INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION · INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION ... Section 3 of the IEE...
Transcript of INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION · INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION ... Section 3 of the IEE...
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INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION
FACESHEET
Activity/Project Title: Alliance for Year-Round Resilience in
Tahoua and Maradi (GDA with Lutheran World Relief)
Solicitation #: [As assigned by contracting
office]
Contract/Award Number (if known): TBD
Geographic Location: Niger/Sahel
Originating Bureau: Africa Bureau
Supplemental IEE: Yes No
Amendment: Yes No
Programmatic IEE: Yes No
DCN and date of Original document:
DCN and ECD link(s) of Amendment(s):
Amendment No.:
Funding Amount:
USAID: $5,000,000
Private Sector: $28,046,156
Life of Project Amount: $33,046,156
Implementation Start/End:
Prepared By: Abdourahmane Ndiaye,
Regional Environmental Specialist/MEO
Jenna Diallo, Regional Field Investment
Officer
IEE Submitted by: Abdourahmane Ndiaye
Date Submitted: 5 April 2017. Revised 1 June 2017.
Expiration Date: September 30, 2021 Reporting due dates (if any):
Environmental Media and/or Human Health Potentially Impacted (check all that apply):
None Air Water Land Biodiversity Human Health Other
Recommended Threshold Determination
(check all that apply):
Negative Determination
with conditions
Categorical Exclusion
Positive Determination
Deferral
Exemption
USG Domestic NEPA action
Additional Elements
Conditions EMMP WQAP Pesticides Deferred Other: ESF/ERR
DCA
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Summary of findings and recommended determination
Scope: USAID/Senegal will launch a new GDA in 2017. The purpose of this IEE, in accordance
with 22CFR216, is to provide the first review of the reasonably foreseeable effects on the
environment, as well as recommended Threshold Decisions, for activities under the Alliance for
Year-Round Resilience in Tahoua and Maradi which is a Global Development Alliance (GDA)
signed between USAID/Senegal/Sahel Regional Office and Lutheran World Relief (LWR).
This IEE provides a brief statement of the factual basis for a Threshold Decision as to whether an
Environmental Assessment or an Environmental Impact Statement are required for the activities
managed under this program. In addition, this IEE sets out project-level implementation
procedures intended to ensure that conditions in this IEE are translated into project-specific
mitigation measures, and to ensure systematic compliance with this IEE during project and
program implementation.
Recommended Determinations: This IEE recommends the determinations summarized in the
following table. Section 3 of the IEE provides a full analysis of each intervention category,
including activity descriptions, analysis of potential environmental impacts, and explanation of
determinations and conditions.
Intervention Category Categorical
Exclusion
Negative
Determination
Positive
Determination
Deferral
Diversify economic
opportunities
Intensify production and
marketing for high-potential
crops
Intensify production and
marketing for livestock
Construction or repair of
warehouses
Increased access to financial
services
Climate Change:
GCC/Adaptation GCC/Mitigation Climate Change Vulnerability Analysis (included)
Adaptation/Mitigation Measures: See Climate Risk Management Screening in Section 3.2. A CRM screening for
warehouse construction was completed using the CRM Matrix Tool for Activity Design (Matrix Template). This is
an initial assessment, and suggests a High risk. The responsibility for assessing and addressing climate risk lies with
the engineer-of-record and implementing partner. Thus, climate risk management will be a component of the
engineering design.
Other Relevant Environmental Compliance Documentation:
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Intervention Category Categorical
Exclusion
Negative
Determination
Positive
Determination
Deferral
Enhance market infrastructure
(Expand Airtel’s
telecommunications networks)
Strengthen organizational,
technical and management
capacity of farmer and tailor
associations
Strengthened disaster risk
management capacity:
- Strengthened informal
social safety nets
General Implementation and Monitoring Requirements: In addition to the specific conditions
listed in section 3, the negative determinations recommended in this IEE are contingent on full
implementation of a set of general monitoring and implementation requirements specified in
section 4. These include the following:
Briefings for implementing partners on environmental compliance responsibilities.
Development, integration, and implementation of an Environmental Mitigation and
Monitoring Plan (EMMP) by each implementing partner.
Integration of environmental compliance responsibilities in prime and sub-contracts and
grant agreements.
Assurance of sub-grantee and sub-contractor environmental compliance.
Environmental monitoring responsibility of the USAID/Senegal/Sahel Regional Office and
Niger Field Office.
Amending this IEE to reflect new or substantially modified activities
Additionally, it is essential that AOR/CORs and IPs screen all project-specific activities against
the intervention categories established in this IEE. For any project-specific activities not
sufficiently covered by the analysis in this IEE, the AOR/COR and USAID/Senegal MEO should
be consulted to determine whether an IEE-amendment, or project-specific IEE, is required.
- - - - - - ---- - - -
APPROVAL OF ENVIRONMENT AL ACTION RECOMMENDED:
Alliance for Year-Round Resilience in Tahoua and Maradi IEE
CLEARANCE:
Mission Director:
CONCURRENCE:
AFR/BEO: Brian Hirsch
Approved: _x ...... · _ _ Disapproved: _ _ _ _
ADDITIONAL CLEARANCES:
Regional Environmental Officer (REO):
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Date: 63\24 '2£:> \ /
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INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION
PROGRAM/ACTIVITY DATA:
Program/Activity Number:
Country/Region: Niger/Sahel
Program/Activity Title: Alliance for Year-Round Resilience in Tahoua and Maradi
1.0 BACKGROUND AND PROJECT DESCRIPTION
1.1 Background
Niger’s recent food and nutrition crises have been caused by a complex combination of
drought/irregular rainfall, high cereal prices, environmental degradation and conflict/population
displacements coupled with chronic poverty and limited recovery from previous shocks.
Households in agro-pastoral and marginal agriculture livelihood zones in Tahoua and Maradi are
among those most vulnerable, with some of the nation’s highest recurring rates of malnutrition
and food insecurity. Gender and physical ability influences sensitivity to disturbances and the
skills, strategies and mechanisms individuals use to cope with and adapt to hazards. Despite a
more favorable food security outlook in Tahoua and Maradi in 2016, vulnerable yet viable
households remain unable to absorb or adapt to new hazards.
This Alliance represents an opportunity to leverage $28,046,156 in new private-sector
investment from Airtel, Ecobank, Société Henry Biaugeaud, Margaret A. Cargill Foundation,
and others and layer strategies for resilience and inclusive growth on USAID’s prior investments
in early recovery, effectively filling a gap in current RISE coverage. By deepening market-driven
solutions to household livelihoods diversification; improved productivity and margins from dry
cereals, small ruminants, cowpeas and onions; stronger and more accountable member services
by local farmer associations; and better access to financial, market and knowledge systems, the
Alliance will help 12,760 households and 102,080 people in Tahoua and Maradi—in four
departments, 10 communes and 115 villages not reached by RISE—become more resilient to
climate shocks and stressors all 12 months of each year.
1.2 Purpose and Scope of IEE
The purpose of this IEE, in accordance with 22CFR216, is to provide the first review of the
reasonably foreseeable effects on the environment, as well as recommended Threshold
Decisions, for activities under the Alliance for Year-Round Resilience in Tahoua and Maradi
which is a Global Development Alliance (GDA) signed between USAID/Senegal/Sahel Regional
Office and Lutheran World Relief (LWR). This IEE provides a brief statement of the factual
basis for a Threshold Decision as to whether an Environmental Assessment or an Environmental
Impact Statement are required for the activities managed under this program. In addition, this
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IEE sets out project-level implementation procedures intended to ensure that conditions in this
IEE are translated into project-specific mitigation measures, and to ensure systematic compliance
with this IEE during project and program implementation.
Although a stand-alone IEE, it is nevertheless not totally independent from the JPC IEE
ref: BEO_Sahel JPC REGIS ETD+ IEE 2012-2017- . This present IEE shall be viewed as an addendum to
the HJPC IEE.
1.3 Climate Risk Management
An initial Climate Risk Management (CRM) screening for warehouse construction, as required
by ADS 201, has been included in this IEE Amendment in section 3.2. This review was completed using the CRM Matrix Tool for Activity Design (Matrix Template). This is an initial
assessment. The responsibility for assessing and addressing climate risk lies with the engineer-
of-record. Thus, climate risk management will be a component of the engineering design.
1.4 Description of activities
Objective 1: Increase and sustain household incomes, assets, adaptive capacity and access
to nutritious food. The project will analyze and use local supply chains (seed, tools, inputs or
live animals) to generate demand for upstream suppliers/entrepreneurs; market needs and
interests will be analyzed to maximize household returns on surplus production. For collective
farmer association–level business services, the project will provide startup inputs and develop
processes, systems and management approaches for sustainability, while activities targeting self-
selected individuals will require upfront investment. Based on Tahoua and Maradi’s different
agro-ecological and socioeconomic environments and LWR’s previous value chain and market
assessments, target farm products and value chains are outlined in Figure 2, below:
Location Target Value Chains
Dakoro (Maradi region) millet cowpea sheep Moringa oleifera
Iléla (Tahoua region) millet cowpea sheep Moringa oleifera
Konni (Tahoua region) millet cowpea sheep Moringa oleifera onions
Malbaza (Tahoua region) millet cowpea sheep Moringa oleifera onions
Figure 2: Target Value Chains: Key production opportunities by location
IR 1: Diversified economic opportunities: Food and income alternatives will help offset rain-
fed production shocks, so the project will provide inputs (seeds, fertilizers) to women’s groups
for micro-irrigated Moringa oleifera that can be grown at the household or in small garden plots.
Producers Enterprises Agents (PEAs) will demonstrate technical innovations and simple business
planning, marketing strategies and record keeping. LWR will also pilot its experience with
annual concerted household food and entrepreneurship planning to identify strategies to offset
shocks for applicability in Niger and promote seasonal functional literacy training using new or
existing village-level literacy agents.
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IR 2: Intensified production and marketing for livestock and high-potential crops:
IR 2.1: Improved yields: PEAs will map suppliers of equipment, tools and other quality inputs;
these suppliers will be linked to Farmer Associations (FAs) for collective procurement, like high-
yielding (and/or drought/striga–tolerant) seed for dry cereals and cowpeas. LWR will apply its
experience in improved onion (violet de Galmi) multiplication to meet Société Henri Biaugeaud
(SH) Biaugeaud’s specifications. Inputs such as foundation bulbs, pumps and watering cans will
be provided; multipliers will be trained by the Department of Agriculture; and seed will be
purchased from multipliers, deducting input costs, and sold to other association members. PEAs
will train men and women on improved production techniques, like timing (interpreting weather
forecasts and local rainfall for decisions), adequate spacing, soil fertility management (using
manures, parcage, compost, crop rotation, and planting cereals and legumes in association) and
integrated pest management using ICT-assisted extension and field school approaches for
farmers to apply new techniques and learn about input costs, expected yields and potential
margins. The project will also expand soil and water conservation (tassa, stone contour bunds
and farmer-managed natural regeneration) through demonstrations and technical support. Where
appropriate, FAs will lend tools and carts to transport stones for contour construction and help
leaders manage community environmental resources, like grazing areas previously recovered
from marginal land.
IR 2.2: Increased animal productivity: Gains in small ruminant productivity will focus on
linking animal fatteners with quality live animals, improved animal husbandry and animal health.
PEAs will train men and women on timing lambing operations to supply live animals and
synchronize with animal fattening operations for highest returns. Farmer associations will help
women acquire (20% is paid upfront) sheep (brebis bicolore, Balami) from local markets, fatten
them over several months, and repay, with modest interest, at the time of sale. Association
leaders will be trained on the animal-fattening business plan (including profit projections and
repayment schedules) and policies, roles, procedures and documentation. While some
communities in Maradi and Tahoua do have a service vétérinaire privé de proximité (SVPP),
LWR will contract services from the Ministry of Livestock where this does not yet exist to
provide technical assistance from animal selection through care. All animals selected for
fattening will be vaccinated for pox and pasteurellosis, dewormed, tagged and temporarily
quarantined. The Ministry (or agreed private veterinarian) will also train PEAs on animal care
techniques (feeding, watering, and use of vitamins and supplements) and basic animal health
monitoring (wound care, deworming and epidemic monitoring). PEAs will be equipped with
basic supplies and will provide village-level technical support on animal care, feeding practices
and disease recognition using this training and ICT-assisted content.
IR 2.3: Increased marketing capacity: For targeted value chains, LWR will meet with local
authorities, government and private-sector service providers, buyers, financial service providers
and other chain actors to understand specific needs and opportunities. For selected crops—like
Galmi onions, wheat and cowpeas—FAs will organize market-oriented production planning and
manage transportation, quality control, collective warehousing (and construction or repair, where
needed) and marketing operations at scale. LWR will support market identification and planning
for warehouse financing (or warrantage) and provide technical support to the FAs’ business plan
development, negotiation and contracting. PEAs will inform these plans with farm-level
production estimates. They will also provide technical support to men and women producers on
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post-harvest management practices (harvesting, drying and storage) to meet the specifications of
identified markets. Where needed, LWR will help FAs set up and document their collective
marketing system (quality controls and stock management processes) and provide additional
training and mentoring for warehouse management committees.
IR 3: Increased access to financial services: Given the need for safe and accessible savings to
help households withstand stresses, PEAs will raise awareness on the importance of savings at
the household level, educating members on options for safe, mobile e-savings. Given the wide
adoption of informal financial mechanisms in target communities (tontines and other village
banks), PEAs will help strengthen these groups’ management, planning and record-keeping
capacity; members will also be invited to participate in functional literacy training and use
mobile micro-credit. In addition, the project will educate FA leaders on savings and credit/loan
options (loan products, credit lines and interest rates) and policies to help leaders decide if
external credit for collective procurement of production inputs or collective marketing fits their
needs. Farmer associations will access collective input or warehouse credit lines (using member
contributions or a stored crop as collateral for warrantage) from Ecobank. For collective input
procurement, PEAs will record individual farmers’ input needs to inform FA planning; the credit
is repaid once the product is sold. For warehouse/trade financing, advance payments are issued to
the farmer upon receipt of a quality product; products are stored in the warehouse until delivery
to the buyer, deducting the costs of operations, loan capital and interest. LWR will provide
technical support to loan operations to help ensure timely and complete repayment and raise
awareness on use of e-payments for prepayments, sales and profit sharing.
IR 4: Increased (physical) market infrastructure: A new warehouse is planned in Iléla to
increase market access, and repairs will occur at existing warehouses in Dakoro. Airtel was
initially planning construction of new cell towers, however, redirection of antennas to increase
signal strength will instead take place.
Objective 2: Strengthen the organizational capacity, integration and sustainability of
farmer associations to help households manage risk and leverage opportunities. LWR works
with farmer associations through its model of “accompaniment”—jointly assessing strengths and
weaknesses; developing strategies for greater accountability, transparency and sustainability; and
coaching and mentoring organizational changes. This process aims to shape farmer associations
into transparent, financially strong and technically competent organizations that represent (and
advocate for) the real interests of men and women members. This includes helping associations
understand the different ways men and women participate, then helping to design approaches to
address barriers to full participation and decision-making. Association-managed informal social
safety nets and early warning protocols will help further identify and mitigate community risks.
IR 1: Strengthened organizational, technical and management capacity
IR 1.1: Improved organizational capacity: In Tahoua, all LWR’s planned partners are
registered FAs that have received capacity-strengthening support. LWR will help each assess
remaining gaps and develop a tailored capacity-enhancement plan targeting services that are
member-focused (organizational governance, financial management, business planning and
communication) and market-focused (collecting and bulking, marketing and negotiation and
market information exchange). In Maradi, however, partner CEB works with herder and agro-
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pastoral groups that are not all formally registered and do not currently conduct collective action.
The project will survey these groups during startup and help leaders reflect on the need (or not)
for a more federated structure; if so, the project will help leaders determine optimal structures,
roles and responsibilities and help develop organizational documents, policies and procedures for
formal registration. Training, technical support and mentoring for men and women members and
elected leaders will consider the same key performance and capacity areas.
IR 1.2: Strengthened private extension capacity: The project’s ICT bundle will enable private
extension capacity via PEAs as a sustainable business service embedded within each farmer
association using existing extension training content from the Ministries of Agriculture, Animal
Husbandry, the Environment, Functional Literacy and other sources, and complementing that
with simplified training content and audio or video and links to existing market and weather
information. To help ensure that the extension package meets men and women users’ needs,
LWR will work with Airtel and IT service providers to: a) design, reconfigure or adapt
components of the platform, b) identify and link existing and new content, c) field-test the
system in each project site with men and women users to incorporate adjustments, d) work with
key stakeholders to validate any new content, e) roll out the system and train end users and f)
provide ongoing technical troubleshooting.
IR 2: Strengthened disaster risk management capacity
IR 2.1: Strengthened informal social safety nets: Several of LWR’s implementing partners
implement informal social safety net schemes like cereal reserves (abintchimou), animal feed
banks, restocking initiatives (habbanayé) or seed banks to support their membership and other
vulnerable community members. Where these informal mechanisms exist, the project will assist
with business, operations and management planning to help ensure sustainability and promote
learning and potential replication among other groups when promising practices are identified.
IR 2.2: Early warning protocols implemented: Current coverage with early warning systems
(EWS) in Tahoua and Maradi is minimal, but coverage could expand rapidly through use of
ICTs. The project will work with community, FA and government leaders to design a rapid
mechanism to identify hazards, using village-based PEAs as the first point of contact. Once a
PEA verifies a hazard, s/he will communicate with the relevant actor—for example, locust
threats to the Ministry of Agriculture’s Office of Crop Protection, animal disease outbreaks to
the Ministry of Animal Husbandry or health outbreaks to the Ministry of Health. These actors
will confirm receipt of the information and share any steps taken for the PEA to complete the
feedback loop.
2.0 COUNTRY AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION (BASELINE
INFORMATION)
2.1 Locations Affected
The project will be implemented in two regions of Niger: Maradi and Tahoua. The Republic of
Niger is a landlocked country in West Africa bordered by Libya to the northeast, Chad to the
east, Nigeria and Benin to the south, Burkina Faso and Mali to the west, and Algeria to the
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northwest. Niger covers a land area of almost 1,270,000 km2, making it the largest country in
West Africa, with over 80 percent of its land area covered by the Sahara Desert.
The Region of Maradi is one of eight Regions in Niger. It is in south-center Niger, east of the
Region of Tahoua, west of Zinder, and north of Nigeria's city of Kano. The administrative center
is at Maradi. The population of the Region is majority Haoussa.
Most of the 35,100 km of land is classified as "Sahel", though the northern parts head toward
desert, and the very southern edges along the border with Nigeria get almost 600 mm a year in
average rainfall, with some areas receiving as much as 650–700 mm in better years.
The Tahoua Region covers 106,677 km². It is one of eight administrative Regions in Niger. The
capital of the Region is the Commune of Tahoua.
Niger is an under developed country, and is consistently one of the lowest-ranked in the United
Nations' Human Development Index (HDI); it was ranked last at 188th for 2014. Much of the
non-desert portions of the country are threatened by periodic drought and desertification. The
economy is concentrated around subsistence and some export agriculture clustered in the more
fertile south, and the export of raw materials, especially uranium ore. Niger faces serious
challenges to development due to its landlocked position, desert terrain, high fertility rates and
resulting overpopulation without birth control, poor education and poverty of its people, lack of
infrastructure, poor health care, and environmental degradation.
Nigerien society reflects a diversity drawn from the long independent histories of its several
ethnic groups and regions and their relatively short period living in a single state. Historically,
what is now Niger has been on the fringes of several large states. The majority of the population
live in rural areas, and have little access to advanced education.
Climate
Niger's subtropical climate is mainly very hot and very dry, with much desert area. In the
extreme south, there is a tropical climate on the edges of the Niger River basin. The terrain is
predominantly desert plains and sand dunes, with flat to rolling savanna in the south and hills in
the north.
Demography
As of 2011, the population of Niger was 15,730,754. Expanding from a population of 1.7 million
in 1960, Niger's population has rapidly increased with a current growth rate of 3.3% (7.1
children per mother).
This growth rate is one of the highest in the world and is a source of concern for the government
and international agencies. The population is predominantly young, with 49.2% under 15 years
old and 2.7% over 65 years, and predominantly rural with only 21% living in urban areas.
Gender and education in Niger
The gender survey conducted in 2014 by Mercy Corp (MC), Save the Children (SC) and
Catholic Relief Services (CRS) in Niger has shown that the number of reproductive activities
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mobilizing the women and the young girls are more important than the ones mobilizing men and
boys.
Women and young girls are busy cleaning, washing, cooking meals, and pounding, washing the
dishes, rope and mat weaving. Those tasks are exclusively devoted to them. The other household
activities such as household fuel supply, wild fruit collection, water chores and hulling, are
women’s responsibility but young boys and men take part in it, mainly during the «rani» when
they are less busy. About water chores, in many sites men and boys involve in such task only if
the household has a horse cart, otherwise it remains an activity exclusively reserved for women.
Such situation explains the girls are less possibilities to attend school than boys. That were
confirmed by the national gender policy document of Niger that reveals that 88% of the women
are illiterate against 72% of men, with huge disparities between rural and urban areas where less
than (1) woman out of twenty (20) is illiterate.
2.2 Applicable Host Country Environmental and Social Laws, Regulations and
Policies
Niger environmental Policy is defined in the National Environment Plan for a Sustainable
Development, which was adopted by the Government in April 2000. The objective is to
systematize the management of the environmental concerns in all the decisions related to the
development of the country. It consists in taking the environmental concerns into consideration
from the very step of the planning and definition of the intervention (program, project or
activities). Thus, it relies on a certain number of practical tools among which the environmental
evaluation (EE) and the impact study on the environment (ISE).
The local governance of natural resources is well-defined in the Government of Niger “Strategy
for the Accelerated Reduction of Poverty (2008) and the Rural Development Strategy”. In
addition, The Government of Niger has enacted different laws governing the natural resources
management and environmental protection:
“Executive Order no 98-56” related to environmental management and bio-diversity
conservation;
The executive convention to fight against desertification;
The law for the protection of fauna and the management of wetlands;
The Environmental Code;
Law 1971 017 governing fishing;
Law 2004-040 governing forestry; and
“Executive Order no 93-014 governing water systems.
The National Council for Sustainable Environmental Development (CNDD), a Ministry-level
agency in charge of environment, a permanent secretariat for the rural code and its decentralized
services, has oversight of natural resources management and environmental regulation.
Niger is also member of and implementing the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change, the protection and conservation of water and water resources and maintaining
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environmental health, as well as the prevention of natural disasters. Niger is also member of
other regional and sub-regional agreements on environmental protection and the fight against
desertification.
3.0- Discussions of potential environmental impacts:
1. Improved productivity of agriculture productions (crops, vegetable)
Activities to boost crop productivity and profitability include increased use of inputs including
seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides. Mishandling, misuse, or misapplication of pesticides presents
profound risk to human and environmental health.
Misuse of fertilizers could cause:
degradation of soil (acidification: too much Nitrogen acidifies soils in the long
term),
pollution of surface water and/or underground water by runoff from fertilizers
after rains or
“nutrient loading’ through over-application and poor management of agricultural
run-off.
The use of mechanization can cause soil erosion if this is not done adequately it could cause soil
depletion, erosion, and silting.
Using seed not adapted to climate or soils can result in crop failure/food insecurity. Exotics
(including tissue cultures) can bring new pests or cause native resilient varieties to disappear.
2. Construction/rehabilitation of warehouses and other infrastructures
Construction or operation may result in sedimentation or other contamination of water
Construction may interfere with drainage of upstream lands
Biodiversity or other ecosystem services can be disturbed or damaged by construction
Dump sites can attract and breed disease vectors and ground water can be contaminated
and unusable.
Strongly sloped sites present high risks for erosion that can permanently degrade the site
and runoff that can add sediment load to nearby surface waters and result in gullying on
adjoin lands and roads
Displacing inhabitants or depriving owners or users of agricultural and other uses of land,
can be significant social impact if not addressed via compensation, resettlement, or
negotiation
Standing water breeds insect diseases vectors, particularly mosquitoes
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Erosion, runoff from the site can degrade nearby surface waters and damage adjoining
lands.
Fill, sand or gravel extracted from waterways or ecological sensitive areas can degrade
water quality, ruins critical habitat, alters drainage and flow, and can create standing
water.
Demolition debris or construction waste disposal can pose physical hazards or toxic
hazards (leaded paint) and can create breeding habitat for diseases vectors
If the site is open to public, children and bystanders can be exposed to injury
Possible injury or accidents if workers are not well protected
In the absence of latrines, workers are likely to practice open defecation which
substantially increases community risks of oral-fecal route disease
Demolition and construction can produce dust and noise and disturb neighbors
3. Increased productivity of small ruminants
Environmental impacts associated with livestock rearing can include generation of waste and
pollution of water bodies, overgrazing, and incorrect handling of animal products for the market.
When livestock product enterprises are developed, guidelines for cleaner production (CP) will be
developed for the specific enterprises to reduce waste and assure sanitation
Vaccination and other healthcare operations: Disposal sites and particularly dumps become
dangerous with needles and expired drugs are tossed in an uncontrolled manner
4. Increased marketing capacity
Three activities will be done by the project under this:
support market identification and planning for warehouse financing (or
warrantage) and provide technical support to the FAs’ business plan
development, negotiation and contracting
provide technical support and training to men and women producers on post-
harvest management practices
provide additional training and mentoring for warehouse management
committees.
These activities are not anticipated to have any adverse impacts on the physical and biological
environment.
5. Increased access to financial services
educate Farmers Associations members on options for safe, mobile e-savings
strengthen saving groups in management, planning, record-keeping, functional literacy
and use of mobile micro-credit
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These activities are not anticipated to have any adverse impacts on the physical and biological
environment.
6. Increased (physical) market infrastructure
The project will simply take advantage of the extension of the mobile phone network to develop
the mobile financial system.
Then, the project activities are not anticipated to have adverse impacts on the physical, social and
biological environment.
7. Strengthen organizational capacities
- Assess Farmers Associations
- Provide training, technical support and mentoring for men and women members and
elected leaders in Farmers Organizations
These activities are not anticipated to have any adverse impacts on the physical and biological
environment
8. Strengthened private extension capacity
- Enable private extension capacity via Private Enterprise Agents as a sustainable
business service embedded within each farmer association using existing
extension training content
- work with Airtel and IT service providers to design, reconfigure or adapt
components of the platform
These activities are not anticipated to have any adverse impacts on the physical and biological
environment.
9. Strengthened informal social safety nets
Assist informal social safety nets with business, operations and management planning to help
ensure sustainability and promote learning and potential replication among other groups when
promising practices are identified.
Possible negative social impacts if communities are not fully involved in the process:
- The social cohesion could be threatened if the training and principles applied are not
adapted to the culture and local traditions.
- Gender inequality could also be created if a gender assessment is not done before
introducing new concepts and new social safety nets.
10. Early warning protocols implemented by:
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- The use of ICTs to expand coverage of the existing early warning systems (EWS) in
Tahoua and Maradi regions.
This activity is not anticipated to have any adverse impacts on the physical and biological
environment.
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3.1 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND RECOMMENDED DETERMINATIONS INCLUDING CONDITIONS
Proposed Activities Potential Adverse Impacts Recommended Determinations Objective 1: Increase and sustain household incomes, assets, adaptive capacity and access to nutritious food IR1: Diversify economic opportunities
IR2: Intensified production and
marketing for livestock and high-
potential crops
IR2.1: Improved productivity of
agriculture productions (crops, vegetable)
Activities:
- map suppliers of equipment, tools
and other quality inputs
These activities are not anticipated to have any
adverse impacts on the physical and biological
environment.
Categorical Exclusion pursuant to 22CFR 216.2(c)(1)(i) for action not
having an effect on the environment and 22CFR 216.2(c)(2)(i) for
education, technical assistance or training programs.
- link suppliers to FAs for
collective procurement
These activities are not anticipated to have any
adverse impacts on the physical and biological
environment.
Categorical Exclusion pursuant to 22CFR 216.2(c)(1)(i) for action not
having an effect on the environment and 22CFR 216.2(c)(2)(i) for
education, technical assistance or training programs.
- Development of small irrigation
activities
Using small motor pumps at
existing, shallow wells
Each pump covers a few
hectares
Several irrigation sites across
project area
Water pulled from different
sources
Irrigation schemes present several distinct
environmental risks. Stagnant water can create
breeding habit for disease vectors. Excess
withdrawals to serve the irrigation schemes can
result in insufficient water for downstream
ecosystems and users. Poorly managed irrigation
schemes can result in permanent adverse effects to
soil quality (e.g., salinization); they also pose a
high risk of contaminating shallow groundwater
and downstream surface waters with agricultural
chemicals.
Experience shows that these impacts can be
controlled with a combination of siting, design and
operating practices.
A negative determination is recommended pursuant to 22CFR
216.3(a)(3)(iii) subject to the following conditions:
Monitor closely the quantity and quality of available water and prevent
overuse of groundwater by matching the size of the irrigation system to
the availability of groundwater and to the real needs of the plots.
Monitor and mitigate the potential environmental impacts of irrigation
activities on soil quality by using efficient and adapted irrigation
technologies to the soil texture.
17
- Provide inputs (seed, fertilizers) to
women’s groups for micro-
irrigated Moringa oleifera
Misuse of fertilizers could have negative impact in
soil and water.
Non-indigenous seed or plants may overtake areas
populated by indigenous species that are better
adapted to soils, climate, and water regime in the
long term.
New pests may inadvertently be introduced.
New varieties may result in producers having no
access to seed unless purchased through corporate
representatives.
A negative determination is recommended pursuant to 22CFR
216.3(a)(3)(iii) subject to the following conditions:
Women should be trained on agriculture best practices
incorporating and promoting sound management practices in
conformity with relevant chapters of USAID’s Sector
Environmental Guidelines at:
http://www.usaidgems.org/sectorGuidelines.htm)
They should be also trained on Clean Production Process to
avoid misuse of fertilizers and other chemicals.
- train seed multipliers in the
legislation of seed sector
(production and purification
technique)
These activities are not anticipated to have any
adverse impacts on the physical and biological
environment.
Categorical Exclusion pursuant to 22CFR 216.2(c)(1)(i) for action not
having an effect on the environment and 22CFR 216.2(c)(2)(i) for
education, technical assistance or training programs.
- train farmers on improved
production techniques
Introduction of technologies that encourage use of
fertilizers, non-adapted irrigation technics,
pesticides, and exotic seeds can result in adverse
environmental impacts:
Degradation of natural habitat.
Production of greenhouse gasses
Soil erosion
Reduction in soil fertility
Soil compaction
Reductions in surface & groundwater
quality
Non-indigenous seed or plants may overtake areas
populated by indigenous species that are better
adapted to soils, climate, and water regime in the
long term.
New pests may inadvertently be introduced.
New varieties may result in producers having no
access to seed unless purchased through corporate
representatives.
A negative determination is recommended pursuant to 22CFR
216.3(a)(3)(iii) subject to the following conditions:
The introduction of technologies for improving agriculture production
technics will not encourage the use of fertilizers, pesticides (without an
approved PERSUAP), or non-approved or GMO seeds; also, that best
practices in the use of these inputs are promoted during introduction of
the technologies.
Directly operated demonstration activities, irrigation activities and
activities that promulgate agricultural practices must:
Establish demonstration plots in conformity with sustainable
agricultural practices.
Include environmental risk and mitigation in training and
technical assistance.
Incorporate and promote sound environmental management
practices in general conformity with relevant chapters of
USAID’s Sector Environmental Guidelines at:
http://www.usaidgems.org/sectorGuidelines.htm);
Conform to fertilizer good environmental practices as per the
USAID/AFR Fertilizer Factsheet (available at
www.encapafrica.org/egssaa/AFR_Fertilizer__Factsheet_Jun0
4.pdf)
18
Substantially conform to good agricultural and irrigation
practices as set out in USAID’s Sector Environmental
Guidance for Irrigation and Agriculture
(http://www.usaidgems.org/sectorGuidelines.htm).
Promote long-term sustainability of water resources in balance
with community and ecosystem needs by maximizing water
use efficiency and minimizing water quality impacts from
wastewater discharges and erosion and nutrient/agrochemical
runoff.
https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1865/Safe
guarding%20the%20World's%20Water_FY14_USAID_FINA
L.pdf
Identify and promote Climate-Smart Agriculture practices
e.g. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/rest/bitstreams/34363/retrieve
http://ifdc.org/fertilizer-deep-placement/
- train farmers on integrated pest
management using ICT-assisted
extension and field school
approaches
If the training contains use of pesticides, an
improper training may result in significant
environmental impact due to an improper use of
pesticides as:
- Intrinsic danger to all living creatures,
including humans
- Resistance developed by pests
- Environmental accumulation of residues
A negative determination is recommended pursuant to 22CFR
216.3(a)(3)(iii) and (§216.3(b)(l)(i) subject to the following
conditions: If the project plans the assistance for procurement or use of pesticides,
a Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safer Use Action Plan should be
prepared and submitted for USAID approval. The project is
encouraged to be part of the PERSUAP of REGIS-ER and AG in the
process of elaboration.
Reference for IPM: http://www.usaidgems.org/Sectors/ipm.htm
- Construction or repair of
warehouse
Construction projects may cause both direct and
indirect potential adverse environmental impacts
A negative determination is recommended pursuant to 22CFR
216.3(a)(3)(iii) and (§216.3(b)(l)(i) subject to the following
conditions:
1) Construction Screening must be done for each activity and
address conformance with, or variation from, each of the principal
elements within USAID’s preferred approach to construction (i.e.,
Construction Risk Mandatory Reference). These principal elements
are:
a) Perform pre-design/pre-construction analyses;
19
b) Engage a USAID qualified engineering when available
and where appropriate for project management;
c) Complete the engineering design by a licensed
engineering firm;
d) Integrate operations and maintenance considerations
in the project planning;
e) Use a Design-Bid-Build project delivery approach;
f) Establish appropriate minimum qualifications and
experience for construction contractors;
g) Use a firm fixed price contract for construction;
h) Put performance bonding, guarantees, and warranty
requirements in construction contract;
i) Contract an independent engineering firm for quality
assurance; and,
j) Use fully-funded contract mechanisms for construction
related activities.
2) Construction will be undertaken in a manner generally consistent
with the guidance for environmentally sound construction,
provided in the Small-Scale Construction chapter of the USAID
Sector Environmental Guidelines
(http://www.usaidgems.org/sectorGuidelines.htm). At a minimum,
(1) During construction, prevent sediment-heavy run-off from
cleared site or material stockpiles to any surface waters or fields
with berms, by covering sand/dirt piles, or by choice of location.
(Only applies if construction occurs during rainy season.); (2)
Construction must be managed so that no standing water on the
site persists more than 4 days; (3) IPs must require their general
contractor to certify that it is neither extracting fill, sand, or gravel
from waterways or ecologically sensitive areas, nor is it knowingly
purchasing these materials from vendors who do so; and (4) IPs
must identify and implement any feasible measures to increase
20
the probability that timber is procured from legal, well-managed
sources.
IR2.2: Increased productivity of small
ruminants
Activities:
- train Association leaders on the
animal-fattening business plan
These activities are not anticipated to have any
adverse impacts on the physical and biological
environment.
Categorical Exclusion pursuant to 22CFR 216.2(c)(1)(i) for action not
having an effect on the environment and 22CFR 216.2(c)(2)(i) for
education, technical assistance or training programs.
- link animal fatteners with quality
live animals
These activities are not anticipated to have any
adverse impacts on the physical and biological
environment.
Categorical Exclusion pursuant to 22CFR 216.2(c)(1)(i) for action not
having an effect on the environment and 22CFR 216.2(c)(2)(i) for
education, technical assistance or training programs.
- improve animal husbandry and
animal health
Environmental impacts associated with livestock
rearing can include generation of waste and
pollution of water bodies, overgrazing, and
incorrect handling of animal products for the
market.
A negative determination is recommended pursuant to 22CFR
216.3(a)(3)(iii) subject to the following conditions:
Animal fattening: feed management and pasture improvement,
growing nutrient-rich crops just for animals, and storing fodder and hay
for dry season use
Storage units: constructed in a safe and site-adapted manner.
Production of livestock-based goods to be sold in public markets:
follow health and hygiene practices and guidelines for disposal of
waste and use of chemicals (found in USAID EGSSAA
documentation, specifically Livestock Production, Leather Processing,
and Food Processing)
http://www.usaidgems.org/Sectors/livestock.htm
Animal health activities (vaccinations): guidelines in EGSSAA
Livestock Production and Medical Waste documentation
http://www.usaidgems.org/Sectors/healthcareWaste.htm
- contract with Ministry of
Livestock to provide technical
Training farmers in animal health can include
generation of waste. If these wastes are not
properly managed they could have negative
A negative determination is recommended pursuant to 22CFR
216.3(a)(3)(iii) subject to the following conditions:
21
assistance and training to farmers
in animal health and animal care
technics
impacts in environment and human health Farmers should be trained in Environmental Sound management
practices of medical wastes and environmentally sound best practices
on animal care
Refer to http://www.usaidgems.org/Sectors/healthcareWaste.htm
And: http://www.usaidgems.org/Sectors/livestock.htm
- equip Producers Enterprise
Agents (PEAs) with basic
supplies and will provide village-
level technical support on animal
care, feeding practices and disease
recognition
Mismanagement of veterinary wastes (syringes,
nodules …) could be harmful to human and
environment.
A negative determination is recommended pursuant to 22CFR
216.3(a)(3)(iii) subject to the following conditions:
PEAs should be trained in Environmental Sound management practices
of medical wastes before receiving veterinary equipment.
Refer to http://www.usaidgems.org/Sectors/healthcareWaste.htm
They should also be trained on best management of livestock projects:
refer to: http://www.usaidgems.org/Sectors/livestock.htm
IR2.3: Increased marketing capacity
Activities:
- support market identification and
planning for warehouse financing (or
warrantage) and provide technical
support to the FAs’ business plan
development, negotiation and contracting
These activities are not anticipated to have any
adverse impacts on the physical and biological
environment.
Categorical Exclusion pursuant to 22CFR 216.2(c)(1)(i) for action not
having an effect on the environment and 22CFR 216.2(c)(2)(i) for
education, technical assistance or training programs.
- provide technical support and training to
men and women producers on post-harvest
management practices
These activities are not anticipated to have any
adverse impacts on the physical and biological
environment.
Categorical Exclusion pursuant to 22CFR 216.2(c)(1)(i) for action not
having an effect on the environment and 22CFR 216.2(c)(2)(i) for
education, technical assistance or training programs.
22
- provide additional training and mentoring
for warehouse management committees.
These activities are not anticipated to have any
adverse impacts on the physical and biological
environment.
Categorical Exclusion pursuant to 22CFR 216.2(c)(1)(i) for action not
having an effect on the environment and 22CFR 216.2(c)(2)(i) for
education, technical assistance or training programs.
IR3: Increased access to financial
services
Activities:
- educate of Farmers Associations
members on options for safe,
mobile e-savings
These activities are not anticipated to have any
adverse impacts on the physical and biological
environment.
Categorical Exclusion pursuant to 22CFR 216.2(c)(1)(i) for action not
having an effect on the environment and 22CFR 216.2(c)(2)(i) for
education, technical assistance or training programs.
- strengthen saving groups in
management, planning, record-
keeping, functional literacy and
use of mobile micro-credit
These activities are not anticipated to have any
adverse impacts on the physical and biological
environment.
Categorical Exclusion pursuant to 22CFR 216.2(c)(1)(i) for action not
having an effect on the environment and 22CFR 216.2(c)(2)(i) for
education, technical assistance or training programs.
- Facilitate access to finance with
through partners Bank (Ecobank)
A negative determination is recommended pursuant to 22CFR
216.3(a)(3)(iii) subject to the following conditions:
USAID, including the MEO and REO, will evaluate the financial
Institution’s environmental policies for sufficiency to ensure
compliance with the environmental provisions of the standard language
in the Guarantee Agreement.
The partner financial institution will determine, assess and manage
environmental and social risk in project finance. It is primarily
intended to provide a minimum standard for due diligence to support
responsible risk decision-making.
The USAID Sector Environmental Guidelines for Micro and Small
Enterprises (http://www.usaidgems.org/sectorGuidelines.htm) and the
Environmental Guidelines for Small Scale Activities in Africa
(http://www.encapafrica.org/egssaa.htm), specifically Section I on
23
Agriculture and Irrigation, and Section XI Livestock production, will
inform compliance with these conditions, and should be considered for
use in training of the lender (Guaranteed Party) and appropriate parties.
Also, principals of Equator Protocol should be followed:
http://www.equator-
principles.com/resources/equator_principles_III.pdf
IR4: Increased (physical) market
infrastructure
Activities
- Increase mobile coverage to underserved
communities in the project zone to enable
ICT-assisted activities (activity planned by
the Telephone Company)
These activities are not anticipated to have any
adverse impacts on the physical and biological
environment.
Categorical Exclusion pursuant to 22CFR 216.2(c)(1)(i) for action not
having an effect on the environment and 22CFR 216.2(c)(2)(i) for
education, technical assistance or training programs.
Objective 2: Strengthen the organizational capacity, integration and sustainability of farmer associations to help households manage
risk and leverage opportunities IR 1: Strengthened organizational,
technical and management capacity
IR1.1: Strengthen organizational capacities
Activities
- Assess Farmers Associations
These activities are not anticipated to have any
adverse impacts on the physical and biological
environment.
Categorical Exclusion pursuant to 22CFR 216.2(c)(1)(i) for action not
having an effect on the environment and 22CFR 216.2(c)(2)(i) for
education, technical assistance or training programs.
- Provide training, technical support
and mentoring for men and
women members and elected
leaders in Farmers Organizations
These activities are not anticipated to have any
adverse impacts on the physical and biological
environment.
Categorical Exclusion pursuant to 22CFR 216.2(c)(1)(i) for action not
having an effect on the environment and 22CFR 216.2(c)(2)(i) for
education, technical assistance or training programs.
24
IR 1.2: Strengthened private extension
capacity
Activities:
- Enable private extension capacity
via Private Enterprise Agents as a
sustainable business service
embedded within each farmer
association using existing
extension training content
These activities are not anticipated to have any
adverse impacts on the physical and biological
environment.
Categorical Exclusion pursuant to 22CFR 216.2(c)(1)(i) for action not
having an effect on the environment and 22CFR 216.2(c)(2)(i) for
education, technical assistance or training programs.
- work with Airtel and IT service
providers to design, reconfigure or
adapt components of the platform
These activities are not anticipated to have any
adverse impacts on the physical and biological
environment.
Categorical Exclusion pursuant to 22CFR 216.2(c)(1)(i) for action not
having an effect on the environment and 22CFR 216.2(c)(2)(i) for
education, technical assistance or training programs.
IR 2: Strengthened disaster risk
management capacity
IR 2.1: Strengthened informal social safety
nets
Activities: - Assist informal social safety nets
with business, operations and
management planning to help
ensure sustainability and promote
learning and potential replication
among other groups when
Possible negative social impacts:
- The social cohesion could be threatened if
the training and principles applied are not
adapted to the culture and local traditions.
A negative determination is recommended pursuant to 22CFR
216.3(a)(3)(iii) subject to the following conditions:
- Communities should be involved in the process
- consider of feasible environmentally and socially preferable
credit and loan options
25
promising practices are identified.
IR 2.2: Early warning protocols
implemented
- use of ICTs to expand coverage of
the early warning systems (EWS)
in Tahoua and Maradi regions
These activities are not anticipated to have any
adverse impacts on the physical and biological
environment.
Categorical Exclusion pursuant to 22CFR 216.2(c)(1)(i) for action not
having an effect on the environment and 22CFR 216.2(c)(2)(i) for
education, technical assistance or training programs.
26
3.2 Climate Risk Management: Niger LWR GDA Alliance for Resilience This section summarizes the climate risk management (CRM) screening for this activity.
ACTIVITY CRM TOOL OUTPUT MATRIX: CLIMATE RISKS, OPPORTUNITIES, AND ACTIONS
* = A required element, per the Mandatory Reference # Project elements may include Purpose / Sub-purpose, Areas of Focus, or Activities / Mechanisms, etc.
1.1:
Defined or
Anticipated
Tasks or
Interventions*
1.2:
Time-
frame
1.3:
Geo-
graphy
2:
Climate Risks*
3:
Adaptive
Capacity
4:
Climate
Risk
Rating*
5: Opportunities
6.1:
Climate Risk
Management
Options
6.2:
How Climate
Risks Are
Addressed in
the Activity*
7:
Next Steps for
Activity
Implementation*
8:
Accepted
Climate
Risks*
Construction
of a new
warehouse,
and
rehabilitation
of existing
warehouses
The
planned
life of the
building.
Likely at
least 30
years and
potentially
much
more.
New
warehouse:
Lléla
Rehab of
existing
warehouse:
Dakoro
Temperature
Temperatures in
West Africa
Sahel are
expected to
increase by 3-6°
C by 2100
(Climate
Change Risk
Profile: West
Africa Sahel
climatelinks.org) Increased
temperatures
could lead to:
Increased cost of
cooling
Deterioration of
construction
materials due to
thermal stress.
Both surface and
groundwater
decreased
availability due
Capacity to build
on:
Government:
The Government
of Niger has a “3N
initiative” known
as “Nigeriens feed
Nigeriens”; this
initiative is aimed
at improving food
and nutritional
security while
promoting
sustainable
agriculture.
Plans and
Strategies:
There are several
climate related
projects and plans,
including a Food
Security and
Development
Support Project in
the Maradi Region,
and a USAID
High
Use the most up-
to-date
information
about how the
climate is
changing over
the long-term to
make
construction site
decisions.
Use locally
sourced material
that can
withstand local
climate
conditions now
an in the future.
Use
recommendations
from design
firms about
disaster risk
reduction.
Consider how
flooding at local
sites has
historically
Conduct
Construction
Risk Screening.
Follow good
practice and
design standards
for water and
sanitation,
consider future
climate impacts,
such as increased
temperatures and
increases
intensity of
storms, when
designing water
and sanitation.
Include CRM in
Environmental
Compliance
documents and
implement the
projects EMMP.
Ensure
construction
firms are aware
of climate risk
Engineer-of-
record will
include CRM
as part of
engineering
design.
Construction
will follow
engineering
design.
Follow good
practice and
design
standards for
water and
sanitation,
consider future
climate
impacts, such
as increased
temperatures
and increases
intensity of
storms, when
designing
water and
sanitation.
Ensure engineering
design contract
includes the
following
language: Engineering analysis preceding design activities must include consideration of climate change and its potential impacts on the location (siting), functionality, and sustainability of resulting infrastructure and infrastructure services. Such analysis must include identification of relevant data sets and gaps, review of local building standards and codes for adequacy, and determination of safety factors or other measures of uncertainty that will
None
27
1.1:
Defined or
Anticipated
Tasks or
Interventions*
1.2:
Time-
frame
1.3:
Geo-
graphy
2:
Climate Risks*
3:
Adaptive
Capacity
4:
Climate
Risk
Rating*
5: Opportunities
6.1:
Climate Risk
Management
Options
6.2:
How Climate
Risks Are
Addressed in
the Activity*
7:
Next Steps for
Activity
Implementation*
8:
Accepted
Climate
Risks*
to
evapotranspirati
on, this could
especially
impact kitchen,
borehole, and
laboratory
construction and
function.
Increased stress
and demands on
water resources,
including
potable water,
because of
demands from
other sectors,
mainly
agriculture.
report: Climate
Change and
Conflict in the
Sahel: Findings
from Niger And
Burkina Faso
(March 2014;
http://www.fess-
global.org/Publicat
ions/Other/FESS%
20Sahel_Case_Stu
dy.pdf).
Gaps in Capacity
There is a lack of
weather and
climate related
monitoring
stations.
There is a need to
include climate
change
information and
adaptation
techniques across
national strategic
planning, including
for education and
construction.
There is a need for
skills and
resources at the
local level to
prepare for future
climate change.
impacted access
to services.
prior to
construction, and
follow practices
that are suitable
for local weather
and climate
conditions.
Meet minimum
Disaster Risk
Reduction
standards in
terms of
structural
integrity,
particularly
considering
future climate
projects.
Evaluate sites for
potential
flooding and
water issues due
to droughts.
Continue to
build climate
awareness and
local capacity to
adapt to climate
change.
Consider water
availability, and
future use,
during site
selection.
Include CRM
in
Environmental
Compliance
documents and
implement the
projects
EMMP.
Ensure
construction
firms are aware
of climate risk
prior to
construction,
and follow
practices that
are suitable for
local weather
and climate
conditions.
Meet minimum
Disaster Risk
Reduction
standards in
terms of
structural
integrity,
particularly
considering
future climate
projects.
Continue to
build climate
awareness and
local capacity
to adapt to
be carried through design. The results of this analysis, including risks identified and how they are addressed, shall be documented.]
Design will
include, amongst
other things: 1)
evaluation of sites
for potential
flooding, water
issues due to
droughts and
increased
temperatures, 2)
analysis of how
climate change
will impact
construction
design, including
material selection,
and long-term use
of buildings.
28
1.1:
Defined or
Anticipated
Tasks or
Interventions*
1.2:
Time-
frame
1.3:
Geo-
graphy
2:
Climate Risks*
3:
Adaptive
Capacity
4:
Climate
Risk
Rating*
5: Opportunities
6.1:
Climate Risk
Management
Options
6.2:
How Climate
Risks Are
Addressed in
the Activity*
7:
Next Steps for
Activity
Implementation*
8:
Accepted
Climate
Risks*
There is an overall
lack of funding in
the government to
address national
climate change
priorities.
climate change.
Consider water
availability,
and future use,
during site
selection.
Rainfall and
extreme
weather and
climate
Niger is likely to
experience a
later beginning
and earlier end
to the rainy
High
See above See above Changes in
food and
water
security, as
well as
health, due
to climate
change
impacts
throughout
29
1.1:
Defined or
Anticipated
Tasks or
Interventions*
1.2:
Time-
frame
1.3:
Geo-
graphy
2:
Climate Risks*
3:
Adaptive
Capacity
4:
Climate
Risk
Rating*
5: Opportunities
6.1:
Climate Risk
Management
Options
6.2:
How Climate
Risks Are
Addressed in
the Activity*
7:
Next Steps for
Activity
Implementation*
8:
Accepted
Climate
Risks*
season. In
addition,
rainfall events
are likely to be
more severe, but
less frequent.
Increased
number dry and
hotter days
could lead to
increased
drought.
Potential
impacts include:
Building
functions and
services, such as
providing water,
getting rid of
waste, or food
storage,
disrupted due to
flooding and
heat waves.
Ground and
surface water
availability and
quality
decreased during
droughts and
floods.
Increased
damage to
building
infrastructure
due to flooding.
Niger.
30
1.1:
Defined or
Anticipated
Tasks or
Interventions*
1.2:
Time-
frame
1.3:
Geo-
graphy
2:
Climate Risks*
3:
Adaptive
Capacity
4:
Climate
Risk
Rating*
5: Opportunities
6.1:
Climate Risk
Management
Options
6.2:
How Climate
Risks Are
Addressed in
the Activity*
7:
Next Steps for
Activity
Implementation*
8:
Accepted
Climate
Risks*
Lack of drainage
for
infrastructure, or
building sites, in
extreme
flooding events.
Changes in food
and water
security, as well
as health, due to
climate change
impacts
throughout
Niger.
31
4. RESTRICTION, IMPLEMENTATION, AND MONITORING REQUIREMENTS
4.1.GENERAL RESTRICTIONS: PESTICIDES
This IEE does NOT authorize support for pesticides, including their procurement, use, transport,
storage or disposal. Any pesticide activity proposed under this program would necessitate an
amended IEE, including all elements of analysis required by 22CFR216.3 (b) under USAID
Pesticide Procedures.
4.2. GENERAL PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING
REQUIREMENTS
In addition to the specific conditions enumerated in the table above, the negative determination
with conditions recommended in this IEE are contingent upon full implementation of the
following general monitoring and implementation requirements.
In addition:
1. The USAID/SRO shall provide the Implementing Partner (hereinafter IP), with a copy of
this IEE; the IP shall be briefed on its environmental compliance responsibilities by the
cognizant C/AOR. During this briefing, the IEE conditions applicable to the IP’s
activities will be identified.
2. Development of EMMP. The IP shall develop and provide for C/AOR review and
approval an Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (EMMP) documenting how
the project will implement and verify all IEE conditions that apply to its activities.
This EMMP shall identify how the IP shall assure that IEE conditions that apply to
activities supported under subcontracts and sub-grants are implemented. (In the case of
large sub-grants or subcontracts, the IP may elect to require the sub-grantee/subcontractor
to develop their own EMMP.)
(Note: The AFR EMMP Factsheet provides EMMP guidance and sample EMMP
formats: http://www.usaidgems.org/Documents/lopDocs/ENCAP_EMMP_Factsheet_22Jul2011.pdf )
3. Integration and implementation of EMMP. The IP shall integrate the EMMP into the
project work plan and budget, implement the EMMP, and report on its implementation as
an element of regular project performance reporting.
The IP shall assure that subcontractors and subgrantees integrate implementation of IEE
conditions, where applicable, into their own project work plans and budgets and report on
their implementation as an element of sub-contract or grant performance reporting.
4. The cognizant USAID team will also ensure that provisions of the IEE concerning
mitigative measures and the conditions specified herein along with the requirement to
monitor be incorporated in all implementation instruments and sub-agreements issued
under these instruments. IP shall assure that sub-contracts and sub-grant agreements
reference, and require compliance with, relevant elements of these conditions.
32
Any grants or fund transfers from organizations receiving USAID funds to other
organizations must incorporate provisions that the activities to be undertaken will be
within the scope of the environmental determinations and recommendations of this IEE.
If any ongoing activities fall outside the scope of the approved Regulation 216
environmental documentation, the activities shall be halted until an amendment to the
documentation is submitted and written approval is received from USAID.
Grant proposals will be evaluated using the Environmental Review Form (ERF) see
annex 1. An ERF and EMMP will be completed by the implementing partner and
approved by the A/COR before any commitment of resources to the interventions in
question. Any mitigation measures or design conditions specified by the approved ERF
must be implemented by the partner/grantee; these measures and conditions will be
informed by and substantially conform to best practices outlined in the USAID‘s Sector
Environmental Guidelines available at http://usaidgems.org/sectorGuidelines.htm .
5. Assurance of sub-grantee and sub-contractor capacity and compliance. IPs shall assure
that sub-grantees and subcontractors have the capability to implement the relevant
requirements of this IEE. The IP shall, as and if appropriate, provide training to sub-
grantees and subcontractors in their environmental compliance responsibilities and in
environmentally sound design and management (ESDM) of their activities.
As required by ADS 204.5.4, the USAID team must actively monitor activities for
compliance with approved IEE conditions for implementation, and modify or end
activities that are not in compliance.
6. Private sector partners (Ecobank, Airtel, Société Henri Biaugeaud, Margaret A. Cargill
Foundation, Ron Frehner and Deb Murray) shall provide for review by USAID/Senegal’s
Mission Environmental Officer (MEO) and the Regional Environmental Officer (REO) a
copy of their environmental policies and procedures as a condition precedent to this
Guarantee Agreement and ensure compliance with Niger environmental law and the
environmental conditions of the agreement, as required under the agreement.
7. If USAID or the Implementing Partners plan any new activities or substantial
modifications to existing activities outside the scope of the approved Regulation 216
environmental documentation, an amendment shall be prepared to the documentation for
USAID review and approval. No such new activities shall be undertaken prior to
receiving written USAID approval of environmental documentation amendments. The
conditions in this section shall be incorporated into the contract language for each
mechanism working under the project. The management team should consult the paper
“Environmental Compliance: Language for use in solicitations and awards” for
guidance.
8. Nothing in this IEE substitutes for or supersedes IP, sub-grantee and subcontractor
responsibility for compliance with all applicable host country laws and regulations. The
IP, sub-grantees and subcontractor must comply with host country environmental
33
regulations unless otherwise directed in writing by USAID. However, in case of conflict
between host country and USAID regulations, the latter shall govern.
9. If activities are carried out in areas of the country that USAID staff cannot visit because
of security concerns, every effort will be made to provide acceptable monitoring and
evaluation for environmental compliance. An appropriate plan for monitoring and
evaluation will be agreed upon by the A/COR and the Mission Environmental Officer
before implementation of activities in insecure areas or within a reasonable amount of
time in areas where activities are already being implemented.
ANNEX 1:
Environmental Screening Form for subprojects/sub-grants (to be filled by the sub-grantees)
A. Applicant information
Organization Parent grant or project
34
Individual contact
and title
Address, phone &
email (if available)
Proposed subproject
/subgrant
(brief description)
Amount of funding
requested
Period of performance
Location(s) of proposed
activities
B. Activities, screening results, and findings
Screening result
(Step 3 of instructions)
Findings
(Step 6 of instructions. Complete for all
moderate/unknown and high-risk
activities ONLY)
Proposed activities
(Provide DESCRIPTIVE listing.
Continue on additional page if necessary)
Ver
y L
ow
Ris
k
Hig
h-R
isk
*
Mod
erat
e or
un
kno
wn
ris
k*
sig
nif
ican
t ad
ver
se
imp
acts
are
ver
y
un
lik
ely
Wit
h s
pec
ifie
d
mit
igat
ion
,
sig
nif
ican
t ad
ver
se
imp
acts
are
ver
y
un
lik
ely
Sig
nif
ican
t
Ad
ver
se i
mp
acts
are
po
ssib
le
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
*These screening results require completion of an Environmental Review Report
35
C. Certification:
I, the undersigned, certify that:
1. The information on this form and accompanying environmental review report (if any) is correct and complete.
2. Implementation of these activities will not go forward until specific approval is received from the C/AOTR.
3. All mitigation and monitoring measures specified in the Environmental Review Report will be implemented in
their entirety, and that staff charged with this implementation will have the authority, capacity and knowledge
for successful implementation.
(Signature) (Date)
(Print name) (Title)
Note: if screening results for any activity are “high risk” or “moderate or unknown risk,” this
form is not complete unless accompanied by an environmental review report.
BELOW THIS LINE FOR USAID USE ONLY
Notes: 1. For clearance to be granted, the activity MUST be within the scope of the activities for which use of the ERF is authorized in the
governing IEE. Review IEE before signature. If activities are outside this scope, deny clearance and provide explanation in comments
section. The Partner, C/AOTR, MEO and REA must then confer regarding next steps: activity re-design, an IEE or EA.
2. Clearing an ERF containing one or more findings that significant adverse impacts are possible indicates agreement with the analysis
and findings. It does NOT authorize activities for which “significant adverse impacts are possible” to go forward. It DOES authorize
other activities to go forward. The Partner, C/AOTR, MEO and REA must then confer regarding next steps: activity re-design, an IEE or
EA.
Clearance record
C/AOTR
Clearance given
Clearance denied
(print name) (signature) (date)
USAID/Senegal MEO
Clearance given
Clearance denied
(print name) (signature) (date)
Regional Env. Advisor (REA)
Clearance given
Clearance denied
(print name) (signature) (date)
C/AOTR, MEO and REA clearance is required. BEO clearance is required for all “high risk” screening results and for findings of
“significant adverse impacts possible. The BEO may review”
Note: if clearance is denied, comments must be provided to applicant
(use space below & attach sheets if necessary)
36
Supplement to the Environmental Review Form
for Natural Resources Activities Additional Screening Criteria for Democracy, Human Rights, and
Governance Project –Senegal
Purpose
This is a supplement to the “Instructions for environmental review of Democracy, Human Rights, and Governance
Project activities.” It is to be used for natural resources-based activities, including:
Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM)
Ecotourism
Natural resources-based enterprise development with micro- and small enterprises
This supplement provides additional questions to ascertain whether these proposed activities should be categorized
as “very low risk:”
If the answers to ALL the questions that follow are “NO,” then the proposed natural resource-based activity
is considered “very low risk.”
If the answer to ANY question is “YES,” the activity CANNOT be considered “very low risk.”
Screening criteria
Will the activities… YES NO
Natural Resources
Accelerate erosion by water or wind?
Reduce soil fertility and/or permeability?
Alter existing stream flow, reduce seasonal availability of water resources?
Potentially contaminate surface water and groundwater supplies?
Involve the extraction of renewable natural resources?
Lead to unsustainable use of renewable natural resources such as forest products?
Involve the extraction of non-renewable natural resources?
Restrict customary access to natural resources?
Reduce local air quality through generating dust, burning of wastes or using fossil fuels and other
materials in improperly ventilated areas?
Affect dry-season grazing areas and/or lead to restricted access to a common resource?
Lead to unsustainable or unnecessarily high water extraction and/or wasteful use?
Ecosystems and Biodiversity
Drain wetlands, or be sited on floodplains?
Harvest wetland plant materials or utilize sediments of bodies of water?
Lead to the clearing of forestlands for agriculture, the over-harvesting of valuable forest species?
Promote in-forest bee keeping?
Lead to increased hunting, or the collection of animals or plant materials?
Increase the risks to endangered or threatened species?
Introduce new exotic species of plants or animals to the area?
37
Will the activities… YES NO
Lead to road construction or rehabilitation, or otherwise facilitate access to fragile areas (natural
woodlands, wetlands, erosion-prone areas)?
Cause disruption of wildlife migratory routes?
Agricultural and Forestry Production
Have an impact on existing or traditional agricultural production systems by reducing seed
availability or reallocating land for other purposes?
Lead to forest plantation harvesting without replanting, the burning of pastureland, or a reduction
in fallow periods?
Affect existing food storage capacities by reducing food inventories or encouraging the incidence
of pests?
Affect domestic livestock by reducing grazing areas, or creating conditions where livestock
disease problems could be exacerbated?
Involve the use of insecticides, herbicides and/or other pesticides?
Community and Social Issues
Have a negative impact on potable water supplies?
Encourage domestic animal migration through natural areas?
Change the existing land tenure system?
Have a negative impact on culturally important sites in the community?
Increase in-migration to the area?
Create conditions that lead to a reduction in community health standards?
Lead to the generation of non-biodegradable waste?
Involve the relocation of the local community?
Potentially cause or aggravate land-use conflicts?