PROJECT

3D Solar Traker with power distribution

A sun tracker or solar tracker is a device for orienting a day lighting reflector, solar photovoltaic panel or concentrating solar reflector or lens toward the sun.

Group Members

Noman Ahmed (20021)

Muhammad Naveed Gill (20027) Maruf Khan Niazi (20031) Haseeb-ur-Rehman (20315)

Topics to Discuss

Energy Solar Cell Types Need of Solar Tracker Types of solar Tracker Storing of Power Converting of energy & and using Project Block Diagram

ENERGY Energy is fundamental to the quality

of our lives. Nowadays, we are totally dependent on an abundant and uninterrupted supply of energy for living and working.

We use it constantly at home, at work and for leisure.

Energy is one of the most problematic issues in the world. Whereas oil prices are steadily rising and no stability is seen in near future.

ENERGY

Electricity runs like blood through the veins of economy without it the economy will tremble and it will be difficult for it to survive.

Energy can produced by

Coal a fossil fuel, is the largest source of energy for the generation of electricity worldwide

Petroleum Oil is a naturally occurring, flammable liquid found in rock formations in the Earth consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights, plus other organic compounds.

Natural Gas It is an important fuel source, a major feedstock for fertilizers, and a potent greenhouse gas.

Nuclear is any nuclear technology designed to extract usable energy from atomic nuclei via controlled nuclear reactions.

Wind Airflows can be used to run wind turbines.

Energy can produced by

Geo Thermal is energy obtained by tapping the heat of the earth itself.

Water by storing and using it again to move turbines of dams.example DAMs.

Sun in this we use sunlight to produce the energy.

Solar Energy

Solar energy is the radiant light and heat from the Sun that has been exploiting by humans since ancient times using a range of ever-evolving technologies.

Solar energy refers primarily to the use of solar radiation for practical ends.

Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive or active depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute sunlight.

Solar Energy

Active solar techniques use photovoltaic panels, pumps, and fans to convert sunlight into useful outputs.

Passive solar techniques include selecting materials with favorable thermal properties, designing spaces that naturally circulate air, and referencing the position of a building to the Sun.

How Solar Energy is used

Generate electricity using photovoltaic solar cells. Generate electricity using concentrated solar power. Generate electricity by heating trapped air which

rotates turbines in a solar updraft tower. Generate hydrogen using photo electrochemical cells. Heat and cool air through use of solar chimneys. Heat buildings, directly, through passive solar building

design. Heat foodstuffs, through solar ovens. Heat water or air for domestic hot water and space

heating needs using solar-thermal panels. Solar air conditioning

Solar Cells

A solar cell or photovoltaic cell is a device that converts light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect. Sometimes the term solar cell is reserved for devices intended specifically to capture energy from sunlight, while the term photovoltaic cell is used when the light source is unspecified. Assemblies of cells are used to make solar panels, solar modules, or photovoltaic arrays.

TYPES

Types of Solar Cells1. Crystalline2. Amorphous

Crystalline

It has proved convenient because it yields stable solar cells with good efficiencies (11-16%, half to two-thirds of the theoretical maximum) and uses process technology developed from the huge knowledge base of the microelectronics industry.

Two types of crystalline silicon are used in the industry. The first is monocrystalline, produced by slicing wafers (up to 150mm diameter and 350 microns thick) from a high-purity single crystal boule. The second is multicrystalline silicon, made by sawing a cast block of silicon first into bars and then wafers.

Amorphous

An amorphous solar cell is a type of solar cell that is relatively cheap to produce and widely available. They are named so because of their composition at the microscopic scale. Amorphous means "without shape". When the term is applied to solar cells it means that the silicon material that makes up the cell is not highly structured or crystallized.

A collection of many solar cells

A collection of many solar cells is called solar panel.

Construction

Cell , Module , Array

Need of Solar Tracker

A solar tracker is a device for orienting a day lighting reflector, solar photovoltaic panel or concentrating solar reflector or lens toward the sun. The sun's position in the sky varies both with the seasons and time of day as the sun moves across the sky.

TYPES

Single axis 2D Dual axis 3D

Single Axis 2D

Several manufacturers can deliver single axis horizontal trackers which may be oriented by either passive or active mechanisms, depending upon manufacturer. In these, a long horizontal tube is supported on bearings mounted upon pylons or frames. The axis of the tube is on a North-South line.

Dual Axis 3D

A type of tracking that supports the weight of the solar tracker and allows it to move in two directions to locate a specific target. One axis of support is horizontal (called the altitude) and allows the telescope to move up and down. The other axis is vertical (called the azimuth) and allows the telescope to swing in a circle parallel to the ground.

Altitude Tracking

Azimuth Tracking

How to Track

Time Based Real Time Tracking In real time sun tracking sun is tracked by sensors.

Sensors

LDR A photo resistor or light dependent

resistor or cadmium sulfide (CdS) cell is a resistor whose resistance decreases with increasing incident light intensity. It can also be referenced as a photoconductor.

Storing Of Energy / Power

The power produced by SOLAR CELL is in DC form.

So we will store our power in a DC battery , by connecting it with the output side.

Using The Stored Energy

Electrical Inverter / UPS is a device that converts direct current to alternating current.

Untriptable Power Supply that provides a stable electric power in every possible situation

WHY UPS IS USED…..?

No Computer restart : Electric Generators take 20-30 seconds to restore the system.

No risk of fluctuation : Removes fluctuations from the line.

No need of extra Stablizer : It maintains a fixed voltage level for your appliances.

OFF Line UPS

Provide back up only when there is black out or brown out.

Rest of the time it is only charging the DC source.

AC power is by passed in the presence of WAPDA line.

Mostly used for domestic purposes

H-Bridge Inverter

Very efficient

Distortion higher than linear amplifier, but a linear amplifier has, at best, 50% efficiency

Perfectly suited for motor drives where voltage and frequency control are needed

Well suited for bass music amplification, such as automotive applications, or where high power is more important than a little loss in quality

Switching rules • Either A+ or A– is closed, but never at the same time * • Either B+ or B– is closed,

but never at the same time * *same time closing would cause a short circuit from Vdc to ground

Corresponding values of Va and Vb • A+ closed, Va = Vdc • A– closed, Va = 0 • B+ closed, Vb = Vdc • B– closed, Vb = 0

H-Bridge Inverter Basics – Creating AC from DC

Vdc

Load

A+ B+

A– B–

Va Vb

Basic Square Wave Operation(often used for 60Hz

applications)

Vdc

−Vdc

Vload

INVERTER TECHNOLOGIES

Square Wave Pure DC is

converted to 50Hz Square wave.

Without any modification it is amplified to 220V

99% locally made UPS are made using this technology

Sine Wave Square wave is

first properly filtered and then applied to amplication section

High frequency components are removed

Imported follow this technology

This is how UPS Works

Drawbacks of square wave

Not suitable for fans and motors Contains high frequency components Creates the buzzing sound in fans Increases the losses in UPS

CHARGING

UNCONTROLLED :

Continue charging unless main is off

High initial current

Dangerous for batteries

CONTROLLED :

Charging with feedback

Slow start PWM charging Good for

batteries

AMPLIFICATION

Power trasistors and transformer are involved

MOSFETs are mostly used Almost 90% of the losses occur here Mismatch increase the losses Must be carefully designed

ROLE IN SOLAR SYSTEM

Important part of solar system Solar energy generate DC voltages

that must be converted to AC before use

Solar panels can be used to charge DC source connected to UPS

Commercial Implementation

Block Diagram Of Project

CONTROLLING PART

Inverter

Help your country to meet energy crises

THANK YOU

THE END