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Initial Results from the East Bay Diesel Exposure...
Transcript of Initial Results from the East Bay Diesel Exposure...
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Initial Results from the East Bay Diesel Exposure Project
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Asa Bradman, MS, PhD
Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health School of Public Health
University of California, Berkeley
Presentation to the Scientific Guidance Panel Meeting November 6, 2019
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EBDEP Study TeamUC Berkeley: Asa Bradman, Rosemary Castorina, Kelsey Ranjbar , Marina Rowen,
Victor Aguilar, Natalia Garban, Ruby Salazar, Jessica Yescas , Regan Patterson OEHHA: Sara Hoover, Duyen Kauffman, Russell Bartlett, Dan Sultana
University of Washington: Chris Simpson, Michael Paulsen
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Thank you to our supporting partnersLawrence Berkeley Lab:
Thomas Kirchstetter , Chelsea Preble, Rebecca Sugrue West Oakland Environmental Indicators Project:
Ms. Margaret Gordon, Brian Beveridge Biomonitoring California staff
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West OaklandEnvironmentalIndicators Project
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Project Goals• A ssess exposures to diesel exhaust in impacted communities
of the East Bay • Compare exposures in parent - child pairs to
increase understanding of exposure patterns:
ØW ithin a household ØOver time ØBetween communities
• Evaluate predictors of diesel exhaust exposure, such as truck traffic
• Generate data to help evaluate the effectiveness of diesel regulations in California
• Engage with community and policymakers about study results
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EBDEP Locations
East Bay • Oakland
• Richmond
• Other locations along freeways ( I - 80, I - 580, I - 880 )
• 40 families
Choice of locations informed by CalEnviroScreen diesel particulate matter indicator5
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Map of San Francisco and East Bay area projecting diesel particulate matter percent
scores. Percent scores are based on all census tracts in the state
and depicted by color. Dark census tracts are in Richmond,
Oakland, East Oakland, San Francisco, and San Leandro. area
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CalEnviroScreen Diesel PM Emissions and Scores - EBDEP Summary
Notes: CalEnviroScreen data is reported at the census tract level. The above values are based on participants’ home addresses.
PM: particulate matter
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blank cell blank cell Median 25th
percentile75th
percentile Range
Daily diesel PM emissions (kg/day) 33 21 43 3-76
Diesel PM indicator score 88 74 94 9-99
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CalEnviroScreen Diesel PM and Scores in Selected EBDEP Study Areas
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Location NDiesel PM (kg/day)
RangeDiesel PM Indicator Score
RangeEl Sobrante 3 3 - 15 9 - 45
Pinole 3 11 - 18 31 - 53
Richmond 9 17 – 44 52 - 95
West Oakland 8 76 99
East Oakland 10 19 - 51 59 - 96
*Based on home addresses of participants
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1-Nitropyrene (1-NP)• 1 - NP is formed during combustion by nitration of polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) within diesel engines Ø1 - NP is the most abundant particle - associated nitro - PAH in
diesel exhaust
• More specific than other diesel exhaust exposure indicators ( e.g ., black c arbon)
• Metabolites of 1 - NP can be measured in urine as an exposure biomarker Ø 6 - hydroxy - 1 - nitropyrene (6 - OHNP) Ø 8 - hydroxy - 1 - nitropyrene (8 - 0HNP )
Scheepers et al. 1995; Toriba et al. 2007 9
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Study Design
• Forty child - parent pairs ØChildren 2 - 10 years old
• Urine , indoor air, and vacuum bag/canister dust
• Two sampling rounds for each household, ~4 - 6 months apart Ø25 families collected single urine samples for each round Ø15 families collected daily urine samples for four days for each round
• Field work conducted between January 2018 and February 2019
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Data Collection and Laboratory Measurements
• Exposure questionnaire, activity diary, home visit
• GPS data logger for child
• Urinary biomarkers - 1 - NP metabolites Ø6 - OHNP
Ø8 - 0HNP
• Environmental measurements: 1 - NP in indoor air and dust
• Indoor monitoring of black carbon using sensor developed by Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
GPS Data Logger
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Latest EBDEP Timeline• February 2019
Last samples collected and sent to University of Washington (UW) for analysis
• June-July 2019Results return materials submitted to and approved by Institutional Review Boards
• October 2019 Final datasets for urinary 1 - NP metabolites and 1 - NP in air filters and dust received from UW
All results returned to participants
• November 2019Preliminary statistical analyses completed
• December 2019 - January 2020 Community meetings planned
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Overview of analyses presented today•EBDEP demographics and selected exposure
characteristics •Urinary 1 - NP metabolite levels §Summary statistics §Comparisons between children and parents §Within - and between - subject variability §Changes over time
•1 - NP metabolite levels in relation to: § Income §Race/ethnicity
•1 - NP levels in indoor air and dust •Preview of GIS analyses
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EBDEP Parents: Demographic Information
N=40 parents *Some individuals selected more than one ethnicity
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EBDEP Parents: Education and Income
N=40 parents
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EBDEP Children: Demographic Information
N=40 children * Some individuals selected more than one ethnicity.
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Selected Exposure Characteristics
N = 40 parent-child pairs 17
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Results for 1-NP Metabolites in Urine• Reported in picograms /liter ( pg /L) and adjusted for specific gravity ØReference value of 1.017 (NHANES 2007 - 2008) chosen to be consistent with
CARE - LA
• Method detection limits (MDLs) Ø6 - OHNP - 16 pg /L Ø8 - OHNP - 21 pg /L
• For purposes of initial statistical analyses presented here: • Results for 6 - OHNP and 8 - OHNP were averaged for each participant across
both time points
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1-NP Urinary Metabolite Concentrations
n: number of samples
Results reported in pg /L, specific gravity adjusted
DF: detection frequency GM: geometric mean IQR: interquartile range (25th – 75th percentile)
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Blankcell Metabolite n DF (%) GM Median (IQR) 95th
percentileAdult 6-OHNP 138 98 250 240 (130 - 530) 1500
Blank cell 8-OHNP 150 95 160 160 (83 - 290) 730Blankcell Blank cell Blank
cellBlank cell
Blankcell Blank cell Blank cell
Child 6-OHNP 155 94 150 170 (64 - 330) 1000Blank cell
8-OHNP 168 95 130 130 (61 - 260) 740
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1 - NP Metabolite Levels are Higher in Adults than Children
*T-test p - value<0.05
12 outliers above 1500 pg/L were excluded from boxplot for scale20
*
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Urinary 1 - NP Metabolites Correlation Matrix
U nits: pg /L n: number of samples (shown in parentheses)
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**Pearson r p-value<0.05
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1 - NP Metabolite Within - and Between-Subject Variability
• Interclass correlation (ICC): measure of reliability that reflects degree of correlation and agreement between each subject’s measurements
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1 - NP Metabolite Within - and Between-Subject Variability
• Interclass correlation (ICC): measure of reliability that reflects degree of correlation and agreement between each subject’s measurements
ØWithin - subject variability is > between - subject variability
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1 - NP Metabolite Levels in Relation to Demographics of Parents
†Category includes Asian, American Indian/Alaskan Native/Other Pacific Islander, and individuals who selected more than one ethnicity. Individuals who preferred not to identify ethnicity were not included in this analysis.
Units: pg /L N=40 parents
*ANOVA p-value<0.05
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1 - NP Metabolite Levels in Relation to Demographics of Children
†See previous slide for details.
Units : pg /L N=40 children 27
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1-NP Levels in Indoor Air and Dust
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Media n samples DF (%) GM Median (IQR) 95th
percentile
Air (pg/m3) 78 77 0.43 0.43 (0.33-0.54) 0.86
Dust (pg/g) 37 97 370 340 (180 - 620) 2,700
MDLs Air : 0.16 pg /filter (~ 0.3 pg /m3) Dust: 15 pg /g
ØAir and dust levels are moderately correlated (Pearson r=0.46; p - value<0.01)
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GIS Source LayersOn - road sources
• Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) ØAADT: Annual average daily traffic ØHPMS road segments
• Bus routes and stops (AC Transit and Amtrak) • Caltrans Truck Network • Railway road crossings • Major roads (primary highways, secondary roads) • Caltrans Bottlenecks (tracks highway congestion)
Non - road sources • Railway lines • Industrial land use zoning maps (county) • P orts • Permitted stationary emission sources (BAAQMD ), including
gas stations, auto repair/body shops, industrial facilities
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Maps of Potential Diesel Sources
West OaklandSF and East Bay
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LEGEND
Highway HPMS road segment Railway line BAAQMD permitted emission source
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Example Map of EBDEP GPS Logger Data*
*Example rendering not based on actual data31
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Traffic Volume near Participant’s Residence, Work, and School/Childcare
•Daily counts (2017) from U.S. Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) •Compute daily vehicle - kilometers - traveled (VKT) near home
within: Ø 500 meters Ø1000 meters Ø2000 meters
• For: ØAll vehicles ØBuses and commercial trucks ØTractor-trailers (e.g., 18-wheelers)
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Traffic Volume by Buffer ZoneVehicle kilometers traveled per day (VKT)* within 500, 1000, and 2000 meter buffer zones around participants' homes
*VKT are based on traffic counts by road segment lengths 33
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GIS Analysis Plan
•Within each buffer area: •Quantify traffic volumes • Identify rail and maritime sources • Identify stationary sources
ØExamine associations between diesel sources and EBDEP results (urinary 1 - NP metabolite levels; 1-NP levels in indoor air and dust)
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Innovative Aspects of EBDEP as a Biomonitoring California Study
•Measured urinary 1 - NP metabolites in children •Collected samples at two time points for all participants ØProvides data to examine time trends within families
•Collected daily samples from some participants to examine within - and between - subject variability •Collected complementary environmental samples ØDeveloped methods to measure 1 - NP in air filters and dust
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Next Steps for Data Analyses• Examine predictors of diesel exhaust exposure ØWork - related exposures ØTraffic volume and other sources near home, work, school or childcare ØRail and maritime sources ØIndoor indicators of diesel exhaust (e.g., 1 - NP in air and dust)
{Will also evaluate household combustion sources as potential confounder} • Account for time - activity patterns ØTime spent in transit and at fixed locations
• Evaluate other factors that can impact diesel exhaust exposures, including: ØAmbient air quality (e.g., PM2.5, NO2) ØMeteorological information (e.g., rain)
EBDEP provides a rich dataset to better understand diesel exhaust exposures and inform exposure reduction
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We would like to thank all the participating families for their
valuable time and effort!
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Questions and Discussion
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