Initial Response Actions Initial Response Actions ToTo

Confined Space Confined Space EmergenciesEmergencies

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IntroductionIntroduction

• Under Under NONO circumstances should rescuers circumstances should rescuers enter a confined space unless they are enter a confined space unless they are trained, equipped, and supervised in trained, equipped, and supervised in accordance with OSHA regulations.accordance with OSHA regulations.

• This Confined Space Awareness training This Confined Space Awareness training program does program does NOTNOT qualify participants to qualify participants to enter a confined space.enter a confined space.

IntroductionIntroduction

• Fire Departments Fire Departments ARE NOTARE NOT exempt exempt under the MOSH standard.under the MOSH standard.

• MOSH: Maryland Occupational Safety MOSH: Maryland Occupational Safety & Health& Health

ReferencesReferences

Permit-required confined spaces

- 1910.146

Regulations

(Standards - 29 CFR)

Occupational Safety And Health Administration

A Confined A Confined Space is Space is

defined as an defined as an area which:area which:

• Has adequate Has adequate size and size and configuration configuration for employee for employee entryentry

• Has limited Has limited means of means of entering/exitentering/exitinging

• Is not Is not designed designed for for continuous continuous employee employee occupancyoccupancy

Confined Space Confined Space StatisticsStatistics

•O.S.H.A. estimates 1.6 O.S.H.A. estimates 1.6 million employees enter million employees enter confined spaces each yearconfined spaces each year

•50,000 emergency responses 50,000 emergency responses and 60 fatalities occur as a and 60 fatalities occur as a result of confined space result of confined space incidents yearlyincidents yearly

•60% of confined space 60% of confined space fatalities are would be fatalities are would be rescuersrescuers

What Does This Tell What Does This Tell Us?Us?

•Workers fail to recognize Workers fail to recognize hazardshazards

•Workers under estimate the Workers under estimate the dangersdangers

•Workers become complacentWorkers become complacent

•Workers will try to save their Workers will try to save their buddybuddy

Confined Space Entry Confined Space Entry PermitPermit

• Permit requiredPermit required• Non-permit requiredNon-permit required SAMPLE

SAMPLE

AA Permit-RequiredPermit-Required Confined Space Confined Space

CFR 1910.146CFR 1910.146

• Is a confined space that Is a confined space that has a potential to have has a potential to have one or more of the one or more of the following hazards:following hazards:

• Hazardous Hazardous AtmospheresAtmospheres

• Engulfment HazardsEngulfment Hazards• Configuration HazardsConfiguration Hazards• Energy HazardsEnergy Hazards• Other HazardsOther Hazards

Non-Permit RequiredNon-Permit Required SpacesSpaces

• Does not contain or have the potential to Does not contain or have the potential to contain a hazardous atmospherecontain a hazardous atmosphere

• A hazard capable of causing death or A hazard capable of causing death or serious physical harmserious physical harm

Confined Space Confined Space Injuries/IllnessesInjuries/Illnesses

• AsphyxiationAsphyxiation• LacerationsLacerations• Blunt TraumaBlunt Trauma• Toxic Gas InhalationToxic Gas Inhalation• ClaustrophobiaClaustrophobia

• Crushing TraumaCrushing Trauma• Electric ShockElectric Shock• BurnsBurns• Heat StressHeat Stress• Heart AttackHeart Attack

Asphyxiating HazardsAsphyxiating Hazards

• Oxygen LevelsOxygen Levels23.5% & above:23.5% & above:High Oxygen LevelsHigh Oxygen Levels20.8 to 21%:20.8 to 21%: Normal air Normal air

oxygen levelsoxygen levels19.5% & below:19.5% & below: Low Oxygen LevelsLow Oxygen Levels

• Normal air: 20.9% O2, 78.1% Normal air: 20.9% O2, 78.1% nitrogen, 1% argonnitrogen, 1% argon

• Oxygen can be consumed or Oxygen can be consumed or displaceddisplaced

HazardsHazards

• Oxygen Deficient, Displaced or Oxygen Deficient, Displaced or EnrichedEnriched

• Lack of VentilationLack of Ventilation• Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions• Flammable/Explosive Flammable/Explosive

AtmosphereAtmosphere• Toxic AtmosphereToxic Atmosphere

How Confined Spaces How Confined Spaces Become Become

ContaminatedContaminated• Biological activityBiological activity• CombustionCombustion• AdsorptionAdsorption• InsertionInsertion• ReactionReaction

Determine If You Are Determine If You Are Responding To A Responding To A Confined SpaceConfined Space

• Meets The CriteriaMeets The Criteria• Ensure PPE Is AvailableEnsure PPE Is Available• Prevent Inappropriate Prevent Inappropriate

EntriesEntries• Request Additional Request Additional

ResourcesResources

Common Confined Common Confined SpacesSpaces

• Storage TanksStorage Tanks• SewersSewers• BoilersBoilers• Underground Underground

VaultsVaults• Tank TrucksTank Trucks• Air HandlersAir Handlers

• Storm DrainsStorm Drains• WellsWells• PitsPits• Water TowersWater Towers• Rail Tank CarsRail Tank Cars• Process VesselsProcess Vessels

Below-grade confined spaces are quite common

Most all storage tanks are

considered confined spaces

Underground Utility Vaults are

considered confined spaces

Industrial facilities often have numerous confined spaces

Why Have You Been Why Have You Been Called?Called?

• Person down due to what Person down due to what circumstances?circumstances?

• Entangled, Engulfed, Lost?Entangled, Engulfed, Lost?• Has anyone attempted Has anyone attempted

rescue?rescue?• Is the atmosphere capable Is the atmosphere capable

of supporting life?of supporting life?

Rescue Vs. RecoveryRescue Vs. Recovery

• Why Is Victim Down?Why Is Victim Down?• Conscious or Unconscious?Conscious or Unconscious?• Estimate Time Frame?Estimate Time Frame?• Atmospheric Conditions?Atmospheric Conditions?• How Long Until Proper Entry?How Long Until Proper Entry?

Engulfment HazardsEngulfment Hazards

• SilosSilos• Gravel PitsGravel Pits• TanksTanks• DigestersDigesters• May be Liquids May be Liquids

or Solidsor Solids

A 1-million gallon raw sewage engulfment hazard!

Engulfment HazardsEngulfment Hazards

Initial Actions Of The Initial Actions Of The First Arriving UnitFirst Arriving Unit

• Deny Entry / AccessDeny Entry / Access• Gather Hazard InformationGather Hazard Information• Atmospheric MonitoringAtmospheric Monitoring• VentilationVentilation• Lock Out / Tag OutLock Out / Tag Out

A typical Lockout station at an industrial facility

Response GuidelinesResponse Guidelines• Arrive On Scene, Take Command, Arrive On Scene, Take Command,

Size-UpSize-Up• Primary AssessmentPrimary Assessment

UNSAFE ATMOSPHERE EXISTS UNSAFE ATMOSPHERE EXISTS UNTIL TESTED!UNTIL TESTED!

INITIATE TECHNICAL RESCUE TEAM INITIATE TECHNICAL RESCUE TEAM IF NOT ALREADY DISPATCHEDIF NOT ALREADY DISPATCHED

Secure Reporting PartySecure Reporting Party Immediate assessment of hazards Immediate assessment of hazards

to rescuersto rescuers Victim assessmentVictim assessment Early decision- Rescue Vs RecoveryEarly decision- Rescue Vs Recovery

Transition To The Transition To The Rescue TeamRescue Team

• Face To Face UpdateFace To Face Update• Assist With Equipment Set Assist With Equipment Set

UpUp• Maintain Scene SecurityMaintain Scene Security• Provide Scene SupportProvide Scene Support

Safety Around The Safety Around The SpaceSpace

• Vehicle PlacementVehicle Placement• Exposure To Exhausted AirExposure To Exhausted Air• Equipment / Personnel Over Equipment / Personnel Over

Confined Space OpeningConfined Space Opening• Other Hazards May Be Present Other Hazards May Be Present

Always RememberAlways Remember

1. 1. When Conditions Deteriorate You When Conditions Deteriorate You Can’t Escape from The Nearest Can’t Escape from The Nearest

Window Or DoorWindow Or Door

2. Confined Spaces Are Unforgiving2. Confined Spaces Are Unforgiving

3. You Only Get One Chance3. You Only Get One Chance

““Risk Vs. Benefit”Risk Vs. Benefit”

4. STAY SAFE4. STAY SAFE

NOW IT’S TIME NOW IT’S TIME TO SEE HOW TO SEE HOW MUCH YOU MUCH YOU REMEMBERREMEMBER

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