Inhaled Medications Considering all the Options, …...Respiratory Care. 2014;59(10):1476-1486. Hess...
Transcript of Inhaled Medications Considering all the Options, …...Respiratory Care. 2014;59(10):1476-1486. Hess...
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Inhaled Medications Considering all the Options, How do you Choose?
Darcey Lafreniere, RRT
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Disclaimer
• No conflict of interest
• No financial disclaimers
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Objectives
• Establish what constitutes an aerosol and provide a brief physiological review of the medication that we administer
• Examine delivery options and demonstrate how to optimize each one
• Discuss how we can choose the best device for any given patient
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Background of Aerosol Therapy
• Medical aerosol
• Any suspension of liquid or solid drug in a carrier gas
• Aerosol drug therapy
• Generating aerosols
• Formulating drugs
• Administering medications
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Background of Aerosol Therapy
Inhaled aerosol medications for the treatment of pulmonary diseases became well-established in the last half of the 20th century
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Background of Aerosol Therapy
Ceramic Inhalers
19th Century
Atomizers
Steam Inhalers
Asthma Cigarettes and powders
Mid-Late 19th Century
Hand bulb nebulizer
Early nebulizers using electricity and compressed
air
1930s-1940s
Nebulizers
Jet and Ultrasonic
Nebulizers with special features
Metered Dose Inhalers
pMDI
1950s
Spacers and DPIs
1970s
Phase out CFC
1980s
Soft Mist
2011
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Medications
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Physiology
• How does our inhaled aerosol reach its target in the lung?
• Nervous system involvement
• Bronchodilators
• Short acting beta2 adrenergic (SABA)
• Long acting beta2 adrenergic (LABA)
• Short acting muscarinic antagonist (SAMA) or
• Short acting anticholinergic (SAAC)
• Long acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) or
• Long acting anticholinergic (LAAC)
• Corticosteroids
• Mucolytics
• Antibiotics
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Physiology of Medications: Bronchodilation
Mimic
Block
Sympathomimetics Beta 2 Agonists
Anticholinergics Antimuscarinics
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Bronchodilation
• SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Relief of: wheezing, shortness of breath, cough
• Sympathomimetics or Beta 2 Agonists
• SABA
• Albuterol Sulfate
• Levalbuterol
• Long Acting Bronchodilators
• LABA
• Formoterol
• Salmeterol
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Bronchodilation
• PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Relief of: cough, sputum production, shortness of breath
• Anticholinergic or muscarinic antagonist
• SAAC or SAMA
• Ipratropium
• LAAC or LAMA
• Tiotropium
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Combination
• SAMA and SABA
• Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol
• Different mechanisms
• Maximizes bronchodilation effect
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Corticosteroids
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Corticosteroids
• ANTI-INFLAMMATORY
• Mometasone
• Fluticasone
• Budesonide
• Maintenance medications
• Inhaled vs oral/IV
• Spacer and mouth rinsing
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Combination • LABA & Corticosteroid
• Fluticasone & Salmeterol
• Fluticasone & Vilanterol
• Mometasone & Formoterol
• Budesonide & Formoterol
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Mucolytics • Alter consistency of gel layer of mucus
• N-acetylcysteine
• Sodium bicarbonate
• Dornase alpha
Ruptures
Alters
Destroys
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Antibiotics
• Treatment of chronic pulmonary infections
• Tobramycin
• Aztreonam (Cayston)
• Pentamidine
• Nebulizer selection
• FDA approval
• Particle size
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What’s Important?
• Particle size or Mass Median Aerodynamic Diameter (MMAD)
• Mass equally divided
• Respirable fraction
• Inhaled respiratory mass per breath
• Inhaled respiratory output rate
• Inhaled drug mass
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Particle Size
MMAD: Mass median aerodynamic diameter
Location MMAD particle size, µm
Nose or mouth to larynx 10 or larger
Trachea to terminal bronchioles
9-5
Respiratory bronchioles 5-2
Lung parenchyma (alveoli) 1-3
stridor
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Particle Size
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Delivery Options • Small Volume Nebulizer
• Jet:
• Uses compressed gas to aerosolize a liquid medication
• Least expensive nebulizer
• Factors affecting performance
• Different types
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Delivery Options
• Small Volume Nebulizer
• Jet:
• Pneumatic with reservoir tubing
• With collection bag
• Breath enhanced
• Breath actuated
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Delivery Options
• Small Volume Nebulizer
• Ultrasonic:
• Convert electrical energy to high-frequency vibrations using a transducer
• Use with bronchodilators and saline, but not budesonide
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Delivery Options
• Vibrating Mesh:
• Uses electricity and piezo element
• Slow moving aerosol
• Very efficient and results in minimal residual volume
• Active vs Passive
Aperture Plate
Ultrasonic Horn
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Delivery Options
• Specific application:
• Ribavirin administration with a small particle aerosol generator (SPAG)
• Pentamidine administration via a SVN with a inspiratory/expiratory one-way valve
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Optimal Technique SVN
• Breathing pattern
• Treatment ends at the “SPUTTER”
• Mouthpiece vs Mask
????
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Inhalers
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Delivery Options
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Delivery Options
• pMDI:
• Most common aerosol generator prescribed for patients with COPD and asthma
• Conventional
• Factors affecting performance
• Spacer/valve holding chamber
• Technique
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Delivery Options • DPI:
• Inspiratory flow driven
• Single dose, multiple dose
• Factors affecting performance
• Technique
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Delivery Options
• Respimat: soft mist
• Portable
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• Technique
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What else…
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Special Considerations in the Hospital Setting…
• Effectiveness of aerosol delivery in patients requiring mechanical ventilation
• Device
• Position
• Ventilator and circuit
• Presence of bias flow
• Patient age and synchrony
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Ari et al.
Evaluation of Aerosol Generator Devices at 3 Locations in Humidified and Non-humidified Circuits During Adult Mechanical Ventilation
• Device
• Jet
• Vibrating Mesh
• Ultrasonic
• pMDI with spacer
• Positions
• Between ETT and Y
• 15 cm from Y
• 15 cm from ventilator
• No Bias Flow!
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Ari et al.
• Results:
• Inconclusive in terms of which is best • 2.5%-30% of drug delivered to filter
• ALL devices had about twice the delivery with the non-humidified
circuit than with the humidified • But the benefits outweigh the risk!
• The jet neb provided the most efficient treatment when placed
proximal to the ventilator
• MDI, mesh and USN provided the most efficient treatment when placed 15 cm from Y piece
• NO BIAS FLOW!
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Ari et al.
Influence of Nebulizer Type, Position, and Bias Flow on Aerosol Drug Delivery in Simulated Pediatric and Adult Lung Models During Mechanical Ventilation
• Device
• Misty Finity (jet neb)
• Aerogen solo (vibrating mesh)
• Position 1
• Jet neb: 15 cm from Y adapter
• VM: between Y and circuit (manufacturer)
• Position 2
• Jet neb: proximal to vent, prior to heater
• VM: t-piece adapter at heater inlet
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Ari et al.
Jet
mesh
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Ari et al.
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Ari et al.
• Results:
• Less drug delivered with higher bias flows
• Vibrating mesh provided the most drug delivery
• Vibrating Mesh:
• Adult and Pediatric: heater inlet
• Jet Nebulizer:
• Adult and Pediatric: proximal to vent; prior to heater
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There’s more…
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Noninvasive
• Systematic Review
• Nebulizers (jet and vibrating mesh) vs MDI
• Circuit leaks: interface vs circuit
• Positioning
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Noninvasive
• Results
• Both MDIs and nebs can be therapeutic
• Positioning depends on leak
• MDI: spacer placed between circuit and mask
• Jet: placed after leak in circuit
• Vibrating mesh: in interface if possible or between exhalation port and interface
• Less medication delivered if SVN placed prior to heater
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High Flow Nasal Cannula
• Systematic Review 2015
• Aerosol delivery with a standard HFNC at high flows is likely to be low due to:
• High flows (greater than 10L/min) = turbulence
• Sharp changes in aerosol flow, humidification, nasal prongs
• Results
• No great options
• Clinical judgment
• New study:
• Respirable mass: 2-10%
• Therapeutic effects
• Breathing patterns
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What about the kids… • MDI vs Nebulizer
AARC Pediatric Guidelines for Aerosol Delivery Devices
Device Age
SVN with mask ≤ 3 years
SVN with mouthpiece ≥ 3 years
pMDI with holding chamber/spacer and mask
< 4 years
pMDI with holding chamber/spacer ≥ 4 years
DPI ≥ 4 years
MDI ≥ 5 years
Breath-actuated MDI ≥ 5 years
Breath-actuated nebulizer ≥ 5 years
“blow by” is not an effective treatment
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What about the kids…
• Systematic Review
• Noninvasive Ventilation
• HFNC: jet neb setup vs vibrating mesh inline
• NCPAP: vibrating mesh at two positions
• Mechanical Ventilation
• Jet neb vs vibrating mesh; positioning
• Infant vs pediatric
• HFOV
• Positioning
• Pediatric
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What about the kids…
• Results
• HFNC
• More drug delivered with vibrating mesh with facemask than inline
• Bubble CPAP
• Vibrating mesh placed at the humidifier
• Mechanical Ventilation
• Infant: vibrating mesh proximal to Y in circuit (w/bias flow)
• Pediatric: vibrating mesh at the humidifier
• HFOV
• Vibrating mesh between ETT and Y in circuit
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What to take away…
• Selection is very important for optimizing the results of aerosol drug therapy.
• Evidence indicates all delivery devices can be equally effective if used correctly.
• Criteria to select a device can be divided into four categories:
• Patient-related
• Drug-related
• Device-related
• Environmental and clinical factors
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Thank You….
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