Ingredient: Substitute with · Ingredient: Substitute with: butter 1 cup margarine OR 1 cup...

Ingredient: Substitute with:

acorn squash butternut squash, pumpkin

allspice (1 tsp) 1/2 tsp ground cinnamon + 1/2 tsp ground cloves + pinch of ground nutmeg

almond butter peanut butter, cashew butter

almond extract (1/2 tsp) vanilla extract (3/4 tsp)

amberjack mahi-mahi, grouper, tilefish, mullet

apples pears or quinces

apple juice apple cider, pear cider, or white grape juice

apple pie spice (1 tbsp) 2 tsp ground cinnamon + 1 tsp ground nutmeg + pinch ground allspice

applesauce pumpkin puree or plum puree

arugula watercress, baby spinach, Belgian endive, escarole,

Asiago cheese Parmesan cheese, Pecorino Romano cheese

asparagus broccoli, canned hearts of palm, green beans

avocado cooked chayote squash


bacon pancetta, prosciutto, smoked sausage, ham

baking powder (1 tsp) 1/4 tsp baking soda + 1/4 cornstarch + 1/2 tsp cream of tartar

barbecue sauce (1 cup) 1 cup ketchup + 1/2 to 1 tsp liquid smoke seasoning

beer (for soups and stews) chicken or beef stock, red wine, sake

Belgian endive radicchio, arugula, watercress

bell pepper; roasted red chopped jarred pimientos

blackberries loganberries, boysenberries, raspberries

blueberries huckleberries, red currants, raspberries, strawberries

blue cheese feta cheese

bok choy napa cabbage, collard greens

boysenberries blackberries, raspberries

dry bread crumbs crushed tortilla chips, crushed dry stuffing mix, crushed pretzels, crushed cornflakes, crushed potato chips, crushed cracker crumbs, matzo meal, ground oats

brandy (1/4 cup) 1 teaspoon imitation brandy extract plus enough water to make 1/4 cup

broccoli cauliflower

broth: beef or chicken (1 cup) 1 bouillon cube plus 1 cup boiling water OR 1 T. soy sauce plus enough water to make 1 cup OR 1 cup vege-table broth

brown sugar (1 cup, packed) 1 cup white sugar plus 1/4 c. molasses and decrease the liquid in recipe by 1/4 cup OR 1 cup white sugar OR 1 1/4 cups confectioners’ sugar

Brussels sprouts broccoli florets, chopped green cabbage


butter

1 cup margarine OR 1 cup shortening plus 1/2 t. salt OR 7/8 cup vegetable oil plus 1/2 t. salt OR 7/8 cups lard plus 1/2 t. salt OR 1/4 cup buttermilk + 1/4 cup unsweetened applesauce

buttermilk 1 tbsp lemon juice or vinegar + enough milk to equal 1 cup (for baking, let stand for a few minutes before us-

ing), OR plain yogurt, OR sour cream

butternut squash pumpkin, sweet potato

Canadian bacon smoked ham, pancetta, bacon

caraway seeds dill seeds, anise seeds

cardamom (1/2 tsp) 1/4 tsp ground cinnamon + 1/4 tsp ground nutmeg or cloves

carrots parsnips, turnips

catfish tilapia, grouper

cauliflower broccoli

cayenne pepper chipotle powder, hot paprika, crushed red pepper flakes, chili powder

celery salt Old Bay seasoning

celery seed celery salt, dill seeds

chard turnip greens, spinach, mustard greens

Cheddar cheese Colby cheese, Monterey Jack Cheese

chervil (1 T. chopped fresh) 1 T. chopped fresh parsley

chicken (ground) ground turkey, veal, turkey breast

chili pepper (fresh, minced) 1 tsp hot pepper sauce, 1 to 3 tsp chili paste, 1/4 to 1/2 tsp ground cayenne, 3/4 tsp crushed red pepper flakes, 1 tsp paprika


chili powder (1 tsp) 1 tsp cayenne pepper, 1 to 2 tsp paprika, 1 tsp chili powder

chocolate, bittersweet (1oz) 2 heaping tbsp unsweetened cocoa powder + 1 to 1/3 tbsp granulated sugar + 1 1/2 tsp butter, shortening, or vegetable oil

chocolate, semisweet (1 oz)

3 tbsp unsweetened cocoa powder + 1 to 1/2 tbsp granulated sugar + 1 1/2 tsp butter, shortening, or vegetable oil OR 1 oz square of unsweetened choco-late plus 4 t. sugar

chocolate, unsweetened (1 oz) 3 tbsp unsweetened cocoa powder + 1 tbsp butter, shortening, or vegetable oil

chorizo andouille sausage, hot Italian sausage

cloves allspice

cocoa (1/4 cup) 1 oz square unsweetened chocolate

coffee liqueur (3 tbsp) 3 tbsp water + 3/4 tsp instant coffee granules, 3 tbsp cognac, 3 tbsp rum

collards kale, mature spinach, mustard greens, turnip greens

corned beef pastrami

cornstarch (1 tbsp, for thickening) flour (3 tbsp)

corn syrup, dark (1 cup) honey, 1 1/4 cup packed brown sugar dissolved in 1/4 cup hot water (or liquid from recipe)

corn syrup, light (1 cup) 1 c. honey, 1 1/4 cups granulated sugar dissolved in 1/4 cup hot water (or liquid from recipe); molasses

cottage cheese ricotta cheese, farmer’s cheese

couscous quinoa, brown rice


crab boil seasoning Old Bay seasoning; pickling spice

cracker crumbs (1 cup) 1 1/4 cup dry bread crumbs, 1 1/2 cup crushed crou-tons or stuffing cubes, 1 cup panko, matzo meal

crayfish shrimp, lobster, crab

cream cheese ricotta cheese (for cooking), pureed cottage cheese

cream, half-and-half (1 cup) 1 tbsp melted unsalted butter + enough whole milk to equal 1 cup, 3/4 cup whole milk + 1/4 cup heavy or whipping cream, 1 cup evaporated milk (for baking)

cream, light (1 cup)

3 tbsp melted unsalted butter + whole milk to equal 1 cup; 1/2 cup heavy or whipping cream plus 1/2 cup whole milk; 1/2 cup evaporated milk + 1/2 cup whole milk

cream, light whipping (1 cup) 1 cup evaporated milk OR 3/4 cup milk plus 3 T. butter

cream of mushroom soup (10.75 oz. can) 10.75 oz can condensed cream of celery, cream of chicken, or golden mushroom soup

cream of tartar (1 tsp) 1 tbsp distilled white vinegar or lemon juice (to add acidity to liquids)

cream, whipping (1 cup) 2/3 cup whole milk + 1/3 cup melted unsalted butter, 2/3 cup evaporated milk

crème fraiche (1 cup) Combine 1 cup of heavy cream and 1 T. of plain yo-gurt. Let stand for 6 hours at room temperature.

croissants crescent rolls from refrigerated dough

cucumber small zucchini

cumin, ground chili powder, ground coriander

dill seeds caraway seeds, celery seeds


egg noodles dried linguine, fettuccine, pappardelle

eggplant portobello mushroom caps, zucchini, yellow squash

egg substitute (3 tbsp) 2 egg whites, 1 large egg

egg white (1 lg) 2 tsp meringue powder + 3 tbsp water, 1 tbsp ground flaxseed simmered in 3 tbsp water

egg

2 lg whole egg yolks + 1 tbsp cold water, 3 tbsp vege-table oil + 1 tbsp water (for baking), 1 tsp cornstarch + 3 tbsp additional liquid in recipe (for thickening), 3 tbsp water/milk + 3 tbsp flour + 1 1/2 tsp shortening + 1/2 tsp baking powder (for baking)

evaporated milk (1 cup) 2 1/4 cups whole milk, simmered until reduced to 1 cup

fish sauce soy sauce, fermented tofu

flaxseed wheat germ, wheat bran, oat bran, butter/margarine/oil

flour—Bread (1 cup) 1 cup all-purpose flour plus 1 t. wheat gluten

flour—Cake (1 cup) 1 cup all-purpose flour minus 2 Tablespoons

flour—Self-rising (1 cup) 7/8 cup all-purpose flour plus 1 1/2 teaspoons baking powder and 1/2 teaspoon salt

garam marsala (1 tbsp)

1/2 tsp ground cumin + 1/2 tsp ground coriander + 1/2 tsp ground black pepper + 1/2 tsp ground cardamom + 1/2 tsp ground cinnamon + 1/4 tsp ground cloves (toast spices just before using)

garlic (1 clove fresh) 1/2 to 1 tsp minced shallots, 1/8 tsp garlic powder, 1/4 tsp granulated garlic, 1/2 tsp garlic salt (omit 1/2 tsp salt from recipe)

garlic salt (1 tsp) 1/4 tsp garlic powder + 3/4 tsp salt


ginger, crystallized (3 tbsp) 2 tsp minced fresh ginger + 1/8 to 1/2 tsp granulated sugar, 1/8 tsp ground ginger

ginger, fresh (1 tbsp) 1/8 tsp ground ginger (for baking)

ginger, ground (1 tsp, for baking) 1 tbsp grated or minced fresh ginger, 1 tsp pumpkin pie spice, 1 tsp allspice

Greek seasoning (1 tsp) 1 tsp dried oregano + 3/4 tsp onion powder + 3/4 tsp garlic powder + 1/2 tsp ground black pepper + 1/4 tsp dried mint + pinch of cinnamon + pinch of nutmeg

grenadine (1 tsp) 2 to 3 tsp pomegranate juice (reduce liquid and add sugar as necessary), 1 tsp raspberry syrup

grouper striped bass, cod, catfish, red snapper

haddock cod, pollock, blackfish, grouper, red snapper, sea bass

halibut cod, haddock, striped bass

harissa (1 tbsp) chili paste, 1 to 3 tsp hot sauce

Hazelnuts (1 cup whole) 1 cup macadamia nuts OR 1 cup almonds

hearts of palm canned or marinated artichoke hearts, cooked aspara-gus

herbes de Provence (3 tbsp) 2 tsp dried thyme + 2 tsp dried savory + 1 tsp dried marjoram + 1 tsp dried lavender + 1/2 tsp dried rose-mary + 1/2 tsp fennel seeds + 1 crushed bay leaf

honey (1 cup) 1 1/4 cups granulated sugar + 1/4 cup liquid called for in recipe, 1/2 cup granulated sugar + 3/4 cup maple syrup

hot pepper sauce (1 teaspoon) 3/4 t. cayenne pepper plus 1 t. vinegar


Italian seasoning (2 tsp) 1 tsp dried oregano + 1/2 tsp dried basil + 1/2 tsp dried thyme

kale collard greens, turnip greens, mustard greens, spin-ach

ketchup (1 cup) 1 cup tomato sauce + 1/4 cup granulated sugar + 3 tbsp apple cider vinegar + 1/2 tsp salt + pinch ground cloves, chili sauce, barbecue sauce

kielbasa Cajun andouille sausage, Spanish chorizo

lamb beef, pork, veal, mutton

lard (1 cup) vegetable shortening, 1 cup + 3 tbsp unsalted butter,

leeks (chopped) chopped green onions or scallions, chopped shallots,

lemongrass (1 stalk) 1 1/2 tsp lemon zest + 1/8 minced fresh ginger

lemon pepper seasoning (1 tsp) 1/2 tsp grated fresh lemon zest + 1/4 tsp salt + 1/8 tsp

lemon juice (1 teaspoon) 1/2 t. vinegar OR 1 t. white wine OR 1 t. lime juice

lemon zest (1 teaspoon) 1/2 t. lemon extract OR 2 T. lemon juice

lima beans green peas, edamame, sugar snap peas, chickpeas, red kidney peas, black-eyed peas, cannellini beans

lime juice (1 teaspoon) 1 t. vinegar OR 1 t. white wine OR 1 t. lemon juice

lime extract (1 teaspoon) 1 teaspoon lemon zest

liquid smoke (2 drops) 2 slices bacon, 1 tsp canning liquid from canned chi-potle peppers, 1/2 tsp paprika


mace (1 teaspoon) 1 teaspoon nutmeg

mackerel mahi-mahi, pompano, striped bass, tuna

mahi-mahi tuna, pompano, swordfish

margarine (1 cup) 1 cup shortening plus 1/2 t. salt OR 1 cup butter OR 7/8 c. vegetable oil plus 1/2 t. salt OR 7/8 cup lard plus 1/2 t. salt

marjoram sweet basil, summer savory

mascarpone cheese (1 cup)

1/2 cup cream cheese + 1/2 cup sour cream blended until smooth, 3/4 cup cream cheese + 1/4 cup heavy or whipping cream blended until smooth, 1/2 cup ri-cotta cheese + 1/2 cup heavy or whipping cream blended until smooth

mayonnaise sour cream, yogurt

milk, whole (1 cup) 1 cup soy milk OR 1 cup rice milk OR 1 cup water or juice OR 1/4 cup dry milk powder plus 1 cup water OR 2/3 cup evaporated milk plus 1/3 cup water

mint basil

molasses (1 cup) Mix 3/4 cup brown sugar and 1 t. cream of tartar

mozzarella cheese provolone cheese, gouda cheese

mussels oysters, soft-shelled or littleneck clams, scallops

mustard—prepared (1 Tablespoon) Mix together 1 T. dried mustard, 1 t. water, 1 t. vinegar and 1 t. sugar

mustard greens turnip greens, arugula, collard greens, kale

napa cabbage green or red cabbage, collard greens

nectarines peaches, plums, apricots, cherries

nutmeg ground mace, ground allspice, ground cinnamon, ap-ple pie spice, pumpkin pie spice


oat flour (1 cup) 1 1/4 cups old-fashioned oatmeal, ground in blender

oil, vegetable (1/2 cup) 1/4 cup buttermilk + 1/4 cup well-drained, unsweet-ened applesauce or baby food prunes (for baking)

okra (2 cups) green beans, asparagus, broccoli, 1 tbsp filé powder or 2 tsp cornstarch mixed with 1 tbsp cold water (for thickening, especially in gumbo)

Old Bay seasoning crab boil, pickling spice

olive oil corn oil, canola oil, peanut oil

onion flakes (1 tbsp) 3/4 to 1 tsp onion powder, 1/2 cup chopped fresh or frozen onion

onion, green (1 bunch) 1 bunch scallions, 3 cups chopped shallots

onion (1 cup) 1/4 cup dried onion flakes, 1 1/2 to 2 tsp onion powder

orange juice (1 Tablespoon) 1 Tablespoon other citrus juice

orange zest (1 Tablespoon) 1/2 teaspoon orange extract OR 1 teaspoon lemon juice

orange roughy flounder, red snapper, tilapia

oregano marjoram, thyme, fresh basil, summer savory

oysters mussels, soft-shell clams, littleneck clams, scallops

oyster liquor fresh or bottled clam juice

oyster sauce 2 tsp soy sauce or teriyaki sauce + 1 tsp canning liq-uid from canned oysters + pinch of sugar (if using soy sauce)

pancetta Canadian bacon, bacon, prosciutto

papaya mango, peaches, nectarines

paprika chili powder


Parmesan cheese Pecorino Romano cheese, aged Asiago cheese

parsley (1 T. chopped fresh) 1 T chopped fresh chervil OR 1 teaspoon dried pars-ley

peaches nectarines, apricots, plums, cherries, mango

pears apples, Asian pears, quinces

Pecorino cheese Parmesan cheese, aged Asiago cheese

pepperoni (1 oz.) 1 oz. salami

pickling spice crab boil, Old Bay seasoning

pineapple papaya, guava, mango

pineapple juice orange juice, grapefruit juice

pine nuts walnuts, almonds, pecans

pomegranate juice cranberry juice

poultry seasoning (1 tsp) 3/4 tsp dried thyme + 1/2 tsp crushed or rubbed sage + 1/2 tsp dried marjoram + 1/4 tsp ground black pep-per

Provolone cheese mozzarella cheese, Fontina cheese

puff pastry phyllo dough, pie dough

pumpkin butternut squash, sweet potato

pumpkin pie spice (1 tsp) 1/2 tsp ground cinnamon + 1/4 tsp ground nutmeg + 1/4 tsp ground ginger + 1/8 tsp ground cloves; 1 tsp apple pie spice

queso fresco feta cheese (rinsed to remove some salt)

quinoa couscous, bulgur


radicchio Belgian endive, arugula, watercress

radishes turnips, parsnips

raisins other dried fruits like apricots, blueberries, cranberries, or cherries

raspberries strawberries, blackberries

red cabbage green cabbage, Brussels sprouts, napa cabbage

red snapper striped bass, grouper, halibut

rhubarb cranberries

rice—white (1 cup) 1 cup cooked barley OR 1 cup cooked bulgur OR 1 cup cooked brown or wild rice

ricotta cheese puréed cottage cheese, fromage blanc, mashed firm tofu

romaine lettuce iceberg lettuce, butterhead lettuce

Romano cheese Parmesan cheese, aged Asiago cheese

rosemary summer savory, basil, oregano

rum brandy, bourbon

rutabaga turnips, broccoli stems

saffron (10-15 threads) 1/2 tsp turmeric + 1/2 tsp mild paprika

sage (1 tbsp) 3 to 4 tsp summer savory thyme, basil, or oregano; 1 tbsp rosemary; 1 to 2 tsp poultry seasoning

salami pepperoni, Spanish chorizo, prosciutto, summer sau-

salmon trout, striped bass, tuna

savory (1 tbsp) 2 to 3 tsp chopped thyme or rosemary, 1 to 1 1/2 tsp thyme + 1 to 1/2 tsp mint, 1 to 2 tsp sage, 1 tsp herbes de Provence


scallion (1 bunch) 1 bunch green onions, 3 to 4 cups chopped leeks

scallops mussels, clams, oysters, shrimp, lobster

sesame oil, toasted (1 tsp) 2 tsp crushed and toasted sesame seeds + 1 tsp pea-nut oil

sesame seeds white or black poppy seeds; finely chopped peanuts, almonds, or cashews

shallot (1 chopped) 1/4 cup chopped leeks or red onions + 1/2 tsp minced garlic; 1/4 cup chopped green onions or scallions (white and light green parts only)

sherry sake, port, dry white wine + pinch of sugar

shrimp prawns, crab, lobster, scallops

shortening (1 cup) 1 cup butter OR 1 cup margarine minus 1/2 t. salt from recipe

snapper striped bass, grouper, halibut

sole flounder, cod, whiting

sorghum molasses light or dark corn syrup, honey, pure maple syrup

sour cream 1 c. plain yogurt OR 1 T. lemon juice or vinegar plus enough cream to make 1 cup OR 3/4 cup buttermilk mixed with 1/3 c. butter

sour milk (1 cup) 1 T. vinegar or lemon juice mixed with enough milk to make 1 cup: let stand 5 minutes to thicken

soy sauce (1 tbsp) scant 3/4 tsp kosher salt + 1/2 tsp granulated sugar dissolved in 1 tbsp hot water, teriyaki sauce

spinach beet greens, turnip greens, kale, arugula, watercress

stock, beef (1 cup) 1 cup boiling water + 1 beef bouillon cube, 1 cup canned beef broth, 1 cup red wine or beer (can re-place up to half of beef stock in sauce and stews)


stock, chicken (1 cup) 1 cup boiling water + 1 chicken bouillon cube, 1 cup canned chicken broth

stock, vegetable (1 cup) 1 cup boiling water + 1 vegetable bouillon cube, 1 cup canned vegetable broth

strawberries raspberries, blueberries

strawberries raspberries, blueberries

striped bass grouper, red snapper

sugar, confectioner's (1 cup) 1/2 cup + 1 1/2 tbsp granulated sugar + 3/4 tsp corn-starch, fine ground in blender or food processor

sugar, dark brown (1 packed cup) 1 cup granulated sugar + 2 to 3 tbsp molasses

sweetened condensed milk (14 oz. can) 3/4 cup white sugar mixed with 1/2 cup water and 1 1/8 cups dry powdered milk: Bring to a boil and cook, stirring frequently until thick, about 20 minutes

sweet potato pumpkin, butternut squash

Swiss cheese Provolone cheese, Gruyère cheese

swordfish tuna, mahi-mahi, grouper, halibut

taco seasoning (1 tbsp)

2 tsp pure chili powder + 1/4 tsp dried oregano + 1/4 tsp ground cumin + 1/8 tsp garlic powder + 1/8 tsp onion powder + pinch of cayenne pepper + salt to taste

tahini (1 cup) 3/4 cup peanut butter + 1/4 cup untoasted sesame oil

tarragon dill

tequila vodka, light rum

teriyaki sauce (1/2 cup) 1/3 cup soy sauce + 3 tbsp rice vinegar + 3 tsp sugar or honey

thyme marjoram, oregano, basil, summer savory


tilapia red snapper, orange roughy, sole, flounder

tomatoes (1 lb) 1 1/2 cups canned whole tomatoes, 3 tbsp tomato paste (to replace cooked tomatoes)

tomato juice (1 cup) 1/2 cup tomato purée or tomato sauce + 1/2 cup wa-ter, 1/4 cup tomato paste + 3/4 cup water

tomato paste (1 tbsp) 2 to 3 tbsp tomato purée or tomato sauce, boil until reduced to 1 tbsp

tomato purée (1 cup) 1/3 cup tomato paste + 2/3 cup water, tomato sauce

tomato sauce (1 cup) 1/2 cup tomato paste + 1/2 cup water, 1 cup canned stewed tomatoes, blended until smooth

trout salmon, ocean perch

tuna swordfish, mahi-mahi, striped bass, salmon

turmeric (1/4 to 1/2 tsp) 1/4 to 1/2 tsp ground ginger + 1 to 2 tsp minced fresh ginger, 5 to 7 saffron threads, 1/2 tsp curry powder

turnips parsnips, rutabaga, broccoli stems

turnip greens mustard greens, collards, kale, mature spinach

vanilla bean (1 8-inch pod) 2 to 3 tsp vanilla extract

vegetable oil—for baking (1 cup) 1 cup applesauce OR 1 cup fruit puree

vegetable oil—for frying (1 cup) 1 cup lard OR 1 cup vegetable shortening

vegetable shortening (1 cup) 1 cup + 2 tbsp unsalted butter (baking), 1 cup bacon fat (sautéing and frying)

vermouth dry sherry, dry white wine

vinegar lemon juice or lime juice (for dressings, marinades, sauces, and deglazing pans)

vodka gin, white rum, tequila


walnuts pine nuts, pecans, almonds

wasabi (1 tbsp) 1 tbsp well-drained prepared horseradish, 1 tbsp mus-tard powder + 1 tsp water (mix, cover, and let rest for 15 minutes)

watermelon honeydew melon

whipped cream (1 cup) 12 oz can evaporated milk, chilled overnight, mixed with 1 tbsp lemon juice, whipped until stiff, beat in 1 tsp vanilla extract and 1/4 cup confectioner's sugar

whiskey cognac, brandy, or rum

whitefish perch, lake trout

white sugar (1 cup) 1 cup brown sugar OR 1 1/4 cup confectioners’ sugar OR 3/4 cup honey OR 3/4 cup corn syrup

wine, red (1 cup) 3/4 cup red grape juice + 2 tbsp red wine vinegar or lemon juice + 2 tbsp water (for marinades), beef stock (for sauces and stews)

wine, white (1 cup)

3/4 cup white grape juice, apple juice, or apple cider + 1/4 cup white wine vinegar or lemon juice (for mari-nades), sherry or vermouth, sake, chicken or vegeta-ble stock (for sauce and stews)

Worcestershire sauce (1 tbsp) 2 tsp soy sauce + 4 drops hot pepper sauce + 1/4 lemon juice + 1/4 tsp granulated sugar

yeast—active dry (1 x 0.25 ounce package) 1 cake compressed yeast OR 2 1/2 t. active dry yeast OR 2 1/2 t. rapid rise yeast

yellow squash zucchini, pattypan squash

yogurt sour cream, crème fraîche, buttermilk, sour milk

zucchini yellow squash, pattypan squash

Ingredient: Substitute with · Ingredient: Substitute with: butter 1 cup margarine OR 1 cup...

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