Ingredients

Copyright ©

2013 by John Wiley &

Sons, Inc. A

ll Rights R

eserved

Ingredients4

Wheat Flour

Copyright ©


Sons, Inc. A

ll Rights R

eserved

4• Wheat flour is the most important ingredient in the

bakeshop.• In baked products, wheat flour provides:

• Structure• Thickening• Nutritive value

Ingredients

Wheat Varieties

Copyright ©


Sons, Inc. A

ll Rights R

eserved

4• Hard wheats contain greater quantities of the proteins

glutenin and gliadin, and are used to produce strong flours.

• Strong flours are used to make breads and yeast products.

• Soft wheats are used to produce weak flours often used in cakes, cookies, and pastries.

Ingredients

Wheat Varieties

Copyright ©


Sons, Inc. A

ll Rights R

eserved

4The six principal classes of wheat grown in North America are:•Hard red winter•Hard red spring•Hard white•Soft white•Soft red winter•Durum

Ingredients

Composition of Wheat

Copyright ©


Sons, Inc. A

ll Rights R

eserved

4• Bran is the hard outer covering of

the kernel. It is present in whole wheat flour and is high in fiber, B vitamins, fat, protein, and minerals.

• Germ is the part of the kernel that becomes a new wheat plant if sprouted. It is high in protein, vitamins, minerals, and fat.

• Endosperm is the white, starchy part of the kernel that remains when the bran and germ are removed.

Ingredients

Flour Grades

Copyright ©


Sons, Inc. A

ll Rights R

eserved

4• Patent flour• Clear flour• Straight flour

Extraction refers to the amount of flour milled from a given amount of grain. It is expressed as a percentage of the total amount of grain.

Ingredients

Composition of Flour

Copyright ©


Sons, Inc. A

ll Rights R

eserved

4• Starch: white flour consists of about 68-76%

starch.• Protein: 6 to 18% of white flour is protein.

Glutenin and gliadin are 80% of that protein.• Moisture: 11 to 14%• Gums: pentosans 2 to 3%• Fats: 1% • Ash: mineral content of flour 0.3 to 1.5%• Pigments: carotenoids, orange-yellow.

Ingredients

Types of Patent Flour

Copyright ©


Sons, Inc. A

ll Rights R

eserved

4• Bread flour• Cake flour• High gluten flour• Pastry flour

Bread flour

Cake flour Pastry flour

Ingredients

Hand Test for Flour Strength

Copyright ©


Sons, Inc. A

ll Rights R

eserved

4• Small bakeries keep three white flours on hand.

You should be able to identify them by sight and touch.

Ingredients

Other Wheat Flours

Copyright ©


Sons, Inc. A

ll Rights R

eserved

4• All purpose flour• Durum flour• Self rising flour• Whole wheat flour• Bran flour• Cracked wheat

Whole wheat flour

Ingredients

Other Flours, Meals, Starches

Copyright ©


Sons, Inc. A

ll Rights R

eserved

4• Rye• Corn• Spelt• Oats• Buckwheat• Soy• Rice• Starches

• Cornstarch• Waxy maize• Instant

Ingredients

Sugars

Copyright ©


Sons, Inc. A

ll Rights R

eserved

4• Add sweetness and flavor.• Create tenderness and fineness of texture.• Give crust color.• Increase keeping qualities.• Act as a creaming agent with fats.• Act as a foaming agent with eggs.• Provide food for yeast.

Ingredients

Sugars

Copyright ©


Sons, Inc. A

ll Rights R

eserved

4The chemical name for sugar obtained from sugar cane or sugar beets is sucrose.•Lactose is the sugar found in milk.•Maltose is the malt sugar.•Fructose is the simple sugar found in fruit.

Ingredients

Sugars

Copyright ©


Sons, Inc. A

ll Rights R

eserved

4When a sucrose solution is heated with an acid, some of the sucrose breaks down into equal parts of two simple sugars, dextrose, and levulose. Equal parts of dextrose and levulose is called invert sugar.

Ingredients

Types of Sugars

Copyright ©


Sons, Inc. A

ll Rights R

eserved

4• Granulated sugars include:

• Regular granulated sugar.• Very fine sugars called caster sugar.• Sanding sugars (coarse sugar used for coating).• Pearl sugar (also called sugar nibs).

Ingredients

Types of Sugars

Copyright ©


Sons, Inc. A

ll Rights R

eserved

4• Powdered sugar or Confectioner’s sugar: ground to a fine powder

and mixed with a small amount of starch to prevent caking.

• Dehydrated fondant: a dried form of fondant icing.

• Brown sugar: contains varying amounts of caramel, molasses, and other impurities.

• Demerara sugar: a crystalline brown sugar.

• Non-Nutritive sweeteners-sugar substitutes.

Ingredients

Syrups

Copyright ©


Sons, Inc. A

ll Rights R

eserved

4Syrups consist of one or more types of sugar dissolved in water.

• Simple syrup: dissolved sucrose in water.

• Molasses: concentrated sugarcane syrup.

• Glucose Corn Syrup: manufactured from cornstarch.

• Honey.

• Malt syrup: extracted from barley.

Ingredients

Fats

Copyright ©


Sons, Inc. A

ll Rights R

eserved

4The major function of fats in baked items are:• To tenderize gluten.

• To add moistness and richness.

• To increase keeping quality.

• To add flavor.

• To assist in leavening when used as a creaming agent.

• To add flakiness.

Ingredients

Fats

Copyright ©


Sons, Inc. A

ll Rights R

eserved

4• Shortenings: any of a group of solid fats, usually white and tasteless,

that are especially formulated for baking (shortens gluten strands).

• High ratio shortenings: devised for use in making cake batters that contain a high ratio of sugar.

• High Ratio Liquid Shortenings.

• Butter: Adds flavor and melts in the mouth at body temperature.

• Margarine: manufactured from various animal and vegetable fats plus flavoring, emulsifiers, and coloring.

• Oils.

• Lard: rendered fat from hogs.

Ingredients

Milk and Milk Products

Copyright ©


Sons, Inc. A

ll Rights R

eserved

4The functions of milk in baked products are:• The water content in milk enables gluten development.

• Adds texture.

• Adds flavor.

• Provides crust color.

• Provides keeping quality.

• Provides nutritive value.

Ingredients

Eggs

Copyright ©


Sons, Inc. A

ll Rights R

eserved

4Functions of eggs in baking:• Structure• Emulsifying fats and liquids• Leavening• Shortening action• Moisture• Flavor• Color• Nutritive value

Ingredients

Composition of Eggs

Copyright ©


Sons, Inc. A

ll Rights R

eserved

4 Ingredients

Composition of Eggs

Copyright ©


Sons, Inc. A

ll Rights R

eserved

4A whole egg consists of:• Yolk: High in fat and protein, contains iron and

vitamins.• White: primarily albumin protein.• Shell: porous and allows egg to lose moisture

and absorb odors and flavors.• Chalazae: holds yolk in center.• Membrane.• Air cell.

Ingredients

Market Form of Eggs

Copyright ©


Sons, Inc. A

ll Rights R

eserved

4• Fresh

• Frozen• Dried

Courtesy of USDA.

Ingredients

Egg Sizes

Copyright ©


Sons, Inc. A

ll Rights R

eserved

4• One whole egg = 1.67 oz. (47 g)• One egg white = 1 oz. (28 g)• One yolk = 0.67 oz. (19 g)• 9½ whole eggs = 1 lb. (21 whole eggs = 1 kg)• 16 whites = 1 lb. (36 whites = 1 kg)• 24 yolks = 1 lb. (53 yolks = 1 kg)

Ingredients

Leavening Agents

Copyright ©


Sons, Inc. A

ll Rights R

eserved

4Leavening is the production or incorporation of

gases in a baked product to increase volume and to produce shape and texture.

Ingredients

Yeasts

Copyright ©


Sons, Inc. A

ll Rights R

eserved

4• Fermentation is the process by which yeast acts on

sugars and changes them into carbon dioxide.• Yeast is a living organism. It is sensitive to temperature.

Temperature

34°F (1°C) Inactive (storage temperature)

60°-70°F (15°-20°C)

Slow action

70°-90°F (20°-32°C)

Best growth (fermentation and proofing temperatures for bread doughs)

Above 100°F (38°C)

Reaction slows

140°F (60°C) Yeast is killed

Ingredients

Types of Yeast

Copyright ©


Sons, Inc. A

ll Rights R

eserved

4• Fresh or compressed yeast: moist and perishable, and

is preferred by professionals. It must be refrigerated as it only lasts 2 weeks.

• Active dry yeast: a dry, granular form of yeast. It requires rehydration.

• Instant dry yeast: dry granular form of yeast but does not require rehydration. Contains little dead yeast so produces gases much quicker than active dry yeast.

Ingredients

Chemical Leaveners

Copyright ©


Sons, Inc. A

ll Rights R

eserved

4• Baking Soda (sodium bicarbonate): if moisture and an

acid are present, soda releases carbon dioxide gas.• Baking Powder: a mixture of baking soda plus one or

more acids. • Double-acting baking powder has two acids that

release gases with moisture and heat.• Baking ammonia: a mixture of ammonium carbonate,

ammonium bicarbonate, and ammonium carbamate.

Ingredients

Air

Copyright ©


Sons, Inc. A

ll Rights R

eserved

4• Air is incorporated into all doughs and batters during

mixing.• The formation of air cells is important even in products

leavened by yeast or baking powder because the air cells collect and hold the leavening gases.

Ingredients

Methods of Incorporating Air

Copyright ©


Sons, Inc. A

ll Rights R

eserved

4• Creaming: the process of beating fat and sugar together

to incorporate air.• Foaming: the process of beating eggs, with or without

sugar, to incorporate air.

Ingredients

Steam

Copyright ©


Sons, Inc. A

ll Rights R

eserved

4• When water turns to steam, it expands to 1100 times its

original volume. • Because all baked products contain some moisture,

steam is an important leavening agent.

Ingredients

Gelling Agents

Copyright ©


Sons, Inc. A

ll Rights R

eserved

4• Gelatin is a water-soluble protein extracted from animal

connective tissue.• Two forms available for bakeshop:

1. Powdered

2. Leaf gelatin, sheet gelatin

Ingredients

Gelling Agents

Copyright ©


Sons, Inc. A

ll Rights R

eserved

4Using gelatin in formulas:• Soften gelatin in water or other liquid. It absorbs 5 times

its weight in water (blooming).• Softened gelatin is added to hot ingredients or is heated

with other ingredients until it dissolves.• The mixture is chilled until it sets.

Ingredients

Gelling Agents

Copyright ©


Sons, Inc. A

ll Rights R

eserved

4Pectin is a vegetable gum that can absorb a great deal of water and is used for thickening or gelling liquids.•Pectin is extracted from fruits and used to thicken or gel fruit preserves, jams, and jellies.•In order for pectin to gel, high sugar content and an acid are necessary.

Ingredients

Fruits and Nuts

Copyright ©


Sons, Inc. A

ll Rights R

eserved

4Nuts commonly used in bakeshop:

Almonds Brazil nuts Cashews Hazelnuts

Macadamia nuts Pecans Pine nuts Pistachios Walnuts

Ingredients

Chocolate and Cocoa

Copyright ©


Sons, Inc. A

ll Rights R

eserved

4Chocolate and cocoa are derived from cocoa or cacao beans. The beans are fermented, roasted, and ground, yielding chocolate liquor, which contains cocoa butter.•Cocoa is the dry powder that remains after part of the cocoa butter is removed from the chocolate liquor.

•Dutch process cocoa is processed with an alkali to make it darker and more easily dissolved in liquids.

Ingredients

Chocolate and Cocoa

Copyright ©


Sons, Inc. A

ll Rights R

eserved

4• Unsweetened chocolate is straight chocolate liquor.• Sweet chocolate is bitter chocolate with the addition of

sugar and cocoa butter.• Milk chocolate is sweet chocolate to which milk solids

have been added.• Cocoa Butter is the fat pressed out of the chocolate

liquor.• White chocolate is made of cocoa butter, sugar, and milk

solids. Technically, it should not be called chocolate because it does not contain cocoa solids.

Ingredients

Chocolate and Cocoa

Copyright ©


Sons, Inc. A

ll Rights R

eserved

4Cocoa contains starch, which absorbs moisture (drier) in a batter. When adding cocoa to a formula, use the rule of thumb:•Reduce the flour by 3/8 (37.5%) of the weight of cocoa added.

Ingredients


Copyright ©


Sons, Inc. A

ll Rights R

eserved

4

AllspiceAniseCarawayCardamomCinnamonCloves

GingerMaceNutmegPoppy seedsSesame seedsZest of lemon and

orange

Spices are plant or vegetable substances used to flavor foods. The most important spices and seeds in the bakeshop are:

Ingredients


Copyright ©


Sons, Inc. A

ll Rights R

eserved

4• Extracts are flavorful oils and other substances

dissolved in alcohol.• Emulsions are flavorful oils mixed with water with

the aid of emulsifiers such as vegetable gums.

Ingredients


Copyright ©


Sons, Inc. A

ll Rights R

eserved

4Alcohols• Alcoholic beverages are useful flavoring ingredients in

the pastry shop.• Sweet alcohols and liqueurs (e.g., cassis, orange).• Non-sweet alcohols (e.g., rum, cognac).• Wines (e.g., Marsala, Madeira).

Ingredients

Ingredients

Technology

Transcript of Ingredients