plentiful and up-to-date references to

guide readers who require more information on a particular topic.In contrast to the relative abundance of texts that describe basic

biomechanics, sports biomechanics, gait analysis and orthopaedic

biomechanics this is one of only two or three texts focused on trauma


5/11

biomechanics that I am aware of. I have used a previous version of the book

as a required text for a combined senior undergraduate- and graduate- level

Mechanical Engineering class called the "Fundamentals of Injury

Biomechanics" at the University of British Columbia. The studentscommented positively on the layout and accessibility of the book and they

used it as a key reference in the assigned problems and project work in the

class. I think the short primer structure of the book helped to make it

accessible to the students. It is possible to start reading at the beginning of

any chapter and quickly come up to speed with the most important basic

knowledge about the anatomy, tolerance and injury prevention techniques

for that region of the body. This is of great utility for students but also for

people working in injury research contexts were they can be asked to

rapidly switch their focus from injury in one area of the body or from one

mechanism to another. This can occur not only while studying in university

but also in many industrial and academic research contexts. For example,

this is frequently required of people working on government-sponsored

injury reconstruction teams or who are engaged in reconstructing injuries in

the litigation context.

I recommend this book as a key basic resource for anyone interested in

injury prevention. Everyone, from graduate students working in anacademic injury biomechanics setting to engineers, physicists, clinicians,

surgeons, kinesiologists, biologists, statisticians and social scientists

working in the broad field of injury prevention, frequently has questions

about how injuries happen in various parts of the body. This book is an

essential and accessible resource to anyone with these questions.

Peter A. Cripton

Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering

and Associate Faculty Member of the Department of Orthopaedics

The University of British Columbia

VI Preface


6/11

Preface - 2nd edition

Everyday, more than 140000 people are injured, 3000 killed, and 15000

disabled for life everyday on the world's roads. Likewise, sports related

injuries are numerous and have a significant socio-economic impact. The

field of trauma biomechanics, or injury biomechanics, uses the principles of

mechanics to study the response and tolerance level of biological tissues

under extreme loading conditions. Through an understanding of mechanical

factors that influence the function and structure of human tissues,

countermeasures can be developed to alleviate or even eliminate such

injuries.

This book, Trauma-Biomechanics, surveys a wide variety of topics ininjury biomechanics including anatomy, injury classification, injury

mechanism, and injury criteria. It is the first collection I am aware of that

lists regional injury reference values, or injury criterion, either currently in

use or proposed by both U.S. and European communities. Although the

book is meant to be an introduction for medical doctors and engineers who

are beginners in the field of injury biomechanics, sufficient references are

provided for those who wish to conduct further research, and even

established researchers will find it useful as a reference for finding thebiomechanical background of each proposed injury mechanism and injury

criterion. As more people become aware of and understand this subject, it

will someday lead to better mitigation and prevention of automotive and

sports related injuries. I like this book very much and believe that you will

find the same.

King H. Yang

Professor of Biomedical Engineeringand Mechanical Engineering

Director of Bioengineering Center

Wayne State University


7/11

Acknowledgements

The positive feedback that we have obtained from students and colleagues

and in particular from our readers of the previous editions was the major

source of motivation to tackle this third edition. Thank you! We highly

appreciate the various suggestions which were of great help to further

develop the book.

In the present third edition the contents were updated with the latest

knowledge and references and known mistakes and typos were corrected

(surely adding a few new ones). As a particularly important addition for

students, exercises of various levels of complexity were added.

Nevertheless, we kept the original focus of the book. It primarily offers an

introductory overview on different aspects of trauma biomechanics, butalso serves as a quick reference for experts.

Thus we hope to provide a suitable starting point for sharing our

excitement and enthusiasm about this field of biomechanics research.

Kai-Uwe Schmitt, Peter Niederer, Markus Muser, Felix Walz


8/11


9/11


10/11


11/11

XII Contents

8.7 Exercises.........................................................................................226

8.8 References .....................................................................................227

9 Impairment and injuries resulting from chronic mechanical exposure...2319.1 Occupational health ........................................................................235

9.2 Sports..............................................................................................237

9.2.1 Non contact sports ....................................................................237

9.2.2 Contact sports ...........................................................................239

9.3 Household work .............................................................................239

9.4 Summary ........................................................................................239

9.5 References ......................................................................................240

10 Solutions to exercises ..........................................................................243

11 Subject index .......................................................................................247

Injury bio

Documents

Transcript of Injury bio